Trade In Raw Materials Research Articles

Externalities of Sanctions Impact on Russian Economy

The work reveals the economic motives for decision-making by the leading world powers and the features of the development of the Russian national economy in the context of measures taken by the Government of the country in the conditions of a changing geopolitical reality. The emphasis is made on the need to manage the risks of foreign economic activity after the introduction of anti-Russian sanctions by unfriendly countries with developed economies. The degree of dependence of the Russian Federation on high-tech goods, components, software and at the same time low diversification of production for the main export items has been revealed. Promising markets for export goods and potential importers as well as partner countries for the development of mutual trade in products and services have been identified. Acceptable solutions and current anti-crisis support measures from the state in the form of subsidizing lending rates, creating “new growth points” in the economy by allocating funds for import substitution programs, etc. are outlined. An assessment of the possible damage to several friendly countries from the attempt to economically isolate one of the world’s largest economies has been completed. The countries of Southeast Asia, Africa, and Latin America are considered the main regions for the future development of international cooperation. The BRICS bloc for Russia is becoming a key integration association in terms of transforming industrial, logistics and financial chains in the global economic space. As a result, constructive conclusions about the need to use diplomatic measures to maintain neutrality and create interstate agreements that contribute to a more intensive opening of the internal markets of friendly countries for the development of mutual trade in raw materials and high-tech goods are given.

Beyond free trade in raw materials: Reconciling international trade rules with planetary boundaries

International trade rules enshrined in agreements like the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) promote free trade, with exceptions for environmental protection. This paper explores the tension between these rules and Earth Systems Science's concept of planetary boundaries, which define environmental tipping points beyond which humanity faces irreversible harm. We analyse GATT's provisions, particularly Article XI's prohibition on trade restrictions and Article XX's exceptions, through the lens of planetary boundaries. Our analysis argues that current interpretations of these articles are inadequate to address the environmental impact of raw material trade. We further examine the concept of permanent sovereignty over natural resources, which grants states autonomy over resource exploitation and trade. We posit that planetary boundaries are not a restriction on sovereignty but a call for modifying state trading behaviour and consequently how international trade rules is structured and interpreted. This analysis demonstrates the complexity of transforming the legal landscape necessary for a global just energy transition, a response to climate change that requires aligning international trade with environmental sustainability.

The global production pattern of the semiconductor industry: an empirical research based on trade network

Semiconductors are an important electronic component and play a central role in many industrial fields, whose production system is spread all over the world, involving trade in many raw materials, mechanical equipment, and finished products. Comprehending a broad global production picture of the semiconductor industry can be an arduous task. To tackle this complexity, the social network analysis method was used to capture the flows of products between economies in the semiconductor industrial chain. This study analyzed the evolution of the trade pattern of four key commodities in the semiconductor industrial chain, with a focus on identifying the status of major economies in the global semiconductor trade system. Additionally, the influencing factors of the formation of the trade networks were explored by using the Exponential Random Graph Model. The results showed that: (1) From 2001 to 2019, the import and export trade pattern of four key commodities in the semiconductor industrial chain has shown the characteristics of “rising in the east and decreasing in the west”, but the change range shows strong commodity heterogeneity, the change of the spatial pattern of integrated circuits trade is the most significant, and the integrated circuits trade proportion of Asian economies has increased hugely with more than 80%. (2) The trade connectivity of various commodities in the semiconductor industrial chain has increased, upstream support products with high technical requirements such as wafers and equipment have the lowest average degree and weak trade liquidity, and the average degree of trade network of packaging materials and integrated circuits is relatively high, with strong trade liquidity and closer and more prosperous trade connections. (3) From 2001 to 2019, the “core-periphery” system of global semiconductor industry trade has changed significantly, with the core circle undergoing obvious iterative reorganization. for example, China and Singapore have achieved status improvement to the core circle in the base materials trade network, while Malaysia has been squeezed into the semi-peripheral circle. (4) The formation of trade networks of various commodities in the semiconductor industrial chain was driven by three aspects: network self-organization, exogenous endowment attribute, and exogenous network embeddedness. Among them, the influence of the technological innovation level of economies on different commodity trade networks showed heterogeneous.

METSAMOR - AN ANCIENT CITY OF THE BRONZE AND IRON AGE ON THE TERRITORY OF ARMENIA

The article presents the results of many years of excavations of the citadel, urban quarters and necropolis of the Bronze and Iron Age (second half of the 4th - first half of the 1st mil BC) archaeological site of Metsamor, located in the Ararat Valley of Armenia. The artifacts of this multi-layer monument are of certain importance for comprehensive reconstructions of the military-political, socio-economic and ethno-cultural processes that took place in the territory of Asia Minor, the Levant, the Iranian Plateau and the Armenian Highlands, especially in the middle and end of the 2nd mil BC, and make it possible to talk about a well-organized transit trade in strategic raw materials (tin, gold, copper, iron) and everyday goods throughout the Ancient Near East during this period.

БӘСЕКЕЛЕСТІК САЯСАТ ЖӘНЕ ЭКСПОРТҚА БАҒДАРЛАНҒАН ӨНІМДІ ДАМЫТУ

Abstract. Kazakhstan chose a competitive model of the economy and set a course for industrial and innovative development of the country, which will allow building an economically strong and prosperous state, because the country's competitiveness implies the competitiveness of the nation, state institutions and business. This is what the country's competitive policy is aimed at [1]. The Republic of Kazakhstan has great potential for the development of the manufacturing industry and the agro-industrial complex, a significant increase in the export of grain and its processing products, the production of a wide range of meat and dairy products, vegetable oil, vegetables, fruits and other products of animal husbandry and crop production, that is, support and development of export-oriented agricultural production. The agricultural industry is greatly influenced by economic factors. The state regulation of this area is based on the methods of foreign trade in raw materials and food products. The article considers measures of the state system of support for agricultural producers, increasing the efficiency of the system of state management of the agro-industrial complex, the modern state of agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Protein for Scraps: A Study of the European Union “Circular” Raw Materials Trade


 
 
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 The shift from the current extractive linear production and consumption system to a circular economy (CE) has been heralded as a way to reduce the negative environmental and social impacts of human economic activity. The European Union (EU) has committed to leading the way to a worldwide CE, with the development of an international market of recyclable raw materials (RRM) as one of the main pillars of its strategy. However, there is extensive evidence regarding the unequal distribution of the economic benefits and environmental damages related to international trade. Therefore, the objective of a global fair transition to a CE may be undermined if the related markets continue to reproduce the prevailing patterns of ecologically unequal exchange. In order to test whether or not this is the case, this research studies the physical trade balance and the terms of trade on the recent RRM trade flows from, to and between the EU27 member states.

Development of Trade in Recyclable Raw Materials: Transition to a Circular Economy

Mechanisms for sectoral change in the economy are being used to move towards a circular economy. Trade in recycled raw materials could contribute to circular economy development and is treated as the main circular indicator used to monitor progress toward a circular economy. However, the research area surrounding the transition to a circular economy lacks adequate tools, as until now, the circular economy has been investigated from an evolutionary and ecological perspective. In the article, the authors conduct a study identifying important variables for trade in recycled raw materials as the main indicator of CE development. The authors propose a two-step methodology for researching the links between main trade in recyclables and circular economy indicators. The authors found correlations between trade in recyclables and private investments in circular economy sectors. The authors used panel data analysis, compiled a regression matrix, and formed a dynamic regression model. The statistical tests showed that the formed regression model has no significant autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity. The framework can be applied in practice to serve policymakers and the academic community interested in analyzing the move toward a circular economy and its main circular indicators.

Weighing in Cyprus: the function of weighing equipment in Late Bronze Age Cyprus

The Late Bronze Age in the Eastern Mediterranean saw an unprecedented increase in the long-distance contacts between socio-political entities of the area. Textual and material evidence provide a complex picture in which goods, ideas and people were traveling easily. Among the motivations for these contacts between different people and socio-political structures, trade played a prominent role. If we focus on goods, the trade of raw materials was in many cases an obligatory decision given their geographical uneven distribution in and around the Mediterranean area. A good example of this is provided by metals such as silver, gold and copper. In textual evidence is clear that metals were quantified by weighing. In Cyprus usually weighing equipment has been systematically connected to trade of copper. But was it always the case? The present paper, based on the work I presented at the PoCA conference of 2020, tries to assess this issue through a comparative study of weighing equipment found in Agia Irini-Palaeokastro, Enkomi, and Kalavasos-Agios Dimitrios. The results suggest a set of parameters that can contribute to define an interpretation of the context of use of weighing equipment. An interpretation for the weighing equipment found in the study-cases will be also provided. The overall result can contribute to a deeper knowledge of weighing technology and its impact in the Cypriot societies.

Raw material trade and/or itinerant artisans? Data for a diachronic study of the trade in copper raw materials and finished products in the Carpathian Basin

AbstractCopper is one of the most important raw materials in the Carpathian Basin, and its extraction, processing and trade can be traced at least from the Bronze Age to the Middle Ages and beyond. Drawing on a variety of sources and research methods, the authors explore the patterns of distribution of this raw material in Europe. The aim of the diachronic analysis is to uncover the networks of connections – commercial, cultural, and migratory – that can be traced over the long term in the Central European region. It also draws attention to other, less stable links in the Carpathian Basin, which have also influenced the history of the region in certain periods.

The impact of the evolution of the iron raw material trade pattern on the national economy: The B&R perspective

Iron plays a pivotal part in the economic development of the countries along the Belt and Road (B&R countries), most of which are developing countries. With the continuous deepening of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), the iron trade pattern has changed, which has had diverse impacts on economic development. Therefore, from the perspective of the iron industry chain, we investigate the impact of the evolution of the iron raw material (IRM) trade pattern on the national economic development of the B&R countries based on the complex network and penal regression method. The major completions are as follows: (1) The import of IRM has a significant promoting effect on the national economy; (2) After the BRI proposal, the structure of iron products exported by B&R countries has been upgraded, and the dependence of the economy on IRM export has decreased, which is conducive to economic development; (3) The trade of IRM among B&R countries has become more diversified, resulting in a lack of significant correlation between betweenness centrality and the national economy.

International Trade and the Circular Economy: A New Frontier

Over the last decades, the global community has been confronted with a real challenge to find sustainable solutions that are suitable to combat environmental degradation. Therefore, the circular economy has emerged to transform environmentally harmful economic activities and practices into sustainable ones. The aim of this article is to explore the dynamic relationship between international trade and the circular economy, with a focus on the principles of such an economy, which will play a central role in the context of international trade. Accordingly, it will investigate how international trade can be used as a catalyst for the transition from a linear to a circular economy, while promoting resource efficiency and environmental sustainability. The extension of product lifetimes will be highlighted, as well as economic integration through regulatory convergence and knowledge sharing in related fields. Using explanatory graphs and significant variables such as material import dependency and trade in recyclable raw materials it will be demonstrated that international trade has a strong impact on the transition from a linear to a circular economy. The paper will analyse these parameters for the European Union countries over a 5-year period, from 2015 to 2019, the period before the sanitary crise and other geopolitical events, thus, demonstrating that the transition to a circular economy not only protects the environment but also offers considerable opportunities for sustainable economic development, including in international trade.

Do China and Russia undermine Western sanctions? Evidence from DiD and event study estimation

AbstractMotivated by the claim that China and Russia purposefully and systematically undermine Western sanction efforts, we study the effects of US and EU sanctions on trade flows between sanctioned and third countries during the period 2002–2019. We find no evidence of systematic sanction busting by Russia. For China, our results are more ambiguous. While we do not find robust evidence for an increase in overall trade between China and countries targeted by Western sanctions, trade in (raw) materials and critical goods increases notably.

AfCFTA and Regional Value Chain Development: Confronting the Barriers and Changing the Orthodoxy

African Continental Free Trade Area Agreement (AfCFTA) recognizes the potentials of well-developed and functional regional value chains (RVCs) and its capacity to unlock increased business activities, paced industrialization and socio-economic development. Whether it operates on stand-alone basis or in cohort with the rules of origin, RVCs are fundamental to any regional economic integration that seeks to foster structural transformation and uplift the living standards of its populace. While the RVCs’ growth in Africa is low (compared to Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and Mercosur) coupled with poor insertion into the global value chains (GVCs), efficient implementation of AfCFTA will alter the dynamics. For this to materialize however, state parties to AfCFTA must undertake important reforms that should redefine their current trade patterns characterized by trade in raw materials (or commodity-based trade). Arguably, state parties to AfCFTA should implement, (1) functional policies that leverage the growth of value chains in the intermediate inputs and finished products, (2) infrastructural connectivity, (3) targeted interventions to develop viable clusters of value chains that deepen industry – suppliers’ synergy across the region, (4) sustained development of technical know-how and skill reservoirs required in the intermediate inputs and finished products processing, and (5) deliberate policy of private sectors’ involvement in the execution of value chain agenda.

OVERVIEW OF THE GLOBAL TUNGSTEN MARKET. PART 2. COMMODITY FLOWS OF RAW TUNGSTEN PRODUCTS

Link for citation: Boyarko G.Yu. Overview of the global tungsten market. Part 2. Commodity flows of raw tungsten products. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 5, рр.37-53. In Rus. The relevance of the work is caused by the need to study the problems of quite volatile world market of tungsten raw materials. Objective: to study the dynamics of global commodity flows (production, import, export, consumption) of raw tungsten products (tungsten ores and concentrates, ammonium paratungstate, tungsten waste and scrap); to assess the criticality of the world market of raw tungsten products. Methods: statistical, graphical, logical. Results. The raw tungsten product global market is very complex. The world production of primary tungsten raw materials increased from 4 to 7 kt 100 % W/year in 1913–1915, from 75 to 90 kt 100 % W/year in 2011–2020 with a growth rate of +2,9 %/year. Utilization of secondary tungsten raw materials in the world increased from 2–3 kt 100 % W/year in 1970s to 14–23 kt 100 % W/year in 2008–2020 with an increase rate of +4,3 %/year. The share of global utilization of tungsten waste from the amount of primary and secondary tungsten raw materials increased from 5–6 % in 1970s to 21 % in 2019. In 1970–1980, there was a period of usual low-growth global consumption of tungsten products with the growth rate of tungsten raw materials demand for +3,4 %/year. There was a strong decrease in demand for tungsten products (–6,9 %/year) in the military sphere (the end of the Cold War) and priority shift in the trade of tungsten raw material comodities (increase in the role of ammonium paravolframate trade), reducing the role of Russia in the tungsten market (the consequences of the stagnation of the Russian economy, primarily metalworking) in the 1990s. In the 2000–2010s, there was a rapid growth in global demand for final tungsten commodity products and, accordingly, global demand and supply of tungsten raw materials, with an increase in demand of +6,4 %/year. At the same time, there is a trend of decreasing share in world trade in tungsten raw materials from the amount of extracted primary and recycled secondary raw materials by volume and cost, respectively, 39 and 47 % in 1970 to 21 and 27 % in 2020. The share of raw materials in world trade in tungsten products decreased from 70–80 % by volume and 60–70 % of the cost in 1970–1980s, respectively, up to 42–55 and 15–20 % in the 2010s. China dominates in the global production, processing and consumption of raw tungsten products, therefore, its trade policy to restrain (quota) exports of these goods determines the dynamics of the world market of tungsten raw materials. In international trade, China has changed the strategy of exporting raw materials to importing them, while becoming the leader in importing tungsten concentrates. Other industrialized countries – consumers of tungsten raw materials – the USA, Germany, Britain, France, Japan and South Korea – have become critically dependent on tungsten raw material imports (the share of imports is over 50 % of consumption) and will remain so in the foreseeable future.

Measurement of Recyclable Raw Materials Trading for Circular Economy Implementation

In the context of resource scarcity and food energy security in the midst of increasing food demand, the circular economy (CE) is a promising strategy to address the sustainable use of resources. This article aims to propose measurement elements in raw materials with recyclable concepts in implementing CE in the food and beverage industry. However, the CE framework has not been adapted to the needs of the Food And Beverages Industry. This article attempts to address this gap by analyzing the range of available indicators to measure trade in recyclable raw materials, namely by looking at the difference between the value of exports and imports. Thus, the differences in the CE framework can theoretically be adapted to the production system in the Food And Beverages Industry. So that the implementation of CE can be implemented in accordance with its functions, strategies and principles in managing a business model that replaces the concept of "end of life" by recycling raw materials which aims to create a quality environment, economic prosperity and benefits for future generations.

Тенденції розвитку зовнішньої торгівлі України сировинними товарами та її наслідки для економіки країни та світу

The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is built upon the works of domestic and foreign scholars. The results were obtained through the application of a system of research methods. Specifically, methods of grouping, classification, and quantitative comparisons were used to examine the commodity and geographical structure of Ukraine's exports. Structural and economic-statistical analysis methods were employed to evaluate the main financial indicators of Ukraine's external trade in raw materials, and a graphical method was used to visually represent the obtained research results. The article is dedicated to a detailed study of Ukraine's external trade relations. It studies the state of the country's external trade in raw materials, with a thorough examination of the dynamics of Ukraine's export and import operations in the raw material sector. The structure of Ukraine's exports and imports is analyzed using statistical methods. The impact of Ukraine's external trade on the economy of country and the world as a whole are discussed. Raw materials are commodities without added value, making their sale less beneficial for the country compared to the sale of finished products derived from raw materials. As a result, the country's economy develops at a slower pace. Therefore, the issues raised in the study are discussed, and a strategy for the development of Ukraine's external trade is proposed. The prospects for the further development of Ukraine's external trade in raw materials are identified. Research on the trends in Ukraine's external trade in raw materials enables the forecasting of economic development and the formulation of directions for the country's external trade.

ЛОГІСТИЧНА СКЛАДОВА В СИСТЕМІ УПРАВЛІННЯ ЕКСПОРТООРІЄНТОВАНИМИ БІЗНЕС-СТРУКТУРАМИ В УМОВАХ ГЛОБАЛЬНОЇ НЕВИЗНАЧЕНОСТІ

Abstract. In the conditions of intensification of globalization and integration processes, the majority of economic agents are active participants in foreign economic activity. Export-oriented activity is a component of foreign economic activity.The purpose of the article is to study the development potential of logistics support in the system of managing export activities of business structures, in particular grain traders, in the conditions of the threats of the global environment and the challenges of today.The study is based on the use of general scientific and special scientific methods of scientific knowledge. The method of system analysis was used to study the preconditions for the development of theUkrainian export-oriented business structures. The system-structural method was used to study basic measures to develop startup projects.Export-oriented Ukrainian business structures have to develop a system of managing their activities. This allows them to maintain the level of competitiveness in difficult conditions, including war and global insignificance. The prerequisites of increasing global uncertainty for export-oriented business structures, changes in exchange rates, political instability, changes in tariffs and other fees, changes in the market conjuncture are indicated in the article. The results of Ukraine's export activity have been analyzed. Economic, political-legal, social-cultural, technical, natural-climatic factors influence on export activity of a business structure. Peculiarities and problems of the functioning of export-oriented enterprises of wholesale trade in agricultural raw materials, in particular grain traders, are highlighted. It is substantiated that the logistics potential is a prerequisite for securing the competitiveness of export-oriented business structures in conditions of global uncertainty. The development of the logistics potential of grain exporters has a positive effect on the latest financial performance and growth results. The expediency of expanding the scope of using the concept of training in logistical support of the export activity of Ukrainian business structures is substantiated. The conditions and features of the activation of digitalization opportunities and the use of social networks by export-oriented enterprises of wholesale trade in agricultural raw materials, in particular grain traders, have been investigated. The development of tools for adapting the export potential of wholesalers of agricultural raw materials to the factors of changes in the global environment, which is a prerequisite for their safe functioning, will be the subject of further research. Keywords: export activity, business structure, grain traders, logistics, global uncertainty.

Pharmacognostic evaluation and development of quality control parameters for Berg-e-Bed-Sada (leaf of Salix alba L.)

In the Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani (ASU) systems of medicine, Salix alba L. is used as a remedy for a number of illnesses like rheumatic inflammation, painful muscles, fever, diarrhea, jaundice, gout, leucoderma (vitiligo), jaundice, etc. The current study revealed macro-, micromorphology, powder microscopy, physicochemical, high-performance thin layer chromatography and quality control factors studies to authenticate and standardize the leaf of S. alba. The microscopic analysis of powder drug showed various identification characters such as trichomes, druses of calcium oxalate crystals, crystal fibers, etc. Whereas, different physicochemical parameters like moisture content, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, water-soluble ash, alcohol extractive, and water extractive were also standardized within permitted limits. Likewise, all quality control factors, including heavy metals, microbiological load, aflatoxins, and pesticide residue were determined to be within acceptable ranges, evidencing that the use of Salix alba leaf is safe and lacks of dangerous toxins. The purposeful and unintentional use of adulterants and substitutes are regular malpractices in the trade of herbal raw materials. As a result, this study helps to fix the standards for S. alba leaf, which can help in preventing drug adulteration, substitution, incorrect identification, and authentication.

Competitiveness of Moldova’s Agri-food Trade: Challenges and Perspectives

One of the conditions for increasing the competitiveness of the national economy of Moldova is the promotion of the export of competitive goods. Considering that the Republic of Moldova is mainly relying on its agri-food sector, and it was granted the status of a candidate country for accession to the European Union, the object of research is the Competitiveness of Moldova’s Agrifood Trade. The principal purpose of this study is to determine the directions for modernizing the structure of the agri-food complex to increase its competitiveness in the context of deepening the integration processes in the European space. The authors assessed the trends and prospects for the trade of food products and agricultural raw materials between Moldova and European Union countries. In this aim statistical and econometric methods were applied. The results of the study showed that a promising direction in the development of economic relations between Moldova and the European Union was the formation of clusters with a high potential for competitiveness. For a better integration into the European food products market with minimal loss, there is a strong need in establishing direct economic links and implementation of joint investment projects.

Selection and optimization of distribution channels for small-scale organic producers of fruits and vegetables

The purpose is to identify and analyze common sales channels for organic products, possibility of introducing alternative marketing strategies for its implementation for small-scale producers of the Almaty region who have made the transition to organic horticulture. The object of the study is international and Kazakhstani experience in building organizational and economic relations regarding production and sale of organic agricultural products. Methods – along with desk research methods, industry information from open access sources, scientific literature, and survey of business entities is summarized. Results – international experience in formation of system for distribution of environmentally friendly products is considered, chain of creation of its value, depending on scale of production, is determined. In Kazakhstan, where production of organic goods is about 20 years and is represented by large agricultural producers of exportoriented grain direction, indirect directions of trade in organic raw materials were accordingly involved. The emerging domestic market for eco-products, involvement of small producers in this sector requires the adoption of effective marketing programs and introduction of a wide range of direct deliveries. The possibilities of introducing such types of marketing as plan of proposals after receiving information about the needs of buyers "Organic box", community-supported farming (CSA - Community-supported agriculture), centralized sales management platform U-pick, organic farmers' markets and sales fairs, shops with organic farms, organic restaurants, public procurement, agritourism and e-commerce are justified. Conclusions – the choice of points for sale of organic products is important management decision that affects economic efficiency of agricultural enterprise. For producers with a small-scale economy, several distribution channels should be developed, when manufacturer works directly with consumers, ensuring close ties.