Tracking Changes Research Articles

Comparative analysis of changes in immune cell in the chicken spleen across different ages using flow cytometry

BackgroundConcurrent emerging and reemerging avian infectious diseases cause multiple risk factors in poultry. A body amount studies attempted to understand pathogen-associated immunity in chickens. Recent research has made progress in identifying immune functions in chicken, there are still gaps in knowledge, especially regarding immune responses during infectious diseases. A deeper understanding in chicken immune system is critical for improving disease control strategies and vaccine development.ResultsThis study proposes analytical method for chicken splenocytes, enabling the tracking changes in T cells, monocytes, and B cells across three ages. Optimized lymphocyte-activating conditions were suggested using concanavalin A and chicken interleikin-2, which facilitate immune cell activation and proliferation. Next, splenocytes from embryonic day 18, day 5, and day 30 were compared using surface markers and flow cytometry analysis. We observed an increase in T cell subsets, including activated T cells (CD4+CD44+ and CD8+CD44+), and B cells, along with a reduced monocyte population after hatching. However, morphological changes and genetic expression of functional immune molecules were limited.ConclusionsThe present findings on chicken immune system development offer valuable insights into the avian immune system, including analytical methods and the phenotypic and functional changes in immune cells. Updated immune-boosting strategies during the early stages of life are crucial for developing preventive measures against major infectious diseases in the poultry industry.

The Challenge to Change: Leading Schools beyond COVID-19

This paper considers the articles presented in this Special Issue and argues that, in most developed education systems in Western countries, there have been four major shifts in how school education is understood and delivered over the course of human history, from a time when only the wealthy and privileged received an education to the present day. It tracks changes in school leadership since the 1980s, when a combination of efforts to improve the effectiveness of schools and efforts to decentralise schools led to self-managing schools and changed responsibilities for school leaders. It reflects on whether the recent impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on school communities may lead to a fifth major shift in school education. This article discusses four different school leadership approaches that have emerged in Western education since the 1980s, instructional leadership, transformational leadership, distributed leadership, and leadership for learning, and argues that of these four, leadership for learning would be the most appropriate leadership approach in a post-COVID-19 future.

OVERVIEW OF THE METHODS AND TOOLS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS MONITORING

Monitoring of environmental components is an important process for determining the level of pollution and tracking changes in the environment, and plays a key role in ensuring the health and comfort of residents, as well as in preserving the environment. Continuous monitoring of environmental components is key to ensuring human health, protecting nature and reducing the negative impact on the climate and ecosystems, as well as achieving sustainable development. In order to combat environmental pollution, it is necessary to implement effective measures to limit emissions of harmful substances, use environmentally friendly technologies and green solutions in all sectors of the economy, and raise public awareness of the problem of environmental pollution. From the analysis of the sources reviewed, a pattern was identified that the information technologies mainly used to monitor environmental components are either Internet of Things (IoT) technologies using modern sensors and data transmission components or artificial intelligence technologies such as computer vision. Less commonly, the use of robots, UAVs, and digital twins is being traced. Based on a critical analysis of methods and tools for environmental components monitoring, there is a need to develop such methods and tools for environmental components monitoring that would: perform cheaper and more versatile environmental components monitoring than existing analogues, but at the same time have no less accuracy and speed; monitor the state of the environment; identify sources of environmental pollution; warn of environmental disasters; assess the state of natural resources; support environmental decision-making; collect and analyze various environmental indicators in real time; assessed the level of quality and safety of environmental components, which will allow immediate response to quality changes and promptly take the necessary measures, etc., which will be the focus of the authors' further efforts.

Technological and Dietary Responses to Holocene Climate Events in the Northern Great Basin

ABSTRACT Environmental instability caused by extended periods of drought no doubt impacted past human populations by limiting economic options and driving changes in social and technological organization. Here we examine two sets of Great Basin sites with occupations spanning the middle and late Holocene droughts: one associated with lowland springs and another with upland springs. We use dietary markers retrieved via starch granule analysis to evaluate whether artifact form relates to resources processed, how changes in tool form might be related to past changes in climate, environment, and social organization, and what, if any, differences mark upland vs. lowland resource use. Our data suggest that changes in tool form track with environmental fluctuations and that in both upland and lowland settings diets focused primarily on tubers and high-return seeds and that these profitable and stable food sources likely anchored populations during periods of drought.

Abstract B093: Facilitating conversations on cancer genomic education: Development of a toolkit for community advisory boards

Abstract Community Advisory Boards are representative groups of individuals that reside in a particular area and serve an important role in the research process. Often CABs are the voice of the community, rather it be key community stakeholders, business, or community organizations. The purpose of this project is to describe the development of a cancer genomic toolkit and initial introduction of the toolkit to local community advisory boards to CAB members interested in cancer genomic topics to increase inclusion and awareness of emerging topics and activities around cancer genomic research. Existing CAB members from the Meharry Medical College/Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center/Tennessee State University Cancer Partnership (MVTCP) and the Research Centers in Minority Institutions (RCMI) at Meharry Medical College were introduced to a cancer genomic toolkit that is in development. CAB members were presented the toolkit during a regularly scheduled CAB meeting for approximately 30 minutes and were allowed 10 minutes to answer questions. After the presentation of the cancer genomic toolkit, CAB members were sent a word document version of the toolkit to provide any feedback for improvement during the development stage. CAB members were allowed up to two months to review the cancer genomic toolkit. Directions for review were to use track changes and leave comments or provide direct feedback via email response. To date, one CAB member has provided individualized feedback. Group feedback included questions and open discussion around historic research participation. Next steps are to introduce the tool to a newly formed genomic community advisory board and begin to reiterate the toolkit for evaluation and implementation for other local CABs. Citation Format: Calandra G. Whitted. Facilitating conversations on cancer genomic education: Development of a toolkit for community advisory boards [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 17th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2024 Sep 21-24; Los Angeles, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024;33(9 Suppl):Abstract nr B093.

Persistent Educational Advantages of Asian Immigrants’ Children, 1940 to 2015–2019

The educational achievements of Asian American children, especially those from lower backgrounds, are substantially higher than other ethnoracial groups. Hyper-selectivity theory finds the origin of such an advantage in the double selectivity of Asian immigrants after the passage of the 1965 Immigration Act and the formation of cross-class community resources. Utilizing the 1940 linked full-count Census, 1940–2000 decennial censuses, and the 2008–2012 and 2015–2019 American Community Survey, this study tracks changes in the educational advantages of Asian immigrants’ children. Our results show that in contrast to the anticipated dependence of the educational achievements of Asian immigrants’ children on structural conditions, the educational advantages of Asian immigrants’ children have remained remarkably persistent over time and across geographical locations. The influx of highly educated Asian immigrants is not associated with an increase in the educational advantages of lower-background Asian Americans. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Numerical Investigation of Track and Intensity Evolution of Typhoon Doksuri (2023)

This study utilized the WRF model to investigate the track evolution and rapid intensification (RI) of Typhoon Doksuri (2023) as it moved across the Luzon Strait and through the South China Sea (SCS). The simulation results indicate that Doksuri has a smaller track sensitivity to the use of different physics schemes, while having a greater intensity sensitivity. Sensitivity numerical experiments with different physics schemes can well capture its northwestward movement in the first two days, but they predict less westward track deflection as the typhoon moves across the Luzon Strait and through the SCS. Moreover, all the experiments successfully simulated Doksuri’s RI, albeit with quite different rates and a time lag of 12 h. Among different combinations of physics schemes, there exists an optimal set of cumulus parameterization and cloud microphysics schemes for track and intensity predictions. Doksuri’s track changes as the typhoon moved across the Luzon Strait and through the SCS were influenced by the topographic effects of the terrain of the Philippines and Taiwan, to different extents. The track changes of Doksuri are explained by the wavenumber-one potential vorticity (PV) tendency budget from different physical processes, highlighting that the horizontal PV advection dominates the PV tendency throughout most of the simulation time due to the offset of vertical PV advection and differential diabatic heating. In addition, this study applies the extended Sawyer–Eliassen (SE) equation to compare the transverse circulations of the typhoon induced by various forcing sources. The SE solution indicates that radial inflow was largely driven in the lower-tropospheric vortex by strong diabatic heating, while being significantly enhanced in the lower boundary layer due to turbulent friction. All other physical forcing terms were relatively insignificant for the induced transverse circulation. The coordinated radial inflow at low levels may have led to the eyewall development in unbalanced dynamics. Intense diabatic heating thus was vital to the severe RI of Doksuri under a weak vertical wind shear.

Assessing South Indian Ocean tropical cyclone characteristics in HighResMIP simulations

AbstractSeveral damaging tropical cyclones (TCs) have occurred recently over the South Indian Ocean (SIO) region, causing enormous social and economic losses. Yet, while many studies have examined SIO TC characteristics using observations and reanalysis, only a few have assessed these characteristics specifically for this region in climate models, and fewer have investigated their projections under climate change. Here we do this for a historical (1980–2010) and future (2020–2050) period, using multimodel simulations from the High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project, as well as examine biases in the historical period relative to a reanalysis (ERA5). The models have horizontal resolutions of 25–50 km, which has enabled an improved ability to represent tropical cyclones globally in previous studies. TempestExtremes software is employed to detect tropical storm and cyclone tracks. In cases where TempestExtremes cannot be applied due to a lack of requisite variables in a dataset, we instead examine extreme wind speeds in that dataset. For the historical period, we find considerable variation in model biases compared to ERA5, which itself exhibits realistic spatial patterns of tracks and their monthly distribution. Models do at least agree on positive biases in track frequency east of Madagascar and somewhat in the Mozambique Channel. However, the models and ERA5 only produce Category 3 tropical cyclones at best. Wind speeds for 25 km resolution models have much larger positive biases than for 50 km ones, suggesting the former can simulate even higher‐category tropical cyclones. Considerable intermodel variation is also found in track changes between the future and historical periods. No systematic intercategory pattern of change exists, and low signal‐to‐noise may obscure any such patterns in the limited timespan of available data. Thus, no meaningful conclusions can be drawn regarding changes in track intensity. Nevertheless, track frequency broadly decreases across models for the region, as does accumulated cyclone energy. An east‐to‐west shift in track location from east of Madagascar toward the Mozambique Channel is also implied by track frequency and wind speed changes. Our findings provide information to potentially improve storm resiliency in this vulnerable region.

Creating a Data Cleaning and Pre-Processing Module for Generalisable Data Linkage

ObjectiveAcute renal replacement therapy (RRT) is an important life saving technology used in critical care. However, variation in clinical practice for initiation and maintenance of RRT can increase healthcare costs and worsen patient outcomes. In Alberta, Canada, a province-wide electronic health record provides a unique opportunity to measure and evaluate clinical practice. The present study aims to improve the quality of RRT delivery in Alberta critical care units by providing feedback on key performance indicators (KPIs) for RRT based on current evidence. ApproachKPIs for RRT included an initiation pathway based on threshold lab values, and measures of RRT quality such as the time from order to treatment initiation, the average life of dialysis filters, and the actual vs. prescribed fluid removal. Clinical KPI definitions were mapped to data available in the electronic health record to evaluate current practice and track changes in KPIs over time. ResultsMapping the clinical guidelines to the electronic health record took significant time and effort in a large team with expertise on both the data and clinical sides. Each KPI data definition went through several cycles of development, validation and refinement before being included in the dashboards and reports given to participating sites. ConclusionsProviding accurate data on RRT ordering and delivery practices is an important step in aligning acute RRT delivery with current best practice, ultimately improving the quality of care and reducing unnecessary costs. ImplicationsElectronic health records provide a powerful tool for evaluating clinical decisions and implementing best practice guidelines.

Assessing rural wellbeing through design of a farmer-focused survey methodology: The importance of cultural health, ease of use and farming specific questions

There is limited data to baseline and track changes in farmer wellbeing. The aims of this study are to 1) review existing wellbeing assessment approaches, 2) identify key features of a farmer-focused wellbeing assessment, and 3) propose a farmer-focussed wellbeing assessment tool. We conducted a literature review of wellbeing assessment approaches within peer-reviewed literature and interviews with stakeholders to identify a wellbeing assessment approach for the agricultural sector. Key factors to incorporate into a farmer-focused assessment approach are: i) cultural health, which is especially important when measuring wellbeing amongst indigenous and recent immigrant farmers and workers; ii) farming-specific questions, using a combination of pre-existing and newly developed questions; and iii) ease of use, using a combination of short pulse and longer surveys depending on the survey context and aims. This paper contributes to the debate of how to measure wellbeing, which is useful for programme designers and developers. Furthermore, it provides a coherent review on wellbeing assessment approaches, which can be used to steer future research in this area. Despite the widespread focus on wellbeing, this is the first literature review for wellbeing approaches in the agricultural sector.

SARS-CoV-2 Genotyping Highlights the Challenges in Spike Protein Drift Independent of Other Essential Proteins.

As of 2024, SARS-CoV-2 continues to propagate and drift as an endemic virus, impacting healthcare for years. The largest sequencing initiative for any species was initiated to combat the virus, tracking changes over time at a full virus base-pair resolution. The SARS-CoV-2 sequencing represents a unique opportunity to understand selective pressures and viral evolution but requires cross-disciplinary approaches from epidemiology to functional protein biology. Within this work, we integrate a two-year genotyping window with structural biology to explore the selective pressures of SARS-CoV-2 on protein insights. Although genotype and the Spike (Surface Glycoprotein) protein continue to drift, most SARS-CoV-2 proteins have had few amino acid alterations. Within Spike, the high drift rate of amino acids involved in antibody evasion also corresponds to changes within the ACE2 binding pocket that have undergone multiple changes that maintain functional binding. The genotyping suggests selective pressure for receptor specificity that could also confer changes in viral risk. Mapping of amino acid changes to the structures of the SARS-CoV-2 co-transcriptional complex (nsp7-nsp14), nsp3 (papain-like protease), and nsp5 (cysteine protease) proteins suggest they remain critical factors for drug development that will be sustainable, unlike those strategies targeting Spike.

Black-throated blue warblers (Setophaga caerulescens) exhibit diet flexibility and track seasonal changes in insect availability.

Changes in leaf phenology from warming spring and autumn temperatures have lengthened the temperate zone growing "green" season and breeding window for migratory birds in North America. However, the fitness benefits of an extended breeding season will depend, in part, on whether species have sufficient dietary flexibility to accommodate seasonal changes in prey availability. We used fecal DNA metabarcoding to test the hypothesis that seasonal changes in the diets of the insectivorous, migratory black-throated blue warbler (Setophaga caerulescens) track changes in the availability of arthropod prey at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, USA. We examined changes across the breeding season and along an elevation gradient encompassing a 2-week difference in green season length. From 98 fecal samples, we identified 395 taxa from 17 arthropod orders; 242 were identified to species, with Cecrita guttivitta (saddled prominent moth), Theridion frondeum (eastern long-legged cobweaver), and Philodromus rufus (white-striped running crab spider) occurring at the highest frequency. We found significant differences in diet composition between survey periods and weak differences among elevation zones. Variance in diet composition was highest late in the season, and diet richness and diversity were highest early in the season. Diet composition was associated with changes in prey availability surveyed over the green season. However, several taxa occurred in diets more or less than expected relative to their frequency of occurrence from survey data, suggesting that prey selection or avoidance sometimes accompanies opportunistic foraging. This study demonstrates that black-throated blue warblers exhibit diet flexibility and track seasonal changes in prey availability, which has implications for migratory bird responses to climate-induced changes in insect communities with longer green seasons.

Introducing the Arabic inflammatory bowel disease disk as a tool for assessing disability in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in Jordan

Background and study aimInflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic relapsing-remitting disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. IBD causes significant impairment in the patient’s quality of life that should be assessed and monitored in a flexible and easy way. The IBD-Disability Index (IBD-DI) is the only validated tool to assess disability in IBD patients, but it is difficult to use in clinical practice. The IBD Disk is a new shortened, self-administering version of the IBD-DI that allows quick assessment of IBD patients and tracks changes in disease burden over time. However, the IBD Disk has not been used yet in clinical practice in Jordan. The aim of the study was to translate the IBD Disk to Arabic language and introduce it in clinical practice in Jordan. Patients and methodsAfter translating the original IBD Disk to Arabic language, IBD patients referred to outpatient clinic or admitted to the medical department at the new Al-Hussein hospital, Al-Salt, Jordan, from September 2021 until March 2022, filled the translated IBD Disk. ResultsA total of 50 IBD patients (52 % males) were included in the study and filled the IBD Disk. The IBD Disk was easy to complete by the patients. Energy, regulating defecation, and emotions were the most disabling domains for relapsing patients. Polygonal shape area of the mean for IBD Disk scores decreased during remission. Education & work and energy had the strongest correlation at relapse. ConclusionThe IBD Disk is a reliable visual representation of IBD disability. In this study, a translated version of IBD Disk to Arabic language was introduced for the first time in clinical practice in Jordan. The reduction in the polygonal shape area of the scores’ mean represents decreased disease burden.

Remote Sensing Upon Tracking Changes in the Water Sufrace Area of Belmeken Dam

Remote Sensing Upon Tracking Changes in the Water Sufrace Area of Belmeken Dam

Oued Lakhdar watershed (Morocco), monitoring land use/cover changes: remote sensing and GIS approach

ABSTRACT Landsat is a series of Earth-observation satellites jointly managed by NASA and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) that capture multispectral images of the Earth’s surface dating back to the 1970s, providing a valuable tool for tracking changes in land cover over time. In this study, Landsat satellite data were combined with remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies to monitor land cover changes in the Oued Lakhdar watershed, which covers an area of 1,638 km2. Landsat satellite data for the years 1987, 1994, 2004, 2014, and 2021 were used, and the maximum likelihood method was applied in ArcGIS software version 10.4.1 to classify land components. The classification was validated using total accuracy, the kappa index, Google Earth, and terrain knowledge. The results show remarkable changes in land cover, with an increase in bare soil and irrigated crops between 1987 and 2021, especially in the last six years, totaling 0.672 km2/yr and 15.028 km2/yr of the study area, respectively, and a decrease in water bodies and dense forests, totaling −0.941 km2/yr and −30.046 km2/yr, respectively. Water retention coefficient analysis indicates that the watershed is anthropized and has a low retention capacity. This study provides valuable information for land use planning and management in the Oued Lakhdar watershed (Morocco).

Engineering conversation: Understanding the control requirements of language production in monologue and dialogue

Both artificial and biological systems are faced with the challenge of noisy and uncertain estimation of the state of the world, in contexts where feedback is often delayed. This challenge also applies to the processes of language production and comprehension, both when they take place in isolation (e.g., in monologue or solo reading) and when they are combined as is the case in dialogue. Crucially, we argue, dialogue brings with it some unique challenges. In this paper, we describe three such challenges within the general framework of control theory, drawing analogies to mechanical and biological systems where possible: (1) the need to distinguish between self- and other-generated utterances; (2) the need to adjust the amount of advance planning (i.e., the degree to which planning precedes articulation) flexibly to achieve timely turn-taking; (3) the need to track changing conversational goals. We show that message-to-sound models of language production (i.e., those that cover the whole process from message generation to articulation) tend to implement fairly simple control architectures. However, we argue that more sophisticated control architectures are necessary to build language production models that can account for both monologue and dialogue.

From texture to structure: The key role of caspase-3 on grass carp myofibrillar protein during postmortem storage

The integrity of myofibrillar proteins during the initial post-mortem storage phase critically determines the shelf-life of fish, profoundly affecting consumer acceptance and market value. This research investigates the degradation of grass carp muscle texture and structure triggered by caspase-3-induced apoptosis, a key factor influencing early storage quality deterioration. By inhibiting endogenous caspase-3, the study tracks changes in apoptosis levels, muscle texture, microstructural integrity, protein organizational structure, and amino acid profiles. Apoptosis was found to peak between 48 and 72h post-mortem, during which caspase-3 activity led to significant muscle softening. This softening is attributed to disruptions in crucial structural components such as the Z-line and M-line, culminating in extensive degradation of myofibrillar proteins. Furthermore, protein structure modeling demonstrated that caspase-3 cleavage at ASP187 critically destabilizes the α-helix structure, underlining the enzyme's pivotal role in the early post-mortem softening of fish muscle. These insights provide a foundational understanding of the biochemical processes that underpin early quality loss in stored fish, offering potential targets for interventions aimed at enhancing fish storage outcomes and extending shelf life in the aquaculture industry.

Advanced image analysis for medical diagnostics: a system for segmentation and classification using level set methods and AI algorithms

This work aims to implement and utilize an advanced computer system for image analysis and processing through artificial intelligence. The system will evaluate images from multiple sources. As a result, a comprehensive e-Medicus system will be developed to capture and analyze X-ray data and classify cancer cells. This innovative tool, with its unique features tailored for medical facilities, will assist them in capturing and analyzing X-ray images and CT scan results. The e-Medicus system offers several benefits for medical facilities, including efficient automation of photo analysis, tracking changes in a patient's condition over time, and facilitating the identification of medical changes and data classification. A multimedia presentation of the change process will use the contour set function, allowing for topological changes in solution properties. The system integrates novel procedures and algorithms from theoretical computer science and numerical mathematics, leveraging neural networks, genetic algorithms, semantic networks, image ontology, rough set theory, contour set methods, and hybrid algorithms. These developed algorithms enhance methods and concepts in image segmentation, gathering, transmitting, storing, extracting, and effectively presenting information.

Aptamer-Loop DNA Nanoflower Recognition and Multicolor Fluorescent Carbon Quantum Dots Labeling System for Multitarget Living Cell Imaging.

Visualization of multiple targets in living cells is important for understanding complex biological processes, but it still faces difficulties, such as complex operation, difficulty in multiplexing, and expensive equipment. Here, we developed a nanoplatform integrating a nucleic acid aptamer and DNA nanotechnology for living cell imaging. Aptamer-based recognition probes (RPs) were synthesized through rolling circle amplification, which were further self-assembled into DNA nanoflowers encapsulated by an aptamer loop. The signal probes (SPs) were obtained by conjugation of multicolor emission carbon quantum dots with oligonucleotides complementary to RPs. Through base pairing, RPs and SPs were hybridized to generate aptamer sgc8-, AS1411-, and Apt-based imaging systems. They were used for individual/simultaneous imaging of cellular membrane protein PTK7, nucleolin, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules. Fluorescence imaging and intensity analysis showed that the living cell imaging system can not only specifically recognize and efficiently bind their respective targets but also provide a 5-10-fold signal amplification. Cell-cycle-dependent distribution of nucleolin and concentration-dependent fluorescence intensity of ATP demonstrated the utility of the system for tracking changes in cellular status. Overall, this system shows the potential to be a simple, low-cost, highly selective, and sensitive living cell imaging platform.

Spatially Heterogeneous Responses of Planktonic Foraminiferal Assemblages Over 700,000 Years of Climate Change

ABSTRACTAimTo determine the degree to which assemblages of planktonic foraminifera track thermal conditions.LocationThe world's oceans.Time PeriodThe last 700,000 years of glacial–interglacial cycles.Major Taxa StudiedPlanktonic foraminifera.MethodsWe investigate assemblage dynamics in planktonic foraminifera in response to temperature changes using a global dataset of Quaternary planktonic foraminifera, together with a coupled Atmosphere–Ocean General Circulation Model (AOGCM) at 8000‐year resolution. We use ‘thermal deviance’ to assess assemblage responses to climate change, defined as the difference between the temperature at a given location and the bio‐indicated temperature (i.e., the abundance‐weighted average of estimated temperature optima for the species present).ResultsAssemblages generally tracked annual mean temperature changes through compositional turnover, but thermal deviances are evident under certain conditions. The coldest‐adapted species persisted in polar regions during warming but were not joined by additional immigrants, resulting in minimal assemblage turnover. The warmest‐adapted species persisted in equatorial regions during cooling with similarly minimal assemblage change. Assemblages at mid‐latitudes mostly tracked temperature cooling and warming.Main ConclusionsPlanktonic foraminiferal assemblages were generally able to track or endure temperature changes: as climate warmed or cooled, bio‐indicated temperature also became warmer or cooler, although to a variable degree. At polar sites under warming and at equatorial sites under cooling, the change in bio‐indicated temperature was less than, or even opposite to, what would be expected from estimated environmental change. Nevertheless, all studied species persisted across the study interval, regardless of thermal deviance—a result that highlights the resilience and inertia of planktonic foraminifera on an assemblage level to the last 700,000 years of climate change.