Trade Cooperation Research Articles

How the states divide income or tax residence (on the example of Ukraine)

Introduction. The past years have once again emphasized the relevance of friendly interstate relations, which create the basis for trade cooperation. International cooperation of states in the unstable conditions of pandemics and wars helps not only to maintain international security, but also provides the development of international trade. The paper analyzes the features of the conditions for avoiding double taxation and determining the country of residence. The publication reveals the problems faced by residents of Ukraine in 2022, namely: multiple taxation and avoidance of double taxation. Features of interstate agreements that guarantee, in particular, to Ukrainian residents, the opportunity to engage in entrepreneurship are highlighted. In our opinion, the conclusion of international treaties by states on the avoidance of double taxation is an act that reflects the political interest of countries in long-term trade cooperation and stimulates the fulfillment of the obligations of countries under treaties in the field of international trade. The purpose of the paper is to study the nature of multiple taxation and the conclusion of agreements on the avoidance of double taxation, its expediency, as well as regulatory consolidation. Results. The research analyzed the regulatory basis of income taxation of Ukrainian business entities, established who is considered a resident. Considered a fairly new category – e-residency, also attention was paid to modern international unilateral acts, normalizing the support of Ukrainian entrepreneurs. Conclusions. Modernity poses new challenges to the world community that the states are forced to cope with. International law is, first of all, partnership, commonwealth, and guarantee of mutual security, including economic security. There is establishment of normative regulation of resident taxation processes and consideration of e-residency as the next stage of development of relations between the state and the resident.

The Influence of Emotional Intelligence and Flow at Work on Innovative Work Behavior in MSME Entrepreneurs

Innovative work behavior is an essential factor for entrepreneurial success. This research aims to examine (1) how emotional intelligence influences innovative work behavior, (2) how flow at work influences innovative work behavior, and (3) how emotional intelligence and flow at work influence innovative work behavior. The population of this research is MSME entrepreneurs in the city of Malang. Through a purposive sampling technique, 124 entrepreneurs were obtained as samples in this research with the criteria of having been in business for two years or more, having a business in the MSME category, and being under the guidance of the Department of Industry and Trade Cooperatives in Malang City. The scales used are the Innovative Work Behavior (IWB), Assessing Emotion Scale (AES), and WOrk-reLated Flow inventory (WOLF). The validity of the items in this research used Pearson correlation, and the reliability of the instruments on the three scales was measured using Cronbach's alpha formula. The results of statistical techniques of multiple regression analysis showed that emotional intelligence and flow at work significantly influence innovative work behavior, both partially and simultaneously. Partially, emotional intelligence contributes 17.4 percent to innovative work behavior. Meanwhile, flow at work can explain innovative work behavior variables by 16%. Simultaneously, these two variables influence 24.9 percent of innovative work behavior.

Daya Saing Dan Komplementaritas Perdagangan Kayu Indonesia: Kasus Kawasan Asia-Pasifik

Indonesia trades ten groups of wood in the Asia-Pacific region. Many forest industry problems occur during trade. Competition and interdependence in trade are research objectives. The research secondary data source is taken from UN Comtrade 2011-2021 and analyzed using the Export Similarity Index (ESI), Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Trade Complementarity Index (TCI), and Intra-Industry Trade (IIT) methods. The research results show that the wood export trade between Indonesia and competing countries competes weakly with each other in the six partner countries. Indonesia is competitive in the products SITC 245 (fuel wood (excluding wood waste) and wood charcoal), SITC 248 (wood, simply worked, and railway sleepers of wood), SITC 251 (pulp and waste paper), SITC 634 (veneers, plywood, particle board, and other wood, worked, n.e.s.), SITC 635 (wood manufactures, n.e.s.), and SITC 641 (paper and paperboard). On the other hand, Indonesia and partner countries almost complement each other as trading partners in terms of exports and imports of wood. However, the integration of Indonesian wood trade with partner countries is considered weak. Products SITC 248 (wood, simply worked, and railway sleepers of wood), SITC 251 (pulp and waste paper), SITC 641 (paper and paperboard), and SITC 642 (paper and paperboard, cut to size or shape, and articles of paper or paperboard) are several product industries that have led to intra-industry trade. Policy recommendations are to utilize resources optimally, develop the wood processing industry to produce finished wood products, and improve the quality and standards of wood products in accordance with policies in trade cooperation.

Indonesia's Interests in the Pacific Region

Indonesia is a country that is located close to each other and has established diplomatic relations and cooperation with countries in the Pacific region. This is done to maintain national and regional stability. Indonesia has an interest in maintaining a stable, prosperous and friendly environment in the Pacific region. On the other hand, Pacific countries view Indonesia as an archipelagic country that has experience and capacity in terms of cooperation and development. This research aims to analyze Indonesia's interests in countries in the Pacific Region. These interests include: strengthening sovereignty, increasing economic & trade cooperation and partners supporting each other in regional and multilateral forums. The research results show that the dynamics of Indonesia's cooperation with countries in the Pacific region have gone well in recent years. Indonesia carries out a lot of cooperation in the form of training and capacity development for Pacific countries. Apart from that, Indonesia is also active in organizing activities and discussion forums to encourage increased relations and cooperation

China’s economic and trade cooperation zones in Africa: from static model emulation to dynamic learning

ABSTRACT This article explores the intricacies of replicating China’s structural economic transformation through special economic zones (SEZs) in Africa, with a focus on the Eastern Industry Zone (EIZ) in Ethiopia. Combining insights from empirical research and the literature on China’s development model, African SEZs and Chinese economic and trade cooperation zones (ETCZs) in Africa, we contend that while static industrialisation policies can be transposed more readily, the dynamic aspects that underpin China’s model face challenges due to differences in institutional capacity and contextual synergies (internal and external). This hampers the efficacy of ETCZs in steering structural economic transformation. The article advocates for a more creative adaptation process, urging dynamic learning and leadership level innovation to address institutional and structural weaknesses while reducing vulnerability to externalities.

Discussion on strategic trade cooperation between China and Kyrgyzstan under the background of “One Belt, One Road”

Discussion on strategic trade cooperation between China and Kyrgyzstan under the background of “One Belt, One Road”

Trade Integration of India with South and Central Asia: Evidence from Gravity Model

The present study investigates exports of India with selected South and Central Asian countries and their top trade partners. The panel data from 1996–2020 is used and PPML estimation technique which takes care of heterogeneity, zero trade and endogeneity is applied. In addition to basic variables, institutional setup in selected countries is included in the model to get better results. To check robustness of results, in addition to PPML, Heckman selection model is also estimated. The findings indicate that institutions play an important role in export promotion of India to these countries. Among various institutional factors, effectiveness of government in different aspects has considerable influence on exports from the country. The study concludes that institutional quality needs to be improved to enhance trade cooperation of India with these countries.

What network roles affect the decline of the embodied carbon emission reduction pressure in China's manufacturing sector foreign trade?

China's manufacturing sector faces pressure to reduce its carbon emissions embodied in foreign trade, yet the influence of the sector's structural and path characteristics on reducing embodied carbon emission (ECE) remains unclear. We developed a research framework to analyze the trade-embodied carbon transfer networks of China's 11 manufacturing industries with 48 economies from 2000 to 2019, identifying the key carbon transfer-in industries and paths. By integrating network characteristics, we assessed the ECE reduction pressure on key manufacturing industries and identified factors hindering its decline. ECE in China's manufacturing foreign trade increased by 273.1% from 2000 to 2019, with the ECE in exports to developing countries since 2012 (255.58 Mt) surpassing exports to developed countries (228.31 Mt). China's medium-low and medium-high technology manufacturing are key carbon transfer-in industries, observed large decreases in the importance of the carbon transfer-in paths from Europe, the United States, Japan, and South Korea, versus notable increases from the Row Asia and Pacific region. Metal manufacturing, non-metallic mineral manufacturing, and chemical manufacturing were the top three industries facing ECE reduction pressure. The network structure indicators obstruct the ECE reduction pressure in metal manufacturing, whereas the network path indicators obstruct the pressure in the other key manufacturing industries. To alleviate the ECE reduction pressure within China's manufacturing foreign trade, China's manufacturing sector should enhance trade cooperation with Asia–Pacific countries. The study's insights offer valuable references for China's formulation of domestic manufacturing emission reduction policies and its participation in international climate negotiations.

Reflections on China-India Economic and Trade Relations from the Perspective of Industrial Structure

China and India are adjacent to each other and are the top two developing countries in the world in terms of population, and the different industrial structures of the two countries have a specific impact on the economic and trade cooperation between the two countries. The article firstly analyzes the industrial structure of China's strong industry and India's strong service industry and the status quo of bilateral trade, and summarizes the problems of small trade volume, unidirectional dependence between India and China, political hostility hindering economic and trade cooperation, and the two countries' industries' complementarities are greater than competitiveness through calculations and comparisons. Based on the theory of industrial complementarities, the article proposes accordingly to increase intra-industry trade, improve the investment environment, encourage investment and technological cooperation, participate in the global value chain, set up a free trade zone and strengthen the cooperation in multilateral mechanisms, and establish a free trade zone. The establishment of free trade zones and the strengthening of economic and trade cooperation in multilateral mechanisms are six proposals.

Evolutionary game analysis of cooperation strategies for core enterprises of film copyright import and export under China’s supporting policies

PurposeThis paper constructs a tripartite evolutionary game model between the government, the core enterprises of film copyright export and imports and uses the system dynamics model to simulate and find the optimal selection results of single and mixed government incentives under dynamic changes, aiming to promote the development of foreign trade of film copyright and innovation and development of the film industry so as to improve the overall social benefits of the film industry and provide policy enlightenment for enhancing the import power of foreign core enterprises to introduce domestic film copyrights.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper, a tripartite evolutionary game model of the government, the core enterprises of film copyright export and imports is constructed, the evolution process of cooperation strategy is derived, the impact of innovation income coefficient, mixed incentive policy and single incentive policy on the evolution results is analyzed, and the system dynamic model is used to simulate to find the optimal selection results of single and mixed government incentives under dynamic changes, so as to provide reference for the government’s dynamic incentive decision-making.FindingsThe results show that export-oriented core firms are more sensitive to mixed incentives, while import-oriented core firms respond more quickly to single incentives. The large innovation income coefficient has a negative impact on the willingness of import-oriented core enterprises to cooperate. The study proposes measures to increase the willingness of core companies to participate.Research limitations/implicationsDue to the fact that numerical simulation is based on simulation, there may be a certain gap between it and the actual situation. Therefore, it is necessary to further use actual data to conduct empirical analysis on the theoretical model.Practical implicationsThis article mainly focuses on analyzing the impact of strategy choices and related parameters of various entities on the incentive mechanism and studying the foreign trade cooperation strategies of film copyright export enterprises under policy support from a theoretical model perspective. Furthermore, research has proven that in order to effectively enhance the willingness of foreign import core enterprises to participate in the foreign trade of domestic film copyrights, the government needs to coordinate the use of single incentive policies and mixed incentive policies. This study provides a major contribution for policymaker to develop film copyright import and export trade.Social implicationsBased on the research conclusions, this paper puts forward management countermeasures to further improve the development of the film copyright import and export trade. The first is to enrich government incentive methods and stimulate the vitality of film copyright and foreign trade market entities. The second is to guide the core enterprises of film copyright export to increase investment in innovation and stimulate the endogenous driving force of industrial development. Finally, lengthen the foreign trade industry chain of film copyright and increase the income of film derivatives.Originality/valueFirstly, this paper applies the research methods of evolutionary game and system dynamics simulation to the field of foreign trade research on film copyright and expands the research perspectives and methods of the film industry. Secondly, by analyzing the “cost-benefit incentive” relationship of the evolutionary game of government export-oriented core enterprises and importing core enterprises, an evolutionary game model is constructed, the quantitative point of tripartite interest decision-making is solved and the research object of the evolutionary game method is expanded. Finally, the system dynamics model is used to simulate and find the optimal selection results of single and mixed government incentives under dynamic changes, so as to provide reference for the government’s dynamic incentive decision-making.

China's Export Trade's Effects on the Global Economy

China’s export trade’s effects on the global economy involves many aspects, including global economic growth, international trade pattern, industrial structure adjustment and so on. Therefore, it is crucial to carry out a thorough analysis of the effects of China's export trade on the world economy. This paper will use a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods to carry out the research, and at the same time use a large number of charts and graphs to analyse the data. Firstly, the size and trajectory of China's exports will be revealed by collecting and analysing a large number of statistical data, such as the organization of China's export market, the total amount of trade exports from China, China's gross domestic product, and global GDP. Secondly, the impact of China's export trade on the global economy is explored in depth through data comparison and empirical analysis. Through the review of related literature and theoretical analyses, China's export trade has an important impact on the world economy, and the future trend will be characterised by industrial upgrading, multilateral trade co-operation and service trade growth.

Trade strategy with the countries along the Ice Silk Road: a Rabin model-based perspective

ABSTRACT Since the Ice Silk Road (ISR) was put forward, its development prospect has become the focus of academic circles. To study the influence mechanism of ‘fairness preference’ on the trade cooperation of countries along the ISR, this paper constructs the trade cooperation network based on the bilateral trade data of countries along the ISR, establishes the theoretical model of network game based on Rabin model, and uses the simulation method to test the model. The results show that: (1) the sense of national cognitive fairness does have an impact on the trade cooperation of the ISR; (2) the ‘eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth’ strategy is not an advantage strategy in the trade cooperation of the ISR; (3) the most significant factor affecting the trade cooperation of countries along the ISR is the neighbor node in the trade network and the social public opinion pressure of cooperation in the network.

On China’s Navigation Rights and Interests in the Tumen River and the Japanese Sea

To achieve the goals of the Polar Silk Road strategy and boost Northeast China’s economy, China should focus on economic and trade cooperation in the Japanese Sea. Despite not being a coastal State, China can still expand its navigation rights and interests within the region. The Japanese Sea has not been fully utilized by China due to its lack of direct access, and the surrounding States’ unstable political conditions have hindered long-term economic development arrangements. This paper proposes that China should develop its right of access to the Japanese Sea through the Tumen Region and assert the navigation rights and interests of third States. China can use current agreements and international law principles to uphold its right of access to the Japanese Sea through the Tumen River. It can also invest in overseas ports and improve transportation networks to implement the strategy of "accessing the sea through harbors of other States." Furthermore, China can strengthen its presence and use of shipping routes in the Japanese Sea by strengthening regional trade routes, connecting shipping routes with the Arctic, and expanding the abroad shipping of domestic goods. Moreover, this paper suggests that China should analyze the navigation rights and interests of third States in the territorial sea, exclusive economic zones, and straits surrounding the Japanese Sea to develop its sea routes. By doing so, China can realize its goals of the Polar Silk Road strategy and revitalize Northeast China’s economy.

The Effect Of “Sovereign Europe” Strategy on The Economic and Trade Relation Between China And EU

China and the EU are powerful international actors that play an essential role in the current international society. Economic and trade cooperation between China and the EU is a significant aspect of China-EU cooperation. However, China-EU relations have been facing several challenges since 2019. The concept of ‘sovereign Europe’ was implemented in 2020, in which the EU aims to gain ‘autonomy’ and ‘independence’. By using secondary data on China’s total trade value between 2019 and 2023, it is found that the total trade value between China and the EU shows an increasing trend before the end of 2021, apart from a decrease in the first half year of 2020, and starts to decrease since 2022. These trends are shown in several European countries, including France, Germany, and Spain. However, European countries such as Sweden and Estonia show a different trend. These trends show that the efforts to establish a ‘sovereign Europe’ did not cause the decline of China-EU economic cooperation until 2022 due to interdependence and the EU’s need to cooperate with China in combating the US’s influences in defense and finance. However, after 2022, the Russia-Ukraine conflict increases the EU’s concerns about geopolitical tension and, thus, views China more as a ‘threat’. As a result, the decline of the China-EU economic relation is likely due to the combined effect of building a ‘sovereign Europe’ and the Russia-Ukraine conflict.

The Current Situation of Energy Trade Between Russia and the EU: From the Perspective of Economic Nationalism

Energy trade has been a long-standing pillar of EU-Russia relations and a critical economic driver, leading to higher interdependence in the energy sector. With the outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine crisis, the energy relations between the EU and Russia and the development of the energy trade have changed, which also generates different energy trade policies and the current state of the energy trade. For a long time, people tend to pay attention to the political nature of nationalism and ignore its economic and cultural nature; they pay attention to the study of energy issues from the economic perspective and neglect the comprehensive study of energy issues from the political, cultural, and even nationalist perspectives. Synthesis, multiple factors, and the interaction of national security in the overall national security situation are significant features of the nationalist-economist perspective. This paper will explore the EU-Russia energy trade dealings from an economic nationalist perspective, focusing on the current state of energy relations and energy policies. Analyzing the current state of cooperation and trade in Russian-EU energy trade from this perspective can fill the gaps in the political and economic interactivity of Russian-EU relations in related studies.

CHINA’S TRADE RELATIONS WITH UKRAINE

Purpose. The purpose of the article is the study of trade relations between China and Ukraine, the analysis of the volume of bilateral trade and the product structure between trading partners, as well as the outline of challenges and opportunities for the development of future trade cooperation. Methodology of research. The article uses the method of systematic literature analysis to collect, compare and analyze relevant literary materials, including data on trade and scientific research of the two countries in recent years, for a deeper understanding of the process of development of bilateral trade relations and their structure between China and Ukraine. At the same time, the method of theoretical generalization was used to understand the challenges and opportunities that exist in trade relations between countries, the abstract and logical method – to develop proposals for solving problems and promoting cooperation; graphic method – for visual presentation of research results. Findings. Through the analysis of the development process of trade relations, the situation of trade products, the challenges faced and the prospect of the future, this paper draws the following research results: trade relations develop rapidly, and the bilateral trade volume continues to grow; trade relations face challenges such as trade barriers, geopolitical factors and political uncertainties; the cooperation between the two sides has opportunities in various fields and at various levels, which can promote economic growth and international competitiveness. Originality. Trade relations between China and Ukraine have been comprehensively and in detail analyzed, focusing on achieving bilateral mutually beneficial cooperation and strategies for overcoming challenges; proposals were developed regarding future cooperation and the practical significance of its prospects. Practical value. The main provisions of the study contain useful reference information for government officials (developed proposals for strategic planning and trade cooperation), business structures (analysis of the market situation and opportunities for trade cooperation can be used to adjust business strategy and expand the market) and academic researchers (research methods and analytical base can be used as reference materials for a deeper study of trade relations between countries). Key words: belt and Road Initiative, China-Ukraine relations, export, import, trade barriers, trade cooperation, trade relations.

Investment Cooperation of the EAEU Countries and Latin America in Modern Conditions

The relevance of the study is related to the trend of the states of the "global" South towards a polycentric world, accompanied by an independent foreign economic course. The EAEU is interested in expanding cooperation with Latin American countries. The purpose is to conduct a comparative analysis of the macroeconomic indicators of the EAEU and LAC countries and FDI destinations based on statistical data. Objectives: to analyze the current state of macroeconomic indicators of the integration associations of the EAEU and LAC in order to identify identical development indicators; to characterize the country and sectoral directions of FDI of the EAEU countries in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean in comparison with similar investments of the countries of the "collective" West and the United States. Methodology. Investment cooperation is analyzed within the framework of the theory of structural functionalism (Parsons) using macroeconomic indicators of foreign trade cooperation based on UNCTAD statistics on world investments, data from the central banks of Bolivia, Brazil, statistical agencies CEPAL and the Bank of Russia. Results. It has been proved that investment flows between the EAEU and LAC have developed unevenly, and the volume of investments has fluctuated significantly. This trend reflects the general stagnation of the EAEU's investment activity in Latin America outside the commodity sectors. The leading sector attracting investment is the software and IT services sector in LAC. Conclusions. There is a trend towards an increase in the volume of trade turnover between the regions of the EAEU and the LAC, but investment cooperation between the countries is slowed down due to the logistical inaccessibility of the region, the insufficient development of the port infrastructure of the LAC, the lack of interbank relations, and insufficient state support in the LAC.

Evolution of structural properties of the global strategic emerging industries' trade network and its determinants: An TERGM analysis

This article examines the evolution of the global strategic emerging industries trade networks (GSEITNs) and employs the temporal exponential random graph model (TERGM) to investigate the principal determinants of the critical trade cooperation in the global strategic emerging industries (SEIs) from 2007 to 2020. The findings indicate that GSEITNs exhibit a sparse, hierarchical, and monopolistic structure. Despite the continual integration of emerging nations into GSEITNs, countries have grown progressively wary of the network. Moreover, the structure properties of the endogenous network proves that SEIs trade links have a substantial signaling effect. More importantly, SEIs trade is more reliant on the economic size and innovation capacity, and countries are more cautious about protecting their intellectual property, especially when trading with countries possessing similar R&D levels. Furthermore, robust bilateral political ties can augment the probability of SEIs trade between two countries, particularly in sectors such as new energy vehicles and new-generation information technology industries. In summary, this article takes into account the influence of network structure, national attributes and external networks, and provides new insights into studying trade network evolution in SEIs.

Revival of trade in the Tambov province in the early 1920s

Importance. The p roblem o f r estoring t rade i n a r ural p rovince a fter i ts p rohibition during the years of “war communism” is considered. Without a commodity-producing, well-organized trading network, it was impossible to develop industry, agriculture and minimal satisfaction of the needs of the population. The study of the process of trade revival in the early 1920s shows not only the practical experience of restoring exchange operations in the agricultural region of the country, but also the state of the economy of the Tambov province as a whole.Research methods. Published and unpublished sources are used. The historical and comparative method allows us to reveal the essence of the phenomena under study on the basis of available facts within the narrow time limits of the new economic policy.Results and Discussion. The problems of restoring trade in the Tambov province with a predominantly rural population are shown. The conditions of the trade’s revival are considered, the peculiarities of the state cooperative and private trade's organization are revealed, the trading enterprises’ specialization is shown. The transition difficulties to the elements of a market economy are presented against the background of the economic life of an agricultural region. The dynamics of trade development in the early 1920s has been determined.Conclusion. The trade restoration in the Tambov province was complicated by the economic crisis, devastation, falling productivity of peasant farms, and low purchasing power of the population. With the new course's announcement of economic policy, petty bazaar trade begins to revive. Public- cooperative organizations had difficulty competing in the market with private trade and central trusts. The largest retail department stores in Tambov city and the county towns belonged to state and cooperative trade organizations. In cities, large-scale indoor trade grew more systematically, while in rural areas the trading apparatus was revived much more slowly. Small-scale universal trade prevailed in rural areas. Since 1923, the Bolshevik state has sought to establish control over the movement of goods from producer to consumer.

Global economic structure transition boosts PM2.5-related human health impact in Belt and Road Initiative

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is an open platform for international cooperation proposed by China to promote common global development and prosperity. The BRI can promote the optimal allocation of resources and promote in-depth cooperation in international trade. Meanwhile, it can establish a green supply chain cooperation network to help BRI countries achieve green transformation. BRI has made a notable contribution to the rapid growth of cross-border trade. However, it has also brought environmental impacts. Given that little attention has been paid to the trade-embodied particulate matter 2.5 related human health impacts (PM2.5-HHI) throughout the BRI, this study accounts for and traces the embodied PM2.5-HHI flows between the BRI countries and non-Belt and Road Initiative (non-BRI) countries. Moreover, this study also uncovers the critical socioeconomic drivers of PM2.5-HHI changes in BRI countries during 1990–2015, based on the multi-regional input-output based structural decomposition analysis (MRIO-SDA). Results show that, firstly, BRI countries had significantly increased their economic added value by exporting products to the non-BRI countries. They also have brought PM2.5-HHI to themselves. Secondly, the final demand of BRI countries was the largest potential driving force of PM2.5-HHI of BRI countries. Thirdly, the emission intensity change of BRI is the key socioeconomic factor for reducing PM2.5-HHI. While per capita final demand level change of BRI and production structure change of non-BRI are the key socioeconomic factors for increasing PM2.5-HHI. The study's findings on the one hand can help reduce the PM2.5-HHI and impacts of environmental pollution of BRI countries from a global perspective by providing scientific support. On the other hand, they can help provide relevant policy recommendations for the green transformation of BRI and the construction of green BRI.