Maximum Power Tracking Research Articles

MPPT control based on improved mayfly optimization algorithm under complex shading conditions

Abstract The output power curve of the photovoltaic array presents a multi-peak characteristic under partial shading conditions, which causes the traditional maximum power point tracking technology to fail to guarantee the maximum power output of the photovoltaic cell. In response to this problem, this paper proposes to apply the improved Mayfly Optimization Algorithm (MA) to the maximum power tracking control. By introducing the gravity factor and limiting the search space of male mayfly, the optimization accuracy of the algorithm is enhanced, the vibration of the algorithm near the MPP is reduced, and the occurrence of premature phenomenon is avoided. Three test functions are selected to verify the algorithm, and under the conditions of rapid irradiance changes and complex shadow occlusion, an MPPT model based on the Boost circuit is established to verify the effectiveness of the algorithm. The simulation results show that the improved MA algorithm can effectively converge to MPP under complex shading conditions, and the output efficiency of photovoltaic arrays can be maintained above 99.96%. The average tracking time for different shading patterns is about 0.15 s.

Maximum Power Tracking of Ocean Energy Generator Based on Active Disturbance Rejection Control

In order to make the ocean energy generator system realize the maximum power under various conditions, this paper proposes a control strategy based on linear active disturbance rejection control algorithm. The output power is mainly affected by the spin-speed of the generator in a nonlinear manner, and this phenomenon is originated from the tip speed ratio state of the turbine blades. This tip speed ratio associated maximum power can be achieved through a coupled control system that adjusts the spin-speed of generator elaborately. The state equations of ocean power generation system are transformed into a standard form to fit the linear active disturbance rejection control. Finally, the simulation model of the system is established by using Matlab/Simulink platform, with a series of input signals for different working conditions. The results verify that the maximum power under control can be effectively attained by a quick tracking of the target speed.

Experimental evaluation of a hybrid global maximum power tracking algorithm based on modified firefly and perturbation and observation algorithms

Experimental evaluation of a hybrid global maximum power tracking algorithm based on modified firefly and perturbation and observation algorithms

Design and Analysis of Nonlinear Controller for a Standalone Photovoltaic System Using Lyapunov Stability Theory

Abstract This paper presents the Lyapunov stability theory-based nonlinear controller design for a standalone photovoltaic (PV) system. The comparative analysis of different nonlinear controllers is also carried out. Due to the nonlinear I-V characteristics of photovoltaic systems, conventional hill-climbing methods like Perturbate and Observe and Incremental Conductance do not show reliable tracking of maximum power under various uncertainties. Therefore, these methods require nonlinear tools to meet control objectives and design specifications. Out of various nonlinear controlling techniques, the one presented in this paper is the sliding mode approach for maximum power point tracking (MPPT). In the context of Lyapunov stability theory, the sliding mode approach uses a switching manifold. In this approach, the system trajectories are made to follow the sliding surface and remain there forever to ensure the stability of equilibrium points. Two types of sliding mode controllers have been simulated, namely, conventional—sliding mode controller (CSMC) and terminal—sliding mode controller (TSMC). The results are analyzed and compared scientifically on various performance parameters including duty cycle ratio, ideal and PV output power, and time taken for error convergence, under varying dynamic conditions. All the control algorithms are developed in matlab/Simulink.

GMPPT Algorithm Based Maximum Power Tracking under Dynamic Weather Conditions Employing Krill-Herd Technique

ABSTRACT As solar energy extraction becomes more and more popular, attempts are made to further improve the efficiency and reliability of such systems. At the time of partially shaded conditions, the peak power that can be extracted from the PV modules may be more, but the conventional control algorithms may result in the underutilization of the panel. The Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms like Perturb and Observance (P&O), Incremental Conductance, and other conventional methods fail to detect the global maximum power point (GMPP). In such conditions, a GMPP algorithm is recommended. This paper proposes a new GMPP algorithm called Krill-Herd (K-H) to augment the performance of PV modules with non-uniform irradiations. Krill is a marine animal, and researchers have shown keen interest in this herd due to its ability to form large swarms. The hardware experimentation with a highly efficient Interleaved Boost Converter (IBC) with GaN devices under different partially shaded conditions is used to validate the proposed algorithm. IBC has many advantages over conventional boost converters such as low input current ripple, high efficiency, fast transient response, and improved reliability, less current stress on switching devices, and reduction in filter size. The K-H algorithm shows improved performance over the conventional P&O based algorithms with no oscillations around peak power point, less time to reach steady-state, less power loss, more accuracy, and fewer numbers of iterations. Five different conditions of operation of the panels in real time applications have been considered and is demonstrated that higher efficiency levels of around 99% could be obtained using the K-H algorithm in all these cases.

A Novel and Efficient INC Based MPPT for PV System

This paper discuss the Incremental Conduction based MPPT for tracking the solar power. Due to increment of power demand here to find the new type of generation system. The concept of Renewable Energy Source (RES) is now become a most popular for generation of power. There are basically three types of RES is used for generation process, Wind, PV, fuel cell. Solar system is one of the best RES technique for generation of electrical power but it have some drawback. It is only used in the daytime and has low efficiency. For improving the efficiency of the system here maximum power tracking is needed. Here Incremental Conduction based MPPT for tracking the solar power is used. The whole model is simulated in MATLAB /SIMULINK for checking the performance of the system and is applicable to different type of domestic loads. The THD of the system is calculated.

Maximum Power Point Tracking in the Photovoltaic Module Using Incremental Conductance Algorithm with Variable Step Length

Tracking maximum power in photovoltaic applications is considered a major issue. Because of the change in the output power of solar cells by changing the radiation and temperature, it is required to receive the maximum power from solar array to be achieved the maximum efficiency using maximum power tracking methods. A large number of the maximum power methods have been introduced so far, but each has difficulty in terms of tracking speed and accuracy, and in practice, they have not been able to improve both of these factors. Among the commonly used methods, the incremental conductance method has a good tracking speed and accuracy, but at the same time, it cannot reach both to a desirable value. In this paper, a new method is proposed based on the above method that improves the mentioned factors simultaneously to an acceptable limit. The result of the simulation confirms the correctness of the claim of the proposed method.

Design, Modelling, and Analysis of Novel Solar PV System using MATLAB

In order to meet the world's future energy demand, alternative renewable green energy supplies must be widely promoted. Among all DERs, the most prevalent is Solar PV for a number of important reasons. In this study, the authors analyze several elements of the Single-Phase Solar Photovoltaic Rooftop System with MATLAB. In order to analyze the characteristics of the output current, a new grid synchronization methodology has been devised. For maximum power tracking, the INC control technique has been adopted. The output of the solar DC power system has been synchronized with the grid through hysteresis current loop control. Extensive testing verifies the practicality of the proposed power grid model and promising outcomes and results.

Hill Climbing Algorithm based Maximum Power Tracking of a PV Array

In this paper we are going to see how the MPPT algorithm is used to obtain maximum power using a booster converter from a PV array. The booster converter steps up the voltage to required level. The main aim is to track the maximum power point of a solar module and there by using it effectively and efficiently

Tracking Maximum Power Point of a PV Array based on Change in Conductance Method

In this paper we are going to see how the MPPT algorithm is used to obtain maximum power using a booster converter from a PV array. The booster converter steps up the voltage to required level. The main aim is to track the maximum power point of a solar module and there by using it effectively and efficiently.

Intelligent Control Strategy to Enhance Power Smoothing of Renewable based Microgrid with Hybrid Energy Storage

A stand-alone renewable based microgrid (MG) performance with a hybrid energy storage system has been examined in this work. Stand-alone MG system mainly consists of a solar photovoltaic (PV) and permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) based wind system. The hybrid energy storage system is based on Ni-Metal- Hydride (NiMH) battery and a supercapacitor (SC). The paper's primary goal is to propose an artificial neural network (ANN) based control strategy for charging/discharging control of Ni-Metal- Hydride battery & supercapacitor. The proposed maximum power tracking techniques (MPPT) include perturb and observe (P& O) algorithm for solar PV system while optimum torque (OT) MPPT for PMSG based wind turbine. The ANN-based control mechanism can maintain the DC bus voltage constant and trigger the supercapacitor to limit the battery current when the battery charging/ discharging current reached its threshold value. The proposed model responds quickly to intermittent nature PV-wind power generation or load power variation.

A Novel Shift and Search (S&S) Algorithm for Tracking Maximum Power in PV Systems: An Approach to Increase Efficiency

Green energy endows the utmost environmental benefits, which include electric power produced from photovoltaic (PV) systems. The minimal conversion efficiency of PV systems (9–17%) decelerates the share in the energy market. One of the solutions to increase efficiency is efficient maximum power point tracking (MPPT) through precise controls. Within the available MPPT algorithms, the perturb and observe (P&O) is prominent due to its simplicity. However, its drawbacks slow down its usage. Most of the proposals involved in overcoming these drawbacks are hybrid nature, which increases the complexity. Alternately, this paper proposes shift and search (S&S) modified P&O algorithm, which not only retains the simplicity but also eliminates all the drawbacks of conventional algorithms with improved tracking efficiency. It is unique in its approach by having independent control over the steady state oscillations and the fast convergence, results in improved tracking efficiency. The performances of the proposed algorithm are validated in the simulation platform. Besides, the superiorities are verified by comparing with traditional and drift free P&O algorithms. The improved MPPT efficiency of the proposed technique aids in extracting the maximum power from solar energy.

A dummy peak elimination based MPPT technique for PV generation under partial shading condition

The increased energy demand with recent advancement in technology has led the global energy producers to move towards solar energy. Partial shading is a phenomenon that can severely affect the production of the solar power in the photovoltaic system. With partial shading situation, the cascaded solar panels show numerous dummy peaks both in power–voltage (P–V) and current–voltage (I–V) curves, resulting in difficulty of extracting maximum power. A dummy peak elimination based MPPT technique is introduced in proposed work for accurate tracking of maximum power. The proposed dummy peak elimination based MPPT estimates the dummy peaks without imposing any high computational burden for the processor. The proposed technique has better dynamic response and is more compatible for real time application compared to existing optimization-based techniques. The proposed dummy peak elimination based MPPT is tested on a practical system with 3S configuration having three 249 W PV panels for different shading patterns, which displays acceptable outputs with good dynamic performance and better efficiency.

Enhanced Fractional Order Sliding Mode Approach for Maximum Power Tracking of Five-phase PMSG based WECS

Variable structure strategies have shown an efficient performance in controlling nonlinear electrical power systems by reason of its strength to handle perfectly the unmodeled system dynamics. In this study, with the exponent reaching law, a robust enhancement method of sliding mode controller (SMC) based on a nonlinear fractional order sliding surface that consists of both fractional differentiation and integration is proposed and applied to control a high-power multiphase permanent magnet synchronous generator based direct-driven Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), in order to improve the energy efficiency and reduce the produced chattering phenomenon of conventional SMC . Moreover, a new smooth and derivable nonlinear switching control function is applied to replace the traditional non-derivable nonlinear control law, to improve dynamic performance, static performance, and robustness of the system. The proposed strategy stability is investigated under Lyapunov theory. A comparative simulation of the new proposed approach with the conventional SMC and PI controller display the excellent performance, stability and high robustness of FOSMC, by improving the system efficiency up to 98.66%, compared to conventional SMC with 91,14%, while the PI control achieves 86, 2%.

Design and Operation of Fuzzy Logic Based MPPT Controller under Uncertain Condition

Maximum power point tracking System (MPPT) is so important in PV systems to increase the efficiency of solar cells. So many methods are proposed to generate the maximum voltage from PV modules under different weather conditions. This paper proposed an intelligent method for maximum power point tracking using the P & O algorithm. The model contains a PV module connected to DC to DC boost converter. The PV System is tested under disturbance in the solar irradiation and temperature level. The simulation results show the maximum power tracker could track the maximum power accurately and successfully in all conditions tested. Comparison of various working parameters such as: tracking efficiency and response time of the system shows that the proposed method gives higher efficiency and better performance than the conventional perturbation and observation method. The voltage, current, and power of the Module can be measured through the P&O Method. The Fuzzy logic based Mppt controller is proposed in this method to increase the voltage Pv module. The proposed method used the fuzzy logic-based controlled (FLC) to initiate the control command to the output buck-boost converter as there is a change in the voltage and current across the PV panel. The modeling of the FLC-based MPPT controller is done for the PV module with the help of MATLAB/SIMULINK.

Partially isolated four port converter with combined PWM and secondary phase shift control

A partially isolated four-port converter is proposed in this paper for interfacing two renewable sources and a storage device with an isolated load. This converter is capable of achieving high power density because of the effective sharing of devices among the input ports. Combined PWM and secondary phase shift control is employed to have a decoupled power flow management of input and output side ports. PWM control is used at the input side for maximum power tracking of renewable sources and battery power management. At the output side, secondary Phase shift control is used for controlling the output voltage. The adopted secondary phase shift control allows the primary switching legs to be operated with 1800 phase shift which results in reduced current ripple at input ports. The working principle of the converter, its output characteristics and control strategy are discussed. Working of the converter and its control strategy is verified through simulation for different input and output conditions. Further, to validate the simulation results, the experimental results of a 500W prototype are also provided.

Modulation for Cascaded Multilevel Converters in PV Applications With High Input Power Imbalance

Cascaded multilevel inverters, such as the cascaded H-bridge (CHB) converter, are an attractive solution for multistring photovoltaic (PV) systems, because they enable direct connection to the medium voltage grid and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of multiple strings. As a challenge of the topology, the operation with high power imbalance in the strings is constrained by the overmodulation. This limitation is analyzed for sinusoidal modulation and the impact on the maximum power imbalance is demonstrated. For increasing the operating range with maximum power tracking in the strings, a discontinuous modulation with extended maximum power imbalance and reduced losses is proposed. The method is analyzed in terms of maximum power imbalance, efficiency and power quality. In addition, the method is validated on an experimental test bench.

Sensorless real-time reduced order model-based adaptive maximum power tracking pitch controller for grid connected wind turbines

To overcome the mechanical stress and damage caused by the high wind speed and grid transient on the wind turbine (WT) and to ensure the smooth operation of WT, a sensorless maximum power tracking (MPT) pitch controller for grid integrated WT is proposed in this paper. The advantages of the proposed controller are: a) reduced rotor speed oscillations, b) reduced transients in Point of Common Coupling (PCC) voltage, and c) controlled output power of WT without exceeding its thermal limits. The controller is validated on the WT integrated into the frequency-dependent reduced order model (FDROM) of the power grid. Another advantage is that, as the reference speed for the controller is estimated using FDROM, actual wind speed measurements are not required in this approach. To ensure smooth operation, and to limit the aerodynamic power and speed within the normal operating range, the difference between the actual and reference speed of the generator is used as the input to the controller. The architecture is validated using a real-time digital simulator (RTDS) on WT integrated two-area and IEEE-39 bus power system models. The simulation results show that the proposed controller is more effective than the conventional methods during changing system operating conditions.

Improvement of Self-Predictive Incremental Conductance Algorithm with the Ability to Detect Dynamic Conditions

This paper presents a new version of the incremental conductance algorithm for more accurate tracking of the maximum power point (MPP). The modified algorithm is called self-predictive incremental conductance (SPInC), and it recognizes the operational region. It is capable of detecting dynamic conditions, and it detects sudden changes in power resulting from changes in the intensity of radiation or temperature. By selecting the appropriate step size, it obtains maximum power from the panel at any moment. The improved algorithm reduces output power ripple and increases the efficiency of the system by detecting the operating area and selecting the appropriate step size for each region. The SPInC algorithm divides the system’s work areas into three operating zones. It calculates the size of the appropriate step changes for each region after identifying the regions, which allows for more accurate tracking of the MPP and increases the system efficiency at a speed equal to the speed of the conventional method. These additional operations did not result in a system slowdown in the tracking maximum power. According to the MATLAB/Simulink simulation results, the SPInC algorithm is more efficient than conventional InC, and the ripple output power is reduced. SPInC is also compared to the improved perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm. In general, SPInC can compete with the popular algorithms that have been recently proposed for MPPT in the other researches.

Solar‐powered switched reluctance motor‐driven water pumping system with battery support

This work deals with the development of an efficient and reliable solar photovoltaic-fed water pump with a battery energy storage (BES). This system ensures a continuous and rated supply of water in all working conditions. A new control logic for BES is developed, which significantly improves the overall response of the system. The support of the battery as a backup source is obtained through a bidirectional DC-DC converter. Both the charging/discharging control and maximum power tracking of the solar panel are achieved through this bidirectional converter, whereas the voltage asymmetry compensation across split capacitors at DC link and motor drive controls are supervised by switched reluctance motor converter. The performance of the present scheme is examined through both simulated and experimental responses and is found adequate under all operational scenarios.