Locomotive Traction Research Articles

Physico-chemical characteristics of particulate contamination in the coolant for automobile and tractor engines

The article describes the results of a study of the physicochemical characteristics of solid particles of contaminants present in the coolant of automobile and tractor engines. The data on the fractional, physical and chemical composition of solid particles of contamination are given. It was established that the generalized reason for the appearance of contaminants of various nature in liquid cooling systems of engines is the physicochemical interaction of the coolant (antifreeze) with different elements and dissimilar materials of the cooling system. The use of absolutely pure coolant in the cooling systems of automobile and tractor engines is practically unrealistic, since there will always be operating conditions that contribute to the formation of contamination. A number of chemical elements (in an amount from 1 to 47% of each element) were found in the composition of solid particles of coolant contaminants: iron Fe, silicon Si, aluminum Al, lead Pb, tin Sn, zinc Zn, calcium Ca, magnesium Mg, copper Cu. In addition, at a level of less than 1.0% (wt.), Such chemical elements as potassium K, sodium Na, titanium Ti, phosphorus P, sulfur S, chromium Cr, molybdenum Mo, chlorine Cl, iridium Ir, nickel Ni, manganese Mn, etc. were found. The most dangerous contaminants are particles of iron Fe and silicon Si, contained in the coolant in an amount of up to 47 and 37%, respectively, and possessing significant hardness and angularity. The abrasive properties of Fe and Si particles create the danger of removing a thin oxide film on the inner surface of the walls of the cooling radiator channels, leading to their premature destruction. In this regard, it is concluded that high-performance engine coolant filters should be used in automobiles and tractors to remove these contaminants from the flow.

Determination of the optimal composition of mixed fuel based on the environmental performance of a diesel engine

The use of rapeseed oil (RO) in tractor engines and other agricultural machinery in its pure form or a mixture of RO with diesel fuel (DF) imposes a number of limitations associated with some difference in physical and chemical properties. Therefore, the most promising is the use of mixed fuel (MF) consisting of DF and RO. The purpose of these studies is to determine the optimal composition of the MF, consisting of DF and RM by optimizing the approximated dependences of the environmental indicators of a diesel engine. To solve this problem, bench tests of the operation of the D-245.5S diesel engine (4ChN 11,0/12,5) were carried out. The following determined environmental performance indicators of a diesel engine are selected: soot (С), nitrogen oxides (NOx), unburned hydrocarbons (CxHy), carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO). The studies were carried out on various compositions of MF, consisting of 80 % DF and 20 % RO, 55 % DF and 45 % RO, 20 % DF and 80 % RO by weight, respectively. As a result of the bench tests, two load characteristics were obtained, the one at a speed of n = 1400 min1 corresponding to the value of the maximum torque, and the second at a speed of n = 1800 min1 corresponding to the value of the rated power, as well as the external speed characteristic of the D-245.5S tractor diesel engine (4ChN 11,0/12,5). The analysis of the obtained experimental data revealed the dependence of environmental indicators on the rotational speed of the diesel engine crankshaft, the average effective pressure and the addition of RO in MF by weight. Using the least squares method, the approximated mathematical dependences of the ecological indicators of a diesel engine are determined. The analysis of the obtained dependencies showed that: the increase in the crankshaft speed n, the proportion of RO in MF and a decrease in the average effective pressure pe, leads to a decrease in soot С to 4,0 %, nitrogen oxides NOx to 100,0 ppm, unburned hydrocarbons CxHy to 1,0 ppm, carbon dioxide CO2 up to 2 % and an increase in carbon monoxide CO up to 0,16 %. As a result of solving the obtained system of equations for the approximated dependences of environmental indicators, the optimal addition of RO to MF of up to 35 % by weight was determined.

Modeling of Infrared Radiation Drying Traction Engine Insulation by Energy Balance Equation

The article describes the proposed way of applying the energy balance equation to simulate the drying of traction engines using infrared radiation through the gradual implementation of simulation, refining model parameters at each stage. This allows one to select the optimal parameters of the design and operation modes of hardware systems of the accelerated drying of thermal insulation efficiently and with a high degree of accuracy. One of the simplest approaches to mathematical models from the point of view of machine computing calculations is to compose a differential energy balance equation. However, this approach reduces the accuracy of the results due to the assumptions that are used in the process of creating mathematical models. To solve this problem, a new approach based on multi-structural dynamic mathematical models is proposed. The developed model allows one to determine the temperature of the conductor and polymer insulation heating, taking into account the specified properties. The application of the Matlab Simulink software module facilitates this process by increasing only the number of blocks.

The procedure of effective organization of the work of the automated warm-up system of the electric locomotive traction equipment

The procedure of effective organization of the work of the automated warm-up system of the electric locomotive traction equipment

Determination of rational locomotive operating modes and resource costs based on information from global positioning systems

The article is devoted to the study of energy-efficient use of traction rolling stock for driving trains. It deals with the optimal driving mode and the main parameters of traction calculations. Based on the use of GPS/GLONASS satellite navigation units, a method for determining the basic resistance of cars in real time is proposed. The possibility of using the results obtained on locomotives with analog devices and no movement tracking is analyzed. The “Traction Calculations” software package in the C# programming language was modified in order to reduce the time and facilitate calculations of the locomotive traction service. In the course of the study, the equation of the main resistance of the cars of train No. 3612 was determined. On the basis of the uncoupled rolling stock, the dependences of speed, time, heating and current of traction electric motors, fuel consumption by the CHME3 locomotive of the Kharkiv-Sortirovochny locomotive depot for the transportation of cars from the Kharkiv-Sortirovochny station to Merefa station were calculated, with recommendations for the driver to use the position of the driver’s controller in order to reduce costs and fulfill the train schedule.

Исследование использования различных типов локомотивов для грузонапряжённых магистральных железных дорог Монголии на базе моделирования движения транспорта

The requirements for ensuring freight traffic speed, reliability, safety, and economic efficiency pose a number of complex logistical problems to be solved by the Ulan-Bator Railway System, such as the choice of optimal train mass, the type of locomotive and the number of its sections for driving the freight train with the specified weight. The following fleet of main-line locomotives is currently in use in the country: 31 2TE116UM locomotives produced in the Russian Federation, 2ZAGAL locomotives produced in Mongolia, one EVOLUTION, and two DASH001 locomotives produced in the United States. A full mathematical model of the traffic speed control system including freight train models is considered. For modeling the traction transmission, an integrated model of the system is developed in the Simulink/Matlab application. With the chosen modeling method, the initial data for each version under study are varied, including the locomotive traction force and the train and locomotive masses. In modeling, the entire Tolgoyt-Choir route was divided into four sections, each of which had its own slope and own maximum speed. The simulation results (for different combinations of traction locomotives) and the obtained characteristics, including the curves of vehicle speed, driving time, and fuel consumption are presented.

Justification of the parameter that determines the ability of turbochargers of agricultural machinery engines to function

As a result of the analysis of statistics on the main failures of the turbocharger of tractor engines in agricultural production, it can be concluded that it is the condition of its bearing node, in the first place, determines the performance of the entire turbocharger. This ultimately affects the duration of the turbocharger rotor after the engine stops. The article considers the method of determining the rotation time of the turbocharger rotor by inertia depending on the following factors: the time of the pressure drop in the turbocharger grease system, the gap in the turbocharger bearing node, the frequency of rotation of the rotor before the engine stops. The results of experimental studies on the timing of the turbocharger rotor rotation after the engine stop for the regular mode of greasing the bearing node and when using an individual lubricant system are presented. Based on the experimental values obtained, it is concluded that the main indicator of the performance of the turbocharger is the duration of rotation of its rotor after the engine stops and the application of the individual system of lubrication of the bearing node of the turbocharger reduces the cost of bearing resource and increases the resource of the entire turbocharger of agricultural machinery engines at least twice.

Plant for cleaning oils from oxidation products

The study aims to substantiate the parameters and operating mode of the oil purification device from oxidation products to improve the efficiency of the use of lubricants. The methods of mathematical analysis and mathematical statistics, comparative comparison, generalization, and testing methods of agricultural machinery are used in the research process. It is established that engine oils are intensively polluted by oxidation products during processing, thereby accelerating the friction process due to the overload of tractor engines. During the performance of agricultural work in the oil composition, the content of oxidation products in the form of carbon, carbon dioxide, and asphalt products increases by 1.2%. Analytical coupling dependences for the process of cleaning motor oils from oxidizing products are obtained, and the dependence of the cleaning efficiency on the device parameters is established. The developed device consists of a container for collecting oils, a steam generator, a container for a sump mixer, a separate container for pure and sedimentary oils, and a vessel for re-collecting acetone. An installation has been developed to implement the technology of collecting and renewing oils in the conditions of the farm. In this case, the amount of contamination and the composition of oils is determined, and the operating mode of the device is selected for their resumption.

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ УРОВНЯ МАСЛА В АВТОТРАКТОРНЫХ ДИЗЕЛЯХ

Improving the reliability of tractor engines is an important task for the country's economy. The problem situation is a significant difference between the existing indicators of engine reliability and those possible with optimal parameters of the lubrication system. The aim of the study was to increase the reliability and durability of tractor engines by improving the prevention and tuning of the lubrication system. The paper presents the results of bench and operational studies of the developed oil level controller, as one of the options for tuning tools that provide the optimal oil level in the crankcase of an automotive engine. The intensity of oil aging and the reliability of the engine are largely determined by the frequency of refilling and changing the oil. As a result of the tests, it was found that the developed ROOM provides proportional compensation for the loss of oil from the crankcase. Comparative data on the performance of diesels with and without an oil level regulator are presented. According to the results of operational studies, their results largely confirm the results of experimental studies. A decrease in the intensity of changes in the technical condition of the crankshaft bearings, judging by the oil pressure, occurred by more than 20 %. The decrease in the intensity of changes in the technical condition of the cylinder-piston group, judging by the oil consumption for carbon monoxide, occurred by more than 50 %. The average temperature decreased by 2.5%, which reduced the intensity of aging of the oil and its resource increased by an average of 6.2-16.2 %. Based on the results of the comparison, conclusions are drawn on the effectiveness of this type of tuning of the diesel lubrication system.

Application of the Headstock of CNC Boring Machine for Tractor Engine Cylinder Block Based on Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm

HighlightsThe headstock of the single-sided horizontal CNC boring machine specializing in processing tractor 6-cylinder engine cylinders is optimized.The constraint conditions such as tooth width and modulus are constructed. The model is optimized by the NSGA algorithm, and the optimization results are good.The optimization results of the NSGA algorithm are compared with the results of the weighted sum method and the GA, which highlights the superiority of the NSGA algorithm.ABSTRACT. The tractor is one of the most frequently used equipment in agricultural production, and its mass production is the general trend. With the continuous advancement of the global industrialization process, the importance of Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine in the entire industrial production has become more and more prominent, and the application of CNC machine in tractor manufacturing has greatly improved production efficiency. This article takes the headstock of a single-sided horizontal CNC boring machine dedicated to processing tractor 6-cylinder engine cylinders as the research objective, takes the key parameters of the gear train in the headstock as the optimization design variables, constructs constraints, such as modulus, tooth width, etc., establishes a multi-objective optimization mathematical model, uses the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) to process the model and obtains the Pareto solution set through multiple iterations. The optimization results show that the volume, center distance and the reciprocal of coincidence degree of the main shaft 1 transmission group are reduced in varying degrees. Finally, it is compared with the weighted sum method and genetic algorithm (GA) to highlight the superiority of NSGA-II. Keywords: Headstock, Multi-optimization, Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II, Tractor cylinder.

Configuration of the fuel card for the gas-diesel cycle of the MTZ-82 Tractor Engine

Configuration of the fuel card for the gas-diesel cycle of the MTZ-82 Tractor Engine

Исследование влияния депрессорных присадок на физико-химические свойства моторного масла

In this work, laboratory tests of M8G2k engine oil are carried out with the introduction of SAP 110 depressants by Shell Additives and Lz 6662 by Lubrizol and their impact on the properties of the lubricant in question are assessed separately. During the tests, the values of the following indicators of engine oils are obtained: kinematic viscosity at 100 °C, base number, flash point in an open crucible, pour point and content of active elements (calcium, zinc). With the help of the SI-010 bench installation, the values of anti-pitting properties are indicated, as well as experiments are carried out on the NAMI-1m and Petter W-1 installations, with their help the tendency to the formation of low- and high-temperature deposits in the internal combustion engine (ICE) and the assessment of anti-corrosion properties respectively. To analyze the detergent properties of the engine oil under consideration, a test procedure are carried out on a D-240 tractor engine. Positive laboratory test results give grounds to recommend using M8G2k engine oil containing SAP 110 or Lz 6662 additives for the D-240 engine manufactured by MMZ

ДО ПИТАННЯ ЩОДО ВИБОРУ РУХОМОГО СКЛАДУ В СИСТЕМІ BRT

In article the question at the choice of the rolling stock of passenger motor transport in the BRT system which provides movements of buses on specially allocated and often obgorodzheny strips, that is its full isolation on the road from other means of transport is considered. For increase in passenger capacity in the BRT system use three-link buses and trolleybuses. Along with indisputable advantages of three-link buses and trolleybuses also shortcomings - the worst maneuverability and stability of the movement in comparison with two-link are inherent in them. Besides, the efficiency of operation of such cars is provided with a passenger traffic which during the day can change many times. Therefore the road train as a part of two (or three) the buses or trolleybuses working in connection, і which passenger capacity similar to the jointed buses and trolleybuses can become perspective. In rush hours the bus train, and in interpeak the period - each bus separately works (the possible parking of one bus at allocated to the platform). In view of restriction of the maximum length of the bus train at the level of 24.26 m, as buses as making road trains, we will accept the 8th meter buses MAZ 206. Passenger capacity of such bus is 72 passenger, the power of the traction engine - 160 kW. The expediency of use of three-link hook-on road train is proved by the conducted researches that MAZ 206 with a total length up to 26 m and with a passenger capacity up to 220 passengers in the BRT system consists of three same buses. It is shown that the total power of engines is necessary for the movement of such bus train with a speed of 25 m/s has to make 300 kW while for one bus at the movement with the same speed it has to be at the level of 135 kW. It demonstrates about economic feasibility of use of the bus train from three buses working in connection because for their movement in all range of speeds there is enough power of two engines, that is one of buses can be used as the passive trailer that will lead to improvement of fuel profitability of the bus train. It is established that on maneuverability indicators three links the hook-on road train considerably exceeds three links pivotally - the jointed bus. So, the dimensional lane of the hook-on bus train at execution of the most typical maneuvers by it during the work on a city route does not exceed 3.9 and 4.1 m at turns respectively on 900 and 1800 that it is much less, than for three links pivotally the jointed bus 24 m long respectively of 6.8 and 8.2 m. KEYWORDS: THREE-UNIT THE ROAD TRAIN, THE BUS, PIVOTALLY-THE JOINTED BUS, THE BRT SYSTEM, POWER, MANEUVERABILITY, A TRAJECTORY, OVERALL STRIP

Study of electromechanical processes in a collector traction engine due to losses

Study of electromechanical processes in a collector traction engine due to losses

Оптимальне керування рухом трактора

Goal of the study. Assessment of the possibility of optimizing tractor control by methods of automatic search for the optimum point. To achieve this goal, you must complete the following tasks: – to analyze the operating conditions of the tractor unit with the determination of the force factors affecting its operating conditions; – to develop a scheme and algorithm for the operation of the extreme regulator and analyze its functioning. Research methods. Analytical studies are based on methods of optimization of power factors acting on a tractor. The results of the study. An automatic regulator is considered, which provides an optimal ratio of the engine speed and the transmission gear ratio for each speed. The logic device generates a signal to change the power train ratio. The required travel speed of the tractor unit is set by the operator using the speed regulator. Changing the gear ratio changes the speed of the tractor. The signal of the deviation of the speed of movement, after amplification, provides an effect on the fuel supply and, by changing the revolutions of the crankshaft of the engine, brings the actual speed of the tractor to the set one. In the control system, the measurement of the amount of fuel consumed by the engine is carried out by a flow meter, and the measurement is carried out at certain intervals, and the current value is compared with the previous one. Reducing fuel consumption means that the influence on the change in gear ratio has been chosen in the right direction. Conclusions. The paper proposes a self-adjusting system. In a theoretical study of the possibility of optimal control of the tractor movement, equations are determined that are easily solved by the graphical analytical method. The graphical plotting determines the time the system reaches the optimal mode. The considered example of regulation of the power drive and the tractor engine does not exhaust the scope of application of self-adjusting systems. The operating modes of a number of units, as well as some interrelationships of design parameters, have static characteristics that ensure widespread use of these systems.

ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНІ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ З ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ПАРАМЕТРІВ ЕЛЕКТРИЧНИХ ДВИГУНІВ ТЯГОВОГО ЕЛЕКТРОПРИВОДУ КАР’ЄРНОГО ЕЛЕКТРОВОЗУ

Purpose. The purpose of the work is to conduct experimental studies to determine the parameters of DC motors of sequential excitation in dynamic modes of operation for use in setting up the control system of the electric drive. The paper presents the results of experimental studies to determine the parameters of the traction electric drive of direct current quarry electric locomotive. The research was conducted on the basis of Kremenchuk Mykhailo Ostrohradskyi National University with the use of a laboratory research stand with electromechanical equipment that simulates the operation of a traction drive, namely slippage of traction wheels when changing clutch conditions and differences in electrical parameters of traction motors. Methodology. The parameters were determined on the basis of a set of methods based on the measured instantaneous values of the state variables of the electric drive. The efficiency of application of the method of state space and the method which uses instantaneous values of current and voltage of the motor in the quasi-constant mode at power supply from the valve energy converter is proved. Results. The results obtained in the course of research indicate the possibility of calculating the parameters with an accuracy of 10 %. The verification of the obtained results is checked by subtracting the coefficient of determination and the sum of the squares of the deviations for the experimental data calculated on the basis of certain parameters. Originality. The accuracy of parameter determination is ensured by the use of instantaneous values of current and voltage at adjacent time intervals, and the voltage at the armature is formed by the control system and changes over time, ensuring the start of the motor with starting current limitation. Practical value. The developed computerized laboratory stand allows to measure instantaneous values of state variables and to carry out calculations of electric parameters of traction engines, and also to investigate static, power and dynamic operating modes of electromechanical transmissions of vehicles, both in regular operating modes, and to simulate various emergency operating modes, in particular. Figures 5, tables 2, references 7.

Assessment of Co2 Emission by Tractor Engine at Varied Control Settings of Fuel Unit

Abstract The paper presents results of experimental studies concerning CO2 emission of S-4003 diesel engine Ursus C-360 at a variable fuel injection advance angle and opening pressure of injectors. Measurements were made on the dynamometric stand on the test bench. The engine operated according to the load characteristic at two characteristic rotational speeds i.e., at the maximum torque velocity (1600 rpm) and at the rated speed (2200 rpm). In each measurement point of load characteristics, CO2 concentration was measured in exhaust gases with the use of exhaust gases analyser M-488 Multigas Plus. For a more detailed analysis of the CO2 content in exhaust gases, additional change of O2 level emission was presented, which in the biggest amount combines elementary carbon included in fuel during combustion. The studies showed the CO2 content reduction in exhaust gases at the reduced (by 3º of crankshaft rotations) fuel injection advance angle in comparison to the nominal angle by 4.5% at the rotational speed of 1600 rpm and by 5.7% at the speed of 2200 rpm (the average values for all measurement points of load - brake horsepower of engine). Similarly, CO2 concentration decrease in exhaust gases of the investigated engine was reported for the increased (by 1.5 MPa) opening pressure of injectors in comparison to the nominal pressure, on average by 9.8% for the speed of the maximum rotational moment and by 4.5% for the rated speed.

Technical Project of an Electrified Highway in China

This study introduces the system research and technical demonstration of electrified highway and electric freight vehicle technology worldwide. In combination with China's highway freight traffic, overload of some vehicles, and the actual electrified technological situation of different traction locomotives in China, a Chinese electrified highway technical solution about dual or three source (petrol-electric hybrid)-trolley electric truck based on the overhead contact line power supply is proposed. This solution includes the electrification topological structure, highly efficient drive technology, energy intelligent management technology of online charging, intelligent control technology of pantograph, and high voltage power supply technology meeting the charging demand of heavy duty trucks on the electrified highway. These technologies have solved the key technical problems, such as large flow rate of electric trucks, small actual carrying capacity of the power supply network, and easy trip of wayside substations in China. A small-scale road test has been carried out in Suzhou, China. The study results have important guiding significance for the further research and developmental test and demonstration of electrified highway technology in China.

Research of the effect of temporary reservation on the reliability of equipment locomotives

The article deals with the issues of the effect of the temporary reservation of the work of a separate locomotive equipment on its reliability, under the conditions different laws of distribution of time of work, time of recovery, time for temporary reservation. At the same time, the issue of the influence of the random nature of the occurrence of refusals with the justification of the strategy of their prevention is considered. The effect of temporary reservation of work of separate equipment of locomotives on its reliability is investigated. Calculation takes place taking into account different laws of distribution of time of work to the failure, time on recovery, time on temporary reservation. This research is relevant because, in recent years, in our country gradually develops high-speed railway traffic. In the majority, the high-speed rolling stock (SRS) operating in the country, built abroad, and not always the mode of its operational loads meets the recommendations of suppliers of this technique. This leads to a breakdown in train traffic and great downtime, due to both the general condition of the railways and the intensity of the use of this SRS. One more negative factor is the problem of organization of technical maintenance (TM) and current repair (СR) of this rolling stock. But not only for SRS there are such problems, because the current traction rolling stock has reached or exceeded the normative term of use, the repair base is updated slowly, technological processes TM and СR are not corrected during the life cycle. All this requires both practical and theoretical substantiation of the strategy and tactics of TM and СR of the transport rolling stock. Therefore, there were formulated and scientifically substantiated methods for ensuring and improving the reliability of technique, on the basis of the analyzed functional relationships between the reliability indicators and the calculated ratios for reliability indicators of complex systems, which are is the traction rolling stock and locomotives. It has been determined that the temporary reservation of the work of the locomotive systems significantly affects the time to the failure, recovery time and readiness factor and significantly improves these parameters, in contrast to the system performance without temporary reservation. It is also concluded that it is advisable to organize the recovery process in such a way that the distributions of time for recovery were close to gamma-distribution. And the value of the readiness factor depends significantly on the type of the law of distribution of exploitation to failure and the type of the law of distribution of time for recovery.

Physicochemical Properties of Jatropha podagrica Biodiesel Blends and Their Effects on Tractor Engine Performance and Emission

Physicochemical Properties of Jatropha podagrica Biodiesel Blends and Their Effects on Tractor Engine Performance and Emission