Tourist Trade Research Articles

Structural adjustment programmes and the international tourism trade in Ghana, 1983-99: Some socio-spatial implications

Ghana has been undergoing a major economic restructuring programme over the past 16 years. Ghana, whose economy had teetered towards a complete collapse due to a multiplicity of factors, began to implement IMF/World Bank-sponsored economic restructuring programmes in 1983. Among other things, the restructuring programmes have not only sought to open up Ghana to globalization, but also to diversify the economy's dependence on the traditional exports of cocoa, timber and mineral resources. Given Ghana's rich historical and natural resources, tourism became one of the obvious areas targeted for improvement. While Ghana's tourism potential has long been known and exploited, a combination of factors has worked in concert to make it one of the most important tourist destination countries in sub-Saharan Africa. What are the socio-spatial implications of this boom in tourism? This paper examines the impact of economic restructuring on tourism in Ghana and some of the socio-spatial implications.

Study on the sustainable development of wetland resources in the Ussuri / Wusuli River basin

The Ussuri/Wusuli River basin joins the border between the Northeast region of Heilongjiang Province of China and the Far East region of Russia. The watershed consists of approximately 26 000 000 ha and the shared border stretches more than 1100 km. The Ussuri River forms part of the border between Russia and China. Two-thirds of the watershed ecosystem is in Russia, one-third in China. Khanka / Xingkai Lake is the border Lake of Russia and China, with the area of 4380 km2. The Ussuri / Wusuli River Basin is rich in wetland resources, including surface water resources and wetlands. There are about more than 100 rivers belonging to one and two branch rivers, wetlands are mainly distributed in the Sanjiang Plain in China, which is the largest marsh area in China, with an area of 114 million ha. Human activities and agriculture reclamation for many years have led to many environment problems: 1) decreasing of wetland area led to loss of wetland environment functions, decreasing of biodiversity and increasing the number of natural disasters such as disastrous drought and waterlogging, which affect directly sustainable utilization of resources and economical development. 2) water supply is not evenly distributed, water pollution in rivers, marshes and lakes are more serious than before. Based on above study, some suggests of sustainable development in the basin have been made, which include: 1) developing the international wetland natural reserve and domestic comprehensive protected area to prevent wetlands from destruction and disturbance by human activities, 2) strengthening the protection and management of wetlands in lake shorelines and riparian zones (rivers and streams) to prevent water quality of rivers and lakes from pollution, 3) restoring the destroyed marsh in riparian zones and the “island-like forests” of wetlands 4) developing positively transnational ecological tourist trade to promote the economic development in the river basin scope, 5) developing international cooperation research to promote sustainable utilization and protection of wetland resources.

Pottery Production in the Troad: Ancient and Modern Akköy

Ethnoarchaeology is best tackled long-term. In this report the evidence gathered over a number of years is used to discuss the impact of economic change on potters in Turkey. Particularly interesting is the response of the potters to new opportunities as traditions are mixed with innovations in the local ceramic industry's reaction to a burgeoning tourist trade.

Fair trade in tourism

Fair trade in tourism

Development of Tourism: A Ring of Incentives in Cross-Boundary Co-Operation for Economic Development

In this century that passes by, the tourism has become a phenomenon, a crown of the human battle for existence in gaining better quality of life and more out of the life. Today's economic and global development of the human community in the twentieth century has contributed to the most dynamic rate of increase of the tourism in comparison to all other economic parameters. The dynamics of increase of the visitors, nights and the tourist trade within the global dimensions in the last fifty years has been increasing with an average annual rate of about 5% which means a higher rate of the increase in the production, trade and the gross national income. Tourism may well be the largest international business activity and economy branch of all nations based on co-operating of agencies and companies as well as on mass-participation of individuals with attributes of cross-boundary collaborative relationships.

Fair trade in tourism

Tourism as an industry is increasing rapidly in developing countries. Due to historical inequality in global trading relationships on the basis of ‘core‐periphery’ dependency, globalisation and liberalised free trade, mainstream mass tourism reinforces the social and economic disadvantages of southern destinations. The ‘Fair Trade Movement’ has sought to redress unequal trading by promoting fair trade in commodities with small producers in the South, enabling them to take control over the production and marketing process and challenging the power of transnational corporations. This paper examines the feasibility of fair trade in tourism. It explores the obstacles and opportunities that might lead to establishing a definition of fair trade in tourism, incorporating criteria that would be workable and practical for both partners in the South and North. Copyright # 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A trade theoretic analysis of outward capital flows: with special reference to Hong Kong

This paper sets up a trade theoretic model to explain the output, price and welfare consequences of the outward investment from Hong Kong to the Pearl River Delta. A four-good trade theoretic model is set up to incorporate some special features of the Hong Kong Economy. We assume that the economy produces four goods: an exportable good, an importable good and two non-traded goods. A special feature of the model is that one of the non-traded goods (locally produced) is also consumed by foreigners and produced under the assumption of non-competitive market framework. As tourist or business-centre trade is of great significance to Hong Kong, this model allows us to capture this phenomenon. First, precise conditions are derived regarding the decline in manufacturing output in Hong Kong. Second, it is shown that, in spite of the supply side determination of the relative price of non-traded goods, income effects in this market are of great significance in both income (welfare) and output movements. These income effects cannot be captured in industrial organization type applied work. Third, it is shown how outflow of capital affects labour productivity. A surprising result obtained for this part of the analysis is that a fall in productivity (outflow of capital and de-industrialization) creates a favourable terms-of-trade effect in the monopolized sector. The welfare effect consists of four terms: (1) a terms-of trade effect via the price of non-traded goods consumed by tourists/foreigners; (2) the loss (gain) in productivity due to an outflow of capital; (3) repatriation payments; and (4) the gains from exporting from the Special Economic Zones as well as other Pearl River Delta cities. Our decomposition has two very important features in contrast to traditional models: a terms-of-trade effect from the consumption of services and productivity gains or losses. The last point is exceedingly important for policy makers specifically if outward flow of capital affects productivity negatively.

Aboriginal heritage art and moral rights

This paper explores links between international intellectual property rights, indigenous culture and heritage art, the Aboriginal people of Australia, and their importance to tourism in this country. Although Australia is a party to the Berne Convention, it has not enacted domestic laws to protect the moral rights of artists, and exploitation and appropriation of Aboriginal images continues despite litigation. The 1998 Copyright Amendment Bill now before the federal parliament seeks to introduce full rights of protection of attribution and integrity to both Aboriginal and other artists. Once implemented it will be significant to their protection as well as Australia’s cultural tourism trade.

Stabilization Policies for the Tourist Sector

Over the past few decades, tourism has increasingly been included in economic policies at all levels. Not surprisingly, the tourism sector is highly satisfied with this development: the inclusion in economic policies can be taken as an indication of its acceptance as a respectable player — on equal terms with other types of business operations. However, despite the general acceptance and approval of the contribution of tourism to the economy and employment, policies seem to neglect certain characteristics of the tourist trade. This article examines a critical issue: the turbulence caused by exits and entries of firms. Data from the tourism sector in Denmark serve to illustrate the problems with considerable turbulence in the population of tourism enterprises. Instability can be regarded as a major challenge for policy makers. Within the policy tradition of interventionism, two main types of measures can be identified. One tries to boost the sector through intensified marketing, without any attempt to influence inter-firm competition, believing that more demand will enhance survival. The other attempts to affect competitiveness, investments and productivity more directly; the reasoning here is that the business environment has a decisive impact on the turbulence. This article offers a taxonomy of specific policy instruments according to the latter philosophy.

The Social Cost of Tourism

The experience of the Greek island of los presents a cautionary tale for those who would establish a sustainable-tourism industry that does not overwhelm or unduly alter the local culture. A before-and-after field study of los found that tourism caused the local culture and economy to change from its traditional agricultural orientation to one of catering to visitors. The result was that most traditional occupations, such as growing olives and raising cattle, were abandoned, with a concomitant deterioration of cultural institutions. The residents who were first to realize the new opportunities with tourists prospered, and soon others abandoned their traditional labor for the wealth brought by visitors. When the islanders shifted to the tourist trade, traditional enterprise began to fade. For example, when the textile factory closed and the demand for cotton dropped, farmers abandoned their cotton fields. Instead of cotton and grapes, the fields sprouted hotels and restaurants. As the farm-based economy deteriorated, the ironmonger found less work and even the coopers were eventually out of business. The collapse of agriculture eventually closed the olive presses and the mills. Even the kiln that produced whitewash for the houses closed.

Bilateral tourism imbalance – is there a cause for concern: the case of Australia and Korea

In recent years, tourism flows between nations have become so large that they can exert a negative impact on national balance of payments. This paper examines the issue of bilateral tourism flows by examining the development of bilateral tourism between Australia and Korea. Following the abolition of controls over Korean citizens travelling overseas in 1989, Korea has emerged as a major tourism generating region. Australian tourism authorities were quick to realise the potential and initiated a very successful tourism promotion campaign aimed at capturing a significant part of Korea’s outbound tourism. In 1996 Australia recorded 250,400 Korean arrivals with annual growth rates exceeding 25%. Australian inbound tourism to Korea, however, was much smaller at 30,694 arrivals in 1996 creating a significant bilateral tourism imbalance. This paper examines the growth of the bilateral tourism trade between the two countries and looks at future prospects in terms of threats and opportunities. Impacts of the Asian financial crisis are also considered.

The marginalization of indigenous peoples from tribal lands in southeast Madagascar

This article draw on primary ethnographic data from a village in Madagascar to argue that ‘indigenous’ peoples are experiencing increased ‘marginalization’ in relation to land, resulting from the expansion of international tourism. It is maintained that with the development of the region's international tourist trade, external tour operators are exacerbating the conflict, complexity and contradiction of attitudes and experiences surrounding land issues that already exist within the study area. The article identifies the forms of marginalization occurring and explores the extent to which select groups within the village are being affected. The article goes on to give details of the emerging areas of conflict that result from increased marginalization. In conclusion, the article recognizes the difficulties of imposing notions of private property on an indigenous community and acknowledges that in addition to international tourism other global forces are also likely to be contributing to the current situation. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The State as a Shareholder: Responsibilities and Objectives

THE CREATION OF A PRIVATE SECTOR in the economy has been one of the most conspicuous elements of post-communist reforms in Russia. The most dramatic manifestation of this policy has been the mass privatisation of public property. The government also seeks to encourage new private businesses by setting up a markettype institutional environment. The results are not straightforward. Private capital has achieved some success in such sectors as banking, construction, retailing, tourism and export-import trade. Manufacturing, though, remains dominated by large enterprises that have generally failed to improve their efficiency or restructure after becoming privately owned. Industrial output has been falling ever since reforms started early in the 1990s. This article makes an attempt to draw attention to one aspect of Russian privatisation which is often underrated in the literature but which, we believe, has contributed substantially to the bleak performance of industrial enterprises in recent years. Privatisation in Russia was unusual in the sense that even after its conclusion the state retained a considerable degree of control in a great number of firms as an influential shareholder. In 1996, according to an important report, the average state ownership among medium-size and large firms was 9%; it was more than 20% in a quarter of privatised companies and more than 32% in a 10th of them; state ownership in the 50 largest Russian firms was about 38%.1 Additionally, in firms with more than 10 000 employees and those belonging to key industries, the state has reserved for itself a so-called 'golden share' which guarantees the state, through the right of vetoing any resolutions of the shareholders' general meeting, the controlling power of a majority shareholder irrespective of the actual weight of public ownership in the capital of the firm. This article argues that the Russian state has failed to utilise these huge powers to the benefit of the firms in which it has shares, their other shareholders and the shareholder culture in general. This happened because, after privatisation, the state showed an inability to determine correctly its responsibility as a shareholder, while its objectives as owner remained confused and unarticulated. Consequently the ownership rights associated with the shares owned by the state mostly rest unexercised. The article tries to demonstrate that the position taken by the state did little to help develop a pattern of effective ownership and corporate governance in Russia. In the

Ten years later, Goa still uneasy over the impact of tourism

Sourced by local newspaper articles, discusses the impact on Goa of the increasing numbers of tourists. Increasing land prices, increasing levels of consumption, violation of building and land use regulations are all prevalent. Locals feel threatened and degraded by inappropriate behaviour of tourists. There has been an escalation in violence, child sex abuse and prostitution. Drug abuse and drug trafficking has increased. Local people feel exploited and few benefit from the tourist trade. What can be done?

Trading Identities: The Souvenir in Native North American Art from the Northeast, 1700-1900

This book examines a range of art forms produced by Indians in northeastern North America for sale to travelers and tourists during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The Aboriginal peoples of the Woodlands were the first in North America to experience economic and social marginalization and, in consequence, the first to rely on the production of commodities for the tourist trade. These hybrid art forms combine indigenous materials and techniques such as quillwork, moosehair embroidery, birchbark, and basketry with Euro-American genres and styles. Tourist art of the period is generally of high quality and great aesthetic interest. Yet scholars have largely ignored these objects because of their incorporation of Euro-North American influences. Throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the production, sale, and consumption of tourist art constituted a system for the circulation of objects within which images of Indianness were negotiated. To produce marketable commodities, Aboriginal people constructed images of themselves that mediated European notions of the savage, the natural, and the primitive. By accepting this imagery, colonizers and settlers naturalized their own identities as the rightful successors to the Indians. While stereotypes of Indianness were being transported into parlors and bedchambers, the objects made for sale were also influencing things Aboriginal people made for their own use. The beaded purses, pincushions, and shopping baskets carried Euro-American styles and concepts into aboriginal communities, together with associated ideas of gender roles and domestic organization. An innovative combination of fieldwork, art historical analysis, and historical contextualization, this study for the first time rigorously compares a Native souvenir production to a wide range of Euro-American decorative arts and home crafts. It identifies the sources of object types and styles and reveals the innovative differences displayed by Aboriginal trade wares. Images newly uncovered in archives and travel literature-including depictions of Native vendors and makers-illustrate the book, along with never before displayed or published objects from museum collections in Europe and North America.

Andalusian women and their participation in rural tourist trade

Andalusian women and their participation in rural tourist trade

Historical Contingency and Commercialisation in Xishuangbanna, China

This paper examines the driving forces of recent economic change in Xishuangbanna, a relatively developed ethnic minority prefecture in South West China. Its above‐average achievement in economic growth draws greatly on commercial farming, tourism and border trade. Certain events in recent local history are shown to have had important effects on the sectoral concentration of economic activities, the level of economic attainment, and the form and outcomes of institutional change in the era of market reform from 1978. The findings indicate aspects of path dependency in economic change, and illustrate difficulties and challenges faced by China's ethnic minority areas in overcoming economic backwardness.

Toward a Market Segmentation of the Tourism Trade: Expenditure Levels and Consumer Behavior Instability. Patrick Legohérel. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, vol. 7, no. 3, 1998, pp. 19-40. Haworth Press, Inc., 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 13904-1580. $32.40 annual subscription

Toward a Market Segmentation of the Tourism Trade: Expenditure Levels and Consumer Behavior Instability. Patrick Legohérel. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, vol. 7, no. 3, 1998, pp. 19-40. Haworth Press, Inc., 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 13904-1580. $32.40 annual subscription

Postojeća i nova statistička istraživanja iz područja turizma u Republici Hrvatskoj

The work analyses the existing statistical research performed by the National Bureau of Statistics and a proposal for new statistical research in the area of tourist trade. The introductory part describes the importance of tourism for Croatia's economy and stresses tire need for scientifically proper statistical coverage of tourist trends. What is of vital importance for statistical research is the application of uniform statistical standards allowing comparison of data at international level. The second part of the work deals with basic international statistical standards (classifications, definitions, methods) used in statistical research within Eurostat and WTO methodology. The third part gives an account of current statistical studies performed by the National Bureau of Statistics in the area of tourist trade, viz.: - Monthly report on guests and bed-nights, TU-11 - Report on guests and bed-nights in private houses and fiats, TU-11 v - Annual report on the capacity and turnover of marinas, TU-18 (revised research in 1997) - Annual report on chartered vessels for entertainment and sport, TU-18ip (pilot study in 1997) - Quarterly report on hotel, restaurant and catering trade, UG-11 - Annual report on private caterers, UG-1 la - Annual report on tourist agencies, TU-14 - Annual report on visiting foreign vessels for entertainment and sport, TU-17 - Survey on foreign tourists - Monthly report on the entry and exit of road motorcars, PAM-31 - International passenger trends in oad traffic, PAM-52 (over years) For a comprehensive presentation of tourist trends in all relevant aspects it is necessary to introduce new statistical research which will provide required indicators about the structure, content and extent of tourist trade (list of catering capacities, sight-seers, survey on foreign excursionists, survey on vacationers, survey on household consumption concerning domestic guests, etc.).

Toward a Market Segmentation of the Tourism Trade: Expenditure Levels and Consumer Behavior Instability

This article deals with segmentation in the tourist sector. It first demonstrates the relevance of an expenditure-based segmentation of tourists and highlights the difficulties related to assessing consumers' spending. The concept of instability inherent to the criterion variable is dealt with in the second part. By taking into account the instability of consumer behaviour, the results of the segmentation may be considerably enhanced. An empirical assessment is then carried out on a cross-section of tourists. Two segmentation techniques are used: „AID” and a canonical analysis.