General Trade Research Articles

Effect of green trade barriers on export enterprise green technological innovation from the perspective of the low-carbon city pilot policy

The low-carbon city pilot policy (LCCPP) is an important part of achieving “dual carbon” goals and promoting green technology innovation (GTI) in Chinese export enterprises. This study integrates Green Technical Barriers to Trade (GTBTs), LCCPP, and the GTI of exporting enterprises into a unified framework based on data from A-share market Chinese non-financial export enterprises from 2007 to 2021 and discusses how export enterprises should optimize green innovation resource structure with support from LCCPP to facilitate enterprise GTI when facing GTBTs. Several findings are uncovered: (1) GTBTs have a significant negative impact on the GTI of Chinese export enterprises, and the LCCPP significantly mitigates the negative impact of GTBTs on export enterprises’ GTI. (2) After distinguishing the heterogeneous characteristics of export enterprises, the moderating effect of the LCCPP becomes even more pronounced in non-state-owned enterprises, general trade enterprises, and enterprises whose export destinations are high-income countries. (3) Further exploration of the moderating effect of the LCCPP with different policy instruments and intensities is needed. We found the best moderating effect on export enterprises’ GTI under high policy intensity, and only market-based policy instruments had a significant moderating effect. These findings provide direction for policymakers expanding the pilot scope of low-carbon cities as well as theoretical support for realizing foreign trade growth for sustainable development.

Optimal Strategies and Values for Monotone and Classical Mean-Variance Preferences Coincide when Asset Prices Are Continuous

We study classical and monotone mean-variance portfolio selection when asset prices are continuous under general trading constraints. Our main result is that optimal values and strategies for both objectives coincide in this setting. The only assumptions required are that asset prices are continuous and that not investing in the risky assets is an admissible strategy. We in particular do not assume existence of an optimal strategy.

Corporate financialization and export product quality: evidence from China

We examine the impact of corporate financialization on export product quality using data from Chinese A-share listed companies from 2000 to 2015. Our findings indicate that corporate financialization inhibits the upgrading of export product quality through ‘innovation crowding out’ and ‘factor substitution’ effects. Heterogeneity tests reveal that this negative effect is pronounced for firms with strong motivations for market arbitrage, precautionary savings, tunneling, as well as higher managerial overconfidence. Additionally, firms exporting to high-income countries, engaging in general trade in less digitally developed regions, and adopting compensation incentives are more susceptible to the disincentive effects of corporate financialization on export product quality.

TikTok Shop: Future of E-Commerce? How Can Galderma Leverage Tiktok Shop to Increase its Penetration and Improve its Market Share in Indonesia Skincare Market?

TikTok was introduced to the Indonesian market in September 2017. Upon its launch, TikTok quickly gained popularity among Indonesian users, especially among the younger demographic, for its short-form video content that allowed for creative expression and entertainment. One of TikTok services is TikTok Shop, an integrated e-commerce capabilities directly within the TikTok app, allowing users to browse, purchase, and sell products without leaving the platform. They launch this service in April 2021. The platform introduced features like shoppable videos and live shopping events, where users could interact with influencers and brands in real-time while purchasing products providing a new and engaging way for Indonesian businesses to reach potential customers and boost sales through interactive and entertaining content. Galderma Indonesia Healthcare is one of the leading companies dedicated to advancing dermatology for every skin story. Galderma strategically its positioned in attractive, consumer-driven segments of the dermatology market, characterized by high growth fundamentals supported by science-based product differentiation and premium positioning. One of Galderma’s brands that is available in Indonesia is Cetaphil. Cetaphil products are available in modern retailers with Health & Beauty channel as the top contributor, followed by general trade and pharmacy channel. Even though available, Cetaphil is still low in in skincare category penetration. This study examines the positioning and promotional strategies of Cetaphil on TikTok Shop using qualitative research methods. Primary data was gathered through expert interviews, while secondary data was sourced from internal company reports, previous research studies, and strategic agency reports.

Public health emergencies and international trade in the context of global value chains: Evidence from COVID‐19 in China

AbstractIn recent years, there has been a notable increase in the frequency of public health emergencies (PHE), which pose a substantial threat to the global supply and demand equilibrium as well as the stability of the global value chains (GVC). The article takes the example of the COVID‐19 pandemic and utilises China's foreign trade monthly data spanning from 2018 to 2021 for an empirical analysis of how COVID‐19 affected China's import and export trade, as well as its participation in GVC collaborations. The findings are as follows: (1) The proliferation of COVID‐19 significantly and negatively impacted China's export trade, while its impact on China's import trade was insignificant. (2) The impact of the COVID‐19 on processing trade exports was more pronounced compared to general trade exports, highlighting the detrimental effect of the pandemic on GVC collaboration. (3) The adverse influence of the COVID‐19 on China's foreign trade and GVC cooperation primarily stemmed from its impact on international effective demand. (4) The pandemic exerted a more substantial negative effect on processing trade involving supplied materials with low production value added compared to processing trade involving imported materials with high value added. And it had a greater adverse impact on low‐tech products as opposed to high‐tech products, indicating that industries with higher value‐added and high‐tech products exhibited greater resilience in the face of trade disruptions by COVID‐19.

Sales Channel Strategies of FMCG: A Comprehensive Analysis in Rural Maharashtra

The document focuses on Colgate-Palmolive's sales strategy, specifically in rural Maharashtra, as part of a Sales and Channel Management project. It examines the brand's market position, competitive landscape, and sales initiatives. Colgate-Palmolive maintains a dominant role in oral care and focuses on tailored approaches to different markets, such as affordability strategies for rural areas and digital engagement for urban consumers. The analysis includes a competitor review, highlighting how the company positions itself against Hindustan Unilever, Procter & Gamble, Dabur, and Patanjali. Key objectives are outlined, focusing on both quantitative goals, such as expanding market share and distribution, and qualitative objectives like building brand loyalty and launching new products. Sales initiatives include eco-friendly packaging, community outreach, customer loyalty programs, and the use of digital platforms to engage consumers. Additionally, the document suggests trade initiatives and retailer network improvements, recommending digital tools and gamified approaches to enhance performance. The integration of a Channel Information System (CIS) and various models of retail distribution, including the role of C&F agents, distributors, and general trade, are also discussed. The report concludes with insights on expanding Colgate's market reach and optimizing its distribution strategy. Key Words: Sales Strategy, Rural Marketing, Brand Loyalty, Digital Engagement

Strategic Vigilance and its Impact on Organizational Citizenship Behavior, a Case Study: National Integrated General Trading and Contracting Company

خلفية الدراسة ومشكلتها: تكمن مشكلة الدراسة في سلوك المواطنة التنظيمية في الشركة، وتحدي الدور الذي يمكن اليقظة الاستراتيجية في تحقيق سلوك المواطنة التنظيمية، بسبب التطورات التي تشهدها الشركة، ومع زيادة حدة المنافسة السوقية، فقد أصبح سلوك المواطنة التنظيمية مؤشرا لمدى جودة العمل فيها، وعلى العكس من ذلك يلاحظ أن الشركات التي لا تمتلك رأس مالٍ بشري لده قيم المواطنة، توصف بأنها شركات صمّاء لا تمتلك أفق التغيير والتطوير وحتى القدرة على البقاء في ظلّ التغيرات المتسارعة. الأهداف: هدفت الدراسة التعرف إلى اليقظة الإستراتيجية بأبعادها (اليقظة التكنولوجية، واليقظة التسويقية، واليقظة التنافسية، واليقظة البيئية) في سلوك المواطنة التنظيمية بأبعادها (الإيثار، واللياقة واللطف، والروح الرياضية، ووعي الضمير) في الشركة الأهلية المتكاملة للتجارة العامة والمقاولات. الطرق المستخدمة: لتحقيق أهداف الدراسة تم تبني المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، واعتمدت الدراسة المسح الشامل وتم توزيع الاستبانة على جميع الموظفين في الشركة الأهلية المتكاملة للتجارة العامة والمقاولات، حيث اعتمد الدراسة أسلوب العينة الهادفة لتعاملها مع مجتمع صغير ، واستخدمت مجموعة من الاختبارات الإحصائية من خلال برنامج SPSS. النتائج: توصلت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من النتائج ، أهمها: وجود أثر معنوي ذي دلالة إحصائية لأبعاد اليقظة الإستراتيجية في سلوك المواطنة التنظيمية في الشركة الأهلية المتكاملة للتجارة العامة والمقاولات ، وأن مستوى اهتمام الشركة الأهلية المتكاملة للتجارة العامة والمقاولات بتطبيق اليقظة الإستراتيجية مرتفع ، كما أن مستوى اهتمامها بسلوك المواطنة التنظيمية كان مرتفعاً هو الآخر. الاستنتاجات (التوصيات والمساهمة): توصلت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من النتائج ، أهمها: وجود أثر معنوي ذي دلالة إحصائية لأبعاد اليقظة الإستراتيجية في سلوك المواطنة التنظيمية في الشركة الأهلية المتكاملة للتجارة العامة والمقاولات ، وأن مستوى اهتمام الشركة الأهلية المتكاملة للتجارة العامة والمقاولات بتطبيق اليقظة الإستراتيجية مرتفع ، كما أن مستوى اهتمامها بسلوك المواطنة التنظيمية كان مرتفعاً هو الآخر.

Smart city construction and quality upgrading of export products: Evidence from China

Smart cities, as an advanced form of urban development in the digital age, are likely to profoundly affect the operations of local businesses. This paper analyzes the impact of smart city construction on the quality of firms’ export products by exploiting a quasi-natural experiment based on a smart city pilot policy in China and employing the staggered difference-in-differences (DID) method. Our empirical results reveal that the implementation of the policy significantly improves the export product quality of local firms, and this finding remains quite robust after a series of sensitivity tests. Mechanism analysis shows that the improvement of innovation efficiency and the reduction of transaction costs are two effective channels through which smart city construction enhances export product quality. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the policy effects are more prominent in high-tech industries, cities with high administrative levels, the eastern and central regions, non-state-owned firms, and general trade firms, which enjoy greater policy dividends than their counterparts.

General, high-tech, and mid-tech regional trade introversion indexes as measures of trade integration within RTAs

General, high-tech, and mid-tech regional trade introversion indexes as measures of trade integration within RTAs

Digital trade liberalization and quality upgrading: evidence from Chinese intermediate imports

ABSTRACT This article investigates how the import quality of intermediate products responds to digital trade liberalization using Chinese Customs data and the composite index of digital trade liberalization obtained from OECD database for 2014–2019. The results reveal that digital trade liberalization has significantly improved the quality of Chinese manufacturing intermediate imports. Further mechanism tests show that digital trade liberalization will boost the improvements through trade cost reduction effects. For the influence path, digital trade liberalization will promote the quality upgrading through both intensive and extensive margins. The heterogeneity analyses find that imports from countries with high economic developments experienced larger quality promotion than those from lower economic area. Meanwhile, the quality upgrading effects of digital trade liberalization are mainly reflected in Chinese non-comparative industries, such as downstream, digital-intensive, R&D-intensive and technology-intensive industries. Moreover, compared to homogeneous products and those by processing trade mode, the quality of intermediate imports for differentiated products by general trade are more responsive to the liberalization of digital trade barriers.

Digital technology and domestic value-added ratio in export: Evidence from China's pilot zones for integrating informatization and industrialization

Accelerating the penetration of digital technology into industrial transformation is an important concern for developing economies that dedicate to achieve high-quality development of foreign trade. Regarding China's pilot zones for integrating informatization and industrialization (PZII) as an exogenous shock of digital technology application, this study sheds light on effects of digital technology on domestic value-added ratio in export (DVAR) based on fine-grained firm-level data covering 2002–2013. Our finding reveals that digital technology improves firms’ DVAR, and the results remain consistent after conducting a series of robustness checks and addressing potential endogeneity. The heterogeneity analysis suggests that digital technology exerts significantly positive effects on DVAR of processing trade rather than general trade firms, foreign rather than domestic firms, and eastern rather than middle and western firms. The mechanism test discloses that digital technology positively affects DVAR through cost reduction effects and technology progress effects. Further investigation shows that market competition plays a positive role in moderating effects of digital technology on firms’ DVAR. Lastly, this study puts forward corresponding policy implications based on the conclusions.

Global value chains and carbon emission efficiency: evidence from 30 provinces in China

ABSTRACT The severity of global environmental change is a growing issue, primarily as an obvious result of carbon dioxide emissions. This article aims to recognize the causal relationship between Global Value Chains (GVCs) and Carbon Emission Efficiency (CEE) by using 30 provinces from 2000 to 2014 in China. This study calculates the GVCs level in the provincial level considering general trade, process trade, and intermediate trade agents; Besides, a model for the slacks-based measure of super-efficiency in data envelopment analysis (SBM-DEA) was used to measure the CEE. By applying fixed effect model techniques, our estimates reveal critical findings. First, we confirm the existence of the spatial-temporal evolution pattern of CEE in 30 provinces, showing an increased trend and noticeable east-west difference. Second, the econometric results suggest that the GVCs involvement is beneficiary for the CEE. Third, our results confirm that technological innovation and environmental regulation effects contribute to GVCs’ influence on CEE. These findings contribute to the formulation of appropriate carbon policies by the Chinese government, thereby advancing the objective of achieving carbon peaking by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2050.

Evaluating the Effects of Public Debt on Sri Lanka’s Economic Growth: A Short-term and Long-term Perspective

Aims: The objective of this paper is to examine whether public debt enhances economic growth in Sri Lanka by separating debt into domestic and external debt. Study Design: The paper adopts the Keynesian demand-side model to estimate GDP on demand-side and supply-side factors such as domestic debt, external debt, gross fixed capital formation (investment in short), labour force, general price level, money supply, government spending and trade openness. In a model where debt causes investment, public debt effects are netted out from investment by removing the estimated investment effects of domestic and external debt. Duration of Study: quarterly data from Q1 2010 to Q1 2023 are utilized to trace the long-term and the short-term effects of domestic and external debt on GDP. Methodology: The ARDL method of estimation is used and the model is estimated in double log form so that estimated parameters reflect output elasticities. A general to specific modelling approach is adopted to find the best suited model. Results: Variables such as government spending, money supply, general price level and labour force are not relevant while domestic debt, external debt, investment (debt effects netted out) and trade openness are significant in describing GDP. The long-term domestic debt elasticity of GDP is 0.588 while short-term domestic debt elasticity (sum of contemporaneous and lag effects) is about 0.63. The cumulative effects of domestic debt on GDP tappers off to 0.60 in the long-run. The result suggests negative impacts (-0.272 and -0.254) of external debt on the economic growth in short-term and long-term respectively. The negative effect of external debt can be justified if recent external borrowings have been used to repay loans taken to finance war and unproductive projects. Conclusion: The paper finds that the domestic public debt creates relatively strong positive effects on GDP in the short-term and the long-term. Contrary to the expectations, the effects of external debt on GDP have become negative both in the short-term and the long-term. The paper also finds that debt effects on GDP have been significantly reduced when debt effect-ridden investment variable is included in the regression in place of debt-effect netted out investment. Thus, this study recommends researchers to carry out further research on why the effects of external debt on GDP become negative. Further, it recommends policy makers to use both domestic and external debt to finance public investment and productivity enhancement projects rather than borrowing merely for the purpose of consumption and repaying of existing debt.

The role of pioneering marketing in achieving strategic excellence An exploratory study of a sample of employees at Bahar General Trading Company

The role of pioneering marketing in achieving strategic excellence An exploratory study of a sample of employees at Bahar General Trading Company

ANALYSIS OF THE TILAPIA PARTNERSHIP PATTERN BETWEEN UPTD BIAT KUTASARI AND THE ASTANA MINA MANDIRI FISHERIES ASSOCIATION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON INCREASING THE INCOME OF FISH FARMER IN PURBALINGGA REGENCY

This research aims to determine the pattern of tilapia partnerships between UPTD BIAT Kutasari and the Astana Mina Mandiri Fisheries Association and its influence on increasing the income of tilapia farmers in Purbalingga Regeancy. Using a mixed qualitative and quantitative approach (mix method) with purposive sampling. In this research there were 15 respondents, namely tilapia farmers who joined the partnership. The data analysis used is descriptive analysis and paired sample test. The research results showed that the partnership pattern implemented was a general trade partnership pattern, there was an increase in tilapia farmer’s income from IDR. 7,106,533,33 to IDR. 9,655,000, increasing revenue by 36% from before the partnership. The result of the difference test on farmers’ income have a significance level of 0.000 and the t count is 5.140. It can be cloncluded that there is a significant difference between farmers’ income before and after the partnership, so that the partnersip has an impact on the income of tilapia farmers.

Measuring the Costs of Renewable Resources and Their Role in Reducing the Costs of Available Resources in The Iraqi Economic Units

As a result of the developments witnessed by the world and technological progress in all fields and its trend towards preserving the environment and its resources and reducing pollution in it, which required the economic units to search for resources to help them reduce costs and protect the environment from pollution while preserving its non-renewable resources, and in order to address this problem, the researcher determined the costs of available resources (non-renewable) for the production of electrical energy, which constitutes the largest proportion of indirect costs, Therefore, the research was launched to reduce these costs by replacing non-renewable resources with renewable resources in order to reduce costs on the one hand, protect the environment on the other hand, and help preserve non-renewable resources for future generations. To achieve this goal, the researcher carried out the field pension for Al-Mamoon factory in order to determine energy costs Electric using non-renewable resources, as well as field visits to obtain information from the Free Lights Company for Solar Energy and General Trading in order to determine the costs of renewable resources represented by solar energy. One of the most important results of the research was the is that the best resource of the six resources for generating electrical energy is the solar energy resource, it is safe and available in abundance and does not pose a threat to humans and the environment, Also, the findings of the current research revealed that investing in solar cells leads to an increase in investment costs, but at the same time leads to reducing the costs of use over its life of 30 years as a result leads to reducing the costs of producing electrical energy.

Improving implementation of occupational health and safety of construction company by Job Safety Analysis (JSA) method (study case at PT Arto Moro Sentosa)

The construction sector is a sector that employs many people who have high risk of work accidents, because a lot of work in this sector is possibility carried out by unsafe actions or unsafe conditions. PT. Arto Moro Sentosa is company which operates in general trading, general construction, suppliers, outsourcing, etc., is aware that the business has a high risk of work accidents. The lack of employee awareness will have an impact on the magnitude of the risks that must be borne by the worker and the company. The purpose of this research is determining work accident records for the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) system, employee risks, and existing improvements at company. By knowing the classification of hazards based on the type of accident, this research uses the Job Safety Analysis (JSA) method, histograms, Pareto diagrams, and cause-and-effect (fish bone) diagrams. Based on the author's observations, company data related to OHS (Occupational Health and Safety) and interviews with the directors, could be obtained a history of work accidents based on the type of accident. Here are ergonomic work accidents (57.89%), physical factor accidents ( 31.58%), chemical factor accidents (5.26%), biological factor accidents (5.26%), and psychological factor accidents (0%). Several recommendation is performed to avoid repeated accident by providing training programs on OHS to workers, paying more attention to OHS supervision, giving sanctions to workers who violate OHS.

The Effects of the Development Zone Upgrading on the Diversification of Firm’s Product Exports: Evidence from Chinese Exporters

Against the backdrop of frequent international trade frictions, reducing external risks in export trade through industrial policies has become crucial for China’s high-quality and steady foreign trade development. This paper examines the impact of development zone upgrading policies on the diversification of firm product exports by using a time-varying difference-in-differences model. We find that after the upgrading of development zones, the diversification of firm product exports increases by 2.13%, and concentration decreases by 1.33%. Moreover, this policy has a stronger impact on the diversification level of product exports for firms upgraded to customs special supervision areas, located inland, and engaged in general trade. These conclusions remain robust even after conducting additional robustness tests using alternative measures of the dependent variable, different identification methods for development zone upgrading, and controlling for other industrial policy effects. Furthermore, the upgrading of development zones improves export diversification through three main channels: enhancing firm innovation capabilities, optimizing management efficiency, and providing financial support to firms.

Analisis Strategi Pemasaran Teh Celup Walini Industri Hilir PTPN VIII Berdasarkan Perspektif Syariah

PT Perkebunan Nusantara (PTPN) VIII's downstream company is the Downstream Tea Industry (IHT). IHT makes two types of tea: tea bags and brewed tea. The trademark used is Walini. Every year, IHT in running its business increases. This makes the author interested in examining the methods used and whether these methods are in accordance with sharia principles. Qualitative descriptive research is used in this type of research. Both primary and secondary data were used. Primary data was obtained from the marketing division, sales division, tabin, general department employees, and head of production. Data collection methods are through interviews, documentation, and observation. The results showed that IHT uses a marketing mix strategy, which includes product, price, location, and promotion strategies. The product strategy is to maintain quality, increase flavor variety, and improve packaging. The price strategy is Cost-Plus, Premium, Dynamic, and Competition-Based. The place (distribution) strategy is e-commerce, general trade, and contemporary trade. She uses gimmicks, collaborating with private and public educational institutions, events, and social media to promote herself. IHT uses sharia marketing strategies by using attributes and values such as spirituality, shidiq, amanah, fathanah, and tabligh.

Exporting Electrodes to Australia in the 1930s:

Using the internal records of trading companies operating in Australia that were seized by the Australian government after the Japanese attack on Pearl in December 1941, the present study examines the role played by Okura & Company and its Managing Director in Sydney, Sawada Shigeo, as intermediaries in the development of a potential Australian market for Japanese electrodes in the interwar period. International trade in foreign markets required Japanese manufacturers to respond “flexibly” to the terms, conditions, and practices of the new markets into which they were exporting, especially in relation to any technological difficulties (real or perceived) with their products. General trading companies (like our example, Okura & Company) were employed to provide essential market information and to bridge any “gaps of recognition” between Japanese manufacturers (like our example, Tokai Electrode Manufacturing Company) and their new, non-Japanese clients. The interwar experience of “market development” in Australia was integral to the remarkable success of Japan’s export-oriented industries during the postwar reconstruction period, when electrode manufacturing quickly became an important export industry for Japan.