Trading Activity Research Articles

The Influence of Geography on the Economy and Society of Yola Metropolis in the 19th Century

The paper is a study of the influence of geography on the economy and society of Yola metropolis in the 19th Century, Fombina emirate. It examines the various fundamental changes witnessed in the spheres of societal development at the grassroots level. It discusses the major geographical features such as soil taxonomy, climate, rainfall, vegetation as well as the mountains and topography of Yola. The paper also studies some indigenous traditional economic activities of the people (i.e., Bata, Fulbe, Laka and Verre, etc.) of Yola metropolis, including agriculture and non-agricultural occupations such as farming, fishing, hunting, iron works, wood carving, leader works, pottery and weaving, as well as the development of trade and commercial activities. Qualitative data collection and analysis were used in line with historical methods. The interviews, surveys and fieldwork observation were the main sources of the data collection. In the analysis, historical techniques of assessment, critical evaluation, constructive analysis and narration were used in addressing the subject. Using a variety of sources, such as written documents, archival sources and oral interviews. The findings of this paper show that the pre-colonial economy of Yola metropolis and its environs (towns and villages) was similar in nature. This is because of the related nature of the whole environment of the Upper Benue Valley. The study reveals that the nature of the geography and its impact on the land influences the development of Yola metropolis vis-a-vis, which fosters more socio-economic and political developments for the communities that constitute Fombina emirate, both at local, regional and international levels.

Izin Usaha E-Commerce di Indonesia Perspektif Maqashid Syariah

This study aims to determine the suitability of the regulation of E-Commerce business licenses in Indonesia from the perspective of maqashid sharia by revealing three crucial aspects of the regulation of e-commerce business licenses. First, I will discuss the development of e-commerce in Indonesia. Second, about the regulations governing e-commerce business licenses. Third, the perspective of Maqasaid Sharia on the regulations of the Minister of Trade, significantly the articles that examine e-commerce business licenses. This research method is a literature that uses a normative juridical approach. Primary data sources involve laws, regulations, and relevant regulations. Secondary data sources involve scientific literature and e-commerce statistical data in publications from Kominfo's official website and other online sources related to this study. Based on the study, it is known that there are five e-commerce platforms in great demand by the Indonesian people: Shopee, Tokopedia, Lazada, Bukalapak, and Blibli. Where each platform has differences in electronic transaction practices and business license practices. The results of this study show that E-Commerce business licenses following Maqashid Sharia have a broader impact on society. Maqashid Sharia, which protects religion, soul, mind, descendants, and property, is the basis for developing a regulatory framework, especially property protection, that supports digital trading activities. Thus, e-commerce business permits based on maqashid sharia are beneficial for individuals and society at large.

Optimizing Visibility of Historical Structures Using mWDE: Insights from the Kromni Valley, Gümüşhane, Türkiye

It is very important for historical structures to see each other in order to reveal the historical and cultural identity of a region. Historical structures in the Kromni Valley of Gümüşhane, located near the Sümela Monastery, served as places of worship, communication, trade, and social activity centers during their period of active use. This study analyses the spatial relationships of 38 historic buildings, including churches, chapels and castles, whose 3D models are created by in-situ measurements and point clouds obtained by unmanned aerial vehicles, using a 3D viewshed analysis using geographic information systems and remote sensing data. The research introduces a modified weighted differential evolution-based viewshed analysis (mWDE-WS) to enhance the visibility of these structures. In order to assess the applicability of the proposed method, a statistical comparison was conducted between four different Differential Evolution (DE) algorithms (standard DE, LSHADE, CobiDE, JADE and WDE) and the mWDE. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicates that mWDE is a more effective solution than alternative methods for addressing the relevant real-world issues. The study also integrates drainage network analysis to assess flood risks and the relationship between cultural structures and water flow. Findings show that historical structures in the region were built not randomly but within a rational approach and 64% of the study area is visible from structures and 2% of the area is visible from ten or more structures. mWDE-WS analysis revealed that the visible area could increase by 20% to 84.37% if the historic structures were placed in optimal locations. In addition, the historical structures were built away from 3rd order streams to minimize flood risk and humidity, demonstrating the community's awareness of the local topography and hydrology

Hard to Borrow vs. Easy to Borrow: Insights from Japan’s Centralized Lendable Stock Market

This study examines stock borrowing costs in Japan’s centralized lendable stock market, focusing on differences between ‘hard-to-borrow’ and ‘easy-to-borrow’ stocks over six months of daily data. This study employs a comprehensive methodology to examine metrics such as the short interest ratio, borrowing costs, institutional ownership, price-to-book value ratio, and new stock borrowing patterns. Regression models are utilized to explore the relationships between these factors and borrowing costs. The findings reveal that ‘hard-to-borrow’ stocks are associated with higher short interest ratios, borrowing costs, price-to-book ratios, and turnover but exhibit lower institutional ownership compared to ‘easy-to-borrow’ stocks. Notably, institutional ownership negatively correlates with borrowing costs across both categories, while the short interest ratio positively correlates with borrowing costs only for ‘hard-to-borrow’ stocks. Contrary to expectations, ‘hard-to-borrow’ stocks do not underperform despite elevated borrowing expenses, suggesting that these costs do not deter short selling activities in the Japanese market. The findings of this study offer key implications for investors and regulators. For investors, understanding the factors influencing borrowing costs aids in optimizing short-selling strategies. For regulators, the results highlight the role of centralized lendable stock markets in enhancing pricing efficiency without hindering trading activities.

Supervision of Business Actors in Trade Through Electronic Systems According To Minister of Trade Regulation No. 31 Of 2023

The issuance of Minister of Trade Regulation Number 31 of 2023 concerning Business Licensing, Advertising, Guidance, and Supervision of Business Actors in Electronic Commerce is the Indonesian government's effort to regulate digital trading activities, including those conducted through social commerce platforms like TikTok Shop. This regulation aims to create a balanced trade ecosystem, ensure fair competition, and protect micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in the midst of rapid technological advancements. However, the implementation of this regulation also raises challenges, particularly for MSME actors who rely on social commerce platforms as a marketplace. This paper aims to analyze the impact of the regulation on TikTok Shop and its implications for MSME development in Indonesia. The analysis is conducted by examining the content of the regulation and its effects on various stakeholders in the e-commerce ecosystem.

The Determinants of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Intensity in Global Value Chains1

This paper tracks the greenhouse gas emissions intensity embedded in global value chains observing 186 countries from 1990 to 2015 and then looks at the determinants of emissions intensity considering both country and sector-level variables in a gravity-like framework. Our graphical visualization displays that as expectedly, developed countries appear to be both major GHG emissions producers and outsourcers in the highly fragmented world. Indeed, China, the USA, Germany, Japan, and Russia are the top five countries in terms of greenhouse gas emission intensities embedded in trade flows. Moreover, our empirical results reveal that while higher capital stock is attributable to higher greenhouse gas emissions intensity embedded in GVCs, the renewable energy consumption of sectors can be seen as an emissions intensity-decreasing factor. While higher income levels seems to deteriorate environmental quality, regional or global integration in trade agreements seems to be consistent with the current increasing efforts and concerns regarding environmental issues. Given the current trajectory and the findings of this article; encouraging renewable energy usage in the production process, monitoring detrimental trade and production activities, and cost-sharing plans between exporters and importers should be carefully considered to decrease GHG emissions intensities.

Revisiting the trading activity of high-frequency trading firms around ultra-fast flash events

We investigate high-frequency traders’ behavior in the context of the fastest and most extreme price movements (EPMs) that can be observed in the market, specifically ultra-fast flash events, challenging the methodologies employed in the academic and practitioner literature for identifying sudden liquidity black holes. To refine the price-shock identification methodology, we introduce a new approach called sequence-based flash events (SFEs), which relies on tick sequences instead of predetermined fixed-time intervals within which all flash events in the sample are assumed to occur. This alternative methodology offers the advantage of pinpointing the exact time and duration of a crash, which, in turn, provides a way to more accurately define the observation windows around it. We compare our sample of SFEs with both the so-called “mini flash crashes”, as identified by the Nanex detection algorithm, and the so-called EPMs, as identified by Brogaard et al. (2018). We use close and open prices, as well as high and low prices. Based on our sample of SFEs, we find no evidence that HFTs trigger extreme price shocks. However, we find that HFTs exacerbate SFEs by increasing the net imbalance in the direction of these shocks as they occur. Finally, we show that the choice of the price-shock identification methodology is critical. Thus, we urge regulators to exercise caution and avoid hasty conclusions regarding HFTs’ contribution to price stability in stressful market conditions.

A human geography analysis of the evolution of the urban morphology of ancient Foshan city from the perspective of Cantonese trading culture

ABSTRACT Recent studies have increasingly recognized cultural drivers as influential factors in urban morphology, reflecting a shift in focus from materiality to sociability and subsequently to culture. However, there remains a lack of evidence concerning the impact of geographical features and social factors on the early urban morphology of Foshan city, and this is where the value of this paper lies. Based on the human geography theory, this paper also analyzes the impact of Beidi’s parade trade activities, rituals and folk culture on urban form. The study reveals that since the Northern Song Dynasty, the river area has decreased, while the number of tributaries has increased and extended further inland. This shift reflects a transformation in the river system structure from a natural to a more systematic, intertwined, and artificial state. Before 1980, Foshan exhibited slow expansion from the northern and southern regions towards the center, while the following decade saw rapid expansion that consolidated fragmented areas and extended into peripheral regions, indicating a shift from fragmentation to centralization in urban development. The contemporary street network in Foshan displays a combination of radial and ring roads, closely linked to the waterway network. Trading and political influences have been the primary drivers of urbanization in Foshan from the Tang to the Qing Dynasties, while military influence played a secondary role during the Qing Dynasty.

Expanding portfolio diversification through cluster analysis beyond traditional volatility

The study reviews the application of machine learning tools in financial investment portfolio management, focusing on cluster analysis for asset allocation, diversification, and risk optimization. The paper aims to explore the use of clustering analysis to broaden the concept of portfolio diversification beyond traditional volatility metrics. An open dataset from Yahoo Finance includes a ten-year historical period (2014–2024) of 130 actively traded securities from international stock markets used. Dataset selection prioritizes top liquidity and trading activity. Python analytical tools were employed to clean, process, and analyze the data. The methodology combines classical Markowitz optimization with clustering analysis techniques, highlighting variance-return trade-offs. Various asset characteristics, including annualized return, standard deviation, Sharpe ratio, correlation with indices, skewness, and kurtosis, were incorporated into the clustering models to reveal hidden patterns and groupings among financial assets. Results show that while clustering enhances insights into asset diversity, classical approaches remain historically superior in optimizing risk-adjusted returns. This study concludes that clustering complements, rather than replaces, classical methods by broadening the understanding of diversification and addressing many diversity factors, such as metrics of the technical, graphical, and fundamental analysis. The paper also introduces the diversity rate based on clustering, which measures the variance balance by all features within and between clusters, providing a broader perspective on diversification beyond traditional metrics. Future research should investigate dynamic clustering techniques, integrate fundamental economic indicators, and develop adaptive models for effective portfolio management in evolving financial markets.

Diversity and Distribution of Phytophthora Species Along an Elevation Gradient in Natural and Semi-Natural Forest Ecosystems in Portugal.

Globally, forests are constantly threatened by a plethora of disturbances of natural and anthropogenic origin, such as climate change, forest fires, urbanization, and pollution. Besides the most common stressors, during the last few years, Portuguese forests have been impacted by severe decline phenomena caused by invasive pathogens, many of which belong to the genus Phytophthora. The genus Phytophthora includes a large number of species that are invading forest ecosystems worldwide, chiefly as a consequence of global trade and human activities. This paper reports the results of a survey of Phytophthora diversity in natural and semi-natural forest ecosystems in Portugal along an elevation gradient. Isolations performed from 138 symptomatic plant tissues and rhizosphere samples collected from 26 plant species yielded a total of 19 Phytophthora species belonging to 6 phylogenetic clades, including P. cinnamomi (36 isolates), P. multivora (20), P. plurivora (9), P. cactorum (8), P. lacustris (8), P. pseudocryptogea (8), P. amnicola (6), P. hedraiandra (6), P. pseudosyringae (5), P. thermophila (5), P. bilorbang (4), P. inundata (4), P. asparagi (3), P. citricola (3), P. gonapodyides (3), P. rosacearum (3), P. chlamydospora (2), P. pachypleura (2), and P. syringae (1). Overall, the data obtained highlight the widespread occurrence of P. cinnamomi in natural ecosystems from sea level to mountain habitats. The results of the pathogenicity tests carried out on 2-year-old chestnut plants confirmed the key role of P. cinnamomi in the recrudescence of chestnut ink disease and the additional risk posed by P. pachypleura, P. plurivora, and P. multivora to Portuguese chestnut forests. Finally, three species, P. citricola, P. hedraiandra, and P. pachypleura, are reported for the first time in the natural ecosystems of Portugal.

Examining Market Quality on the Egyptian Exchange (EGX): An Intraday Liquidity Analysis

This study examines the intraday dynamics of liquidity and trading activity on the Egyptian Exchange (EGX) to assess its market quality. Using reconstructed five-minute limit order book data, this study measures liquidity dimensions and explores anomalies through interval-of-day and day-of-week models. Key findings reveal an inverted J-shaped pattern in spreads due to information asymmetry, a U-shaped pattern in total depth, and a J-shaped market depth pattern. Additionally, significant day-of-week effects are observed, with Sundays showing the lowest liquidity and Thursdays the highest trading activity. These patterns highlight the impact of the EGX’s unique microstructure, including tick sizes and a preference for limit orders. This study underscores the influence of market structure on liquidity, trading efficiency, and cost, emphasizing the need for tailored regulatory and trading strategies. It provides valuable insights for investors optimizing trading strategies and policymakers seeking to enhance market integrity. Concluding, this research offers a foundation for understanding intraday liquidity patterns in emerging markets like the EGX and proposes future exploration of how information flows and trading mechanisms affect price discovery and market efficiency.

The Examination of the Effects of FDI on International Trade of the ASEAN Economic Community

The examination of the effects of foreign direct investment on international trade and trade balance was conducted within the member states of the ASEAN Economic Community, which include Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam, covering the period from 2001 to 2022. To derive empirical insights, various static panel data models were employed, specifically the Pooled Ordinary Least Squares, Fixed Effect, and Random Effect models. In addition to FDI, the analysis incorporated three key variables: the real GDP growth rate, inflation rate, and foreign exchange rate, to evaluate their influence on international trade. The findings of this research indicate a positive correlation between net FDI inflows and trade levels, suggesting that increased FDI contributes to enhanced trade activity. Furthermore, the results emphasize that a rise in the real GDP growth rate and a depreciation of the exchange rate can foster a favorable trade balance, while an increase in the inflation rate tends to have a detrimental effect. Consistency across all panel data models was observed, with the Hausman test indicating that the Random Effect model is the most suitable for this analysis.

Accounting Reporting Complexity as a Source of Insider Information Advantage: Evidence From Insider Trades

ABSTRACTAccounting reporting complexity (ARC) represents the overall difficulty in preparing and consuming the financial statements and is of growing concern to regulators and capital market stakeholders. Although financial statements serve to mitigate information asymmetry between preparers and users, complexity can hinder their effectiveness. We contribute to the evidence on this issue by examining insider trading profits conditional on ARC. Consistent with ARC producing an information advantage to insiders, we document higher returns to executives on the trades executed in the 60 days after the report filing as ARC increases. The most financially sophisticated and informed insiders, the CEO and CFO, appear to adjust their trading activity accordingly. Furthermore, high ARC firms have a weaker correlation between current and future earnings, a weaker earnings response coefficient, and a longer return drift. Collectively, the results document a novel and material cost of ARC. ARC impairs the informativeness of financial reports to market participants, exacerbating the information gap between insiders and other stakeholders. Insiders can use this to their advantage, as they face few trading constraints during the post‐filing period.

A Juxtaposed Analysis of the Challenges and Prospects of Attaining Universal Human Rights in African Polities

Abstract The call for implementation of universal human rights in Africa is principally perceived to be a mixed bag of potential triumphs and setbacks. A core principle of any (political or) scientific study is that data underdetermines theory, i.e., one can look at the same data and reasonably see different phenomena. Simply put, there is no exclusive way of assessing information or determining (better) ways of life. In Africa, the question of whether human rights should be universal or national/cultural remains contested with both the opposers and proponents presenting fathomable reasons. At the core of controversies surrounding universal rights are issues of global inequality, poverty and Africa’s underrepresentation or otherwise misrepresentation in key global decision-making bodies. From the turn of the new millennium, discourses on jurisprudence about universal human rights have intensified whereby, the definition, meanings, functions and scope of what constitutes fundamental human rights have expanded beyond the often too familiar rigid and orthodox domestic law regimes. Today, national sovereignty claims on human rights are only valid to the extent that those assertions are not at loggerheads with the spirit and principles contained either in the Bill of Rights or the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (udhr) (1948). Furthermore, Human Rights Watch (2021) argues that in contemporary international relations, human rights are no longer conceived only in a vertical lens, i.e., only seen as the mere concern of the state, but now necessarily includes a horizontal lens consideration, whereby, private entities are also included because they are equally capable of violating human rights. Knox (2008) also hinted that discourse on this subject matter seems unavoidable as it has continued to gain traction in modern jurisprudence. As such, public law remedies have expanded into the private realm to protect individual rights. This has become necessary because the services provided by private local entities including conglomerates and transnational corporations have increased considerably. For instance, private medical facilities, private schools, media houses, digital and telecommunication companies, and water and sanitation services, all count among several private entities that are prone to abuses of human rights. Consequently, legislative administrators have devised the term ’the contracting state’ to define a setting where a variety of public interests are increasingly being provided by the private sector rather than by the state. In providing their services, the private entities cannot do as they please or ignore the rule of law governing international human rights protection. This essay argues that given the increasing intertwining of regional and global governance activities in finance, trade, commerce, education, agriculture, and medical advances, the implementation of universal human rights would best serve the collective interests of all stakeholders. In advancing this argument, this essay critically analyses the plausible obstacles on the path towards the attainment of universal rights in Africa while also identifying silver linings.

Behavioural intention to adopt mobile trading apps: an integrated theoretical and digital framework, privacy concerns, and information richness model

This research investigates the transformative impact of mobile trading apps on the Indian financial landscape, particularly in the context of the unprecedented surge in DMAT (dematerialisation) accounts following the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the advancement of online platforms and fast internet connectivity, stock exchanges across the globe have seen a dramatic inflow of retail investors and brokerage firms. The choice of using a particular mobile trading app draws significant importance because various factors determine the ability and ease of use of a specific app. The study underscores the role of FinTech services, particularly mobile trading apps, in revolutionizing stock trading by offering real-time access, increased trading activity, and enhanced features. Despite the proliferation of research on FinTech apps, a notable gap exists in understanding the adoption dynamics of mobile trading apps, especially in the Indian context. To address this gap, our research applies an adapted and extended version of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT-3) framework to examine the factors influencing investors’ intentions and usage of mobile trading apps. We introduce novel elements such as information richness and privacy concerns, which are crucial in the financial domain. A convenient sample size of 573 actively brokerage app-using respondents was selected to investigate and conclude the consumers’ behavioural intention to use mobile trading apps. The findings highlight the significant impact of practical value, effort expectancy, social influence, hedonic motivation, trust, information richness, privacy concerns, facilitating conditions, and personal innovativeness in IT (Information technology) on investors’ intentions to use trading apps. These factors influence behavioural intentions and mediate the relationship between various constructs, emphasizing their multifaceted roles in shaping user perceptions. Theoretical implications of the research contribute to extending the UTAUT-3 model and providing a comprehensive framework for examining technology adoption in the financial domain. Moreover, practical implications guide developers, financial institutions, and policymakers in creating secure, user-friendly, and information-rich mobile trading systems. While acknowledging sampling and self-reported data limitations, this research lays the groundwork for future longitudinal studies. It encourages the exploration of diverse FinTech services to gain a holistic understanding of adoption dynamics in the evolving financial technology landscape. This study adds empirical knowledge to mobile trading app adoption and catalyzes further research, shaping the trajectory of FinTech studies and practical applications in the ever-evolving financial ecosystem.

Traditional Chinese medicine trade among RCEP countries: structural characteristics and determinants.

With the increasing global focus on health and the growing popularity of natural therapies, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) products, including extracts, crude drugs, and herbal preparations, are widely utilized as both primary and complementary medicines worldwide. The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), spanning 15 countries across East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania, offers a vast market for TCM. However, limited research has been conducted on the complex trade relations among RCEP members. The structural features and nodes attributes are analyzed using Social Network Analysis (SNA). Influencing factors are studied through the Quadratic Assignment Procedure (QAP) model. We also compiled a list of medicinal plants among RCEP member countries and the main TCM export products. The scale of TCM trade among RCEP members has fluctuated over time, with a temporary spike during the COVID-19 pandemic, followed by a gradual normalization. The trade network does not exhibit small-world properties, indicating a relatively balanced trade relationship. Due to its resource advantages, China occupies a central role acting as a dominant producer and leading exporter. Vietnam's export performance has been excellent in recent years, with the highest annual growth rate. Emerging markets, such as Myanmar, warrant closer attention. Economic size and population significantly positively affect trade value, while geographic distance and land adjacency have no significant impact. Trade activity is positively influenced by cultural and linguistic similarities, and countries with higher levels of economic freedom tend to engage in more trade. Tonifying TCM products with antioxidant and immune-boosting properties are more widely recognized in international markets. RCEP has established an excellent trade platform for the export of TCM. The factors influencing TCM trade are predominantly long-term and structural, rather than being driven by the occurrence of any single, isolated event. Member states should strengthen collaboration in standardization, technology coordination, and knowledge sharing to establish a mutually beneficial trade ecosystem for TCM.

On the relationship between banking and trading activities of credit institutions

On the relationship between banking and trading activities of credit institutions

THE INFLUENCE OF THE LENGTH OF COAL SHIP UNLOADING TIME ON THE NUMBER OF VISITS OF VESSELS AGENT BY PT. ADHIKA SAMUDERA JAYA NORTH MOROWALI BRANCH

Sea transportation is very necessary to support trade activities which are expected to develop both in quality and quantity. Along with the increase in trade in goods via sea transport routes. The demand for goods via sea transportation cannot be separated from the loading and unloading activities of goods from one port to another. Especially in the process of loading and unloading activities, obstacles often arise, causing delays in the ship's berthing time that are longer than the specified time. The aim of this research is to find out how long the unloading time for coal ships affects the number of ship visits. This research uses quantitative research methods. Data analysis is used to prove the influence of variable X on variable Y, such as correlation coefficient analysis, coefficient of determination analysis, simple linear regression analysis, and hypothesis testing. The results of this research obtained a relationship or correlation (r) of 0.986. From this value, the coefficient of determination (R square) is 0.971, so it can be interpreted that the effect of the length of unloading time (X) on the number of ship visits (Y) is 97.1%, with the result of the hypothesis test value T calculated 18.460 > T table 1.812 . It can be concluded that the variable influencing the length of unloading time on the number of ship visits has a strong and significant influence.

SHOPPING EXPERIENCE AND CUSTOMER REVIEWS ON SHOPPING LOYALTY ON SHOPEE E-COMMERCE Case study in Kersik Tuo Village Kayu Aro Subdistrict, Indonesian

This study examines the effect of shopping experience and customer reviews on shopping loyalty in Shopee e-commerce, with a case study in Kersik Tuo Village, Kayu Aro District. In the era of globalisation and the rapid development of information technology, e-commerce is becoming an important platform for trading activities. Customer loyalty is defined as a consumer's commitment to shop repeatedly on a particular site. The research method used is a survey with a quantitative approach, involving 60 respondents selected by purposive sampling. The results of multiple linear regression analysis show that both shopping experience and customer reviews have a positive and significant influence on shopping loyalty. These findings indicate the importance of marketing strategies that focus on improving consumer experience and review quality to build customer loyalty on e-commerce platforms.

Contributions of Catholic Missionaries in the Economic Development of Nkongho-Mbo, Southwest Region, Cameroon, 1936-2000

This paper is primary concerned with providing evidence that the Catholic Missionaries who introduced Christianity (Whiteman’s religion) in Nkongho-Mbo in 1936 played a significant role in the economic development of the area. The paper argues that if the Catholic Missionaries did not set foot in the area, then the entire region should have remained as stagnant economically just as it was during the pre-Christian era. In the domain of agriculture the paper reveals that the Missionaries introduced new fruit trees such as mango, paw-paw (Carica papaya), oranges (Citrus sinensis) pineapples (Ananas cosmosus), guava (Psidium guayava), pear (Persea Americana) and lime (Citrus aurantifalia) fruits. They also experimented the cultivation of vegetables such as tomatoes, onion and yellow pepper. The cultivation of these food crops coupled with cash crops such as coffee, American oil palms and cocoa that were also introduced by the Missionaries helped to improve the nutritive diet of the entire Mbo populace, increased the income of the villagers, increased agricultural yields in the area and thus raised the standard of living of the people. The paper further illuminates improvement in trading activities, road infrastructure and the introduction of a radio telephone network in Nkongho-Mbo. The study also sheds light on the bee keeping that was introduced by Catholic Missionaries as it fetched honey-producers a fortune and thus improved their financial situation remarkably. To accomplish this study, three main sources of information were consulted including archival documents, sacred return records from Catholic Mission Mbetta, printed documents such as books, dissertations, theses and finally oral interviews.