Tracheobronchial Nodes Research Articles

Unusual Intrathoracic Lesions: A Case Series

The thoracic cavity consists of the mediastinum located centrally which is bordered by two pleural cavities laterally. The major organs included are the thymus gland, the heart, the lungs, the tracheobronchial tree, lymph nodes and vessels. The lesions originating from the various organs are diverse and occasionally some lesions occurring are extremely rare. The aim was to study demographic features, anatomical site and histological findings of the cases. This was a prospective evaluation of the intrathoracic lesions in a tertiary care center from June 2018 to June 2020. This comprised of patient’s age and sex, the clinical characteristics and location of the tumour, the duration of the lesion and the histopathological findings along with Immunohistochemistry (IHC). This case series describes 10 cases of intrathoracic lesions originating from mediastinal soft tissue, thymus gland, lungs and heart. Patient’s age ranged from five months old to 48 years old with males and females equally affected. All the patients have undergone treatment and were followed-up as well. Intrathoracic lesions are unusual tumours with varied histology. These intrathoracic lesions require a multidisciplinary approach. These lesions should be examined well to determine the source of the lesion for a conclusive diagnosis. Radiological correlation along with histopathology and immunohistochemistry assists in accurate diagnosis.

Intranasal Delivery of Inactivated Influenza Virus and Poly(I:C) Adsorbed Corn-Based Nanoparticle Vaccine Elicited Robust Antigen-Specific Cell-Mediated Immune Responses in Maternal Antibody Positive Nursery Pigs.

We designed the killed swine influenza A virus (SwIAV) H1N2 antigen (KAg) with polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid [(Poly(I:C)] adsorbed corn-derived Nano-11 particle based nanovaccine called Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C), and evaluated its immune correlates in maternally derived antibody (MDA)-positive pigs against a heterologous H1N1 SwIAV infection. Immunologically, in tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN) detected enhanced H1N2-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) in Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccinates, and in commercial vaccinates detected CTLs with mainly IL-17A+ and early effector phenotypes specific to both H1N2 and H1N1 SwAIV. In commercial vaccinates, activated H1N2- and H1N1-specific IFNγ+&TNFα+, IL-17A+ and central memory T-helper/Memory cells, and in Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccinates H1N2-specific central memory, IFNγ+ and IFNγ+&TNFα+, and H1N1-specific IL-17A+ T-helper/Memory cells were observed. Systemically, Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccine augmented H1N2-specific IFNγ+ CTLs and H1N1-specific IFNγ+ T-helper/Memory cells, and commercial vaccine boosted H1N2- specific early effector CTLs and H1N1-specific IFNγ+&TNFα+ CTLs, as well as H1N2- and H1N1-specific T-helper/Memory cells with central memory, IFNγ+&TNFα+, and IL-17A+ phenotypes. Remarkably, commercial vaccine induced an increase in H1N1-specific T-helper cells in TBLN and naive T-helper cells in both TBLN and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), while H1N1- and H1N2-specific only T-helper cells were augmented in Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccinates in both TBLN and PBMCs. Furthermore, the Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccine stimulated robust cross-reactive IgG and secretory IgA (SIgA) responses in lungs, while the commercial vaccine elicited high levels of serum and lung IgG and serum hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers. In conclusion, despite vast genetic difference (77% in HA gene identity) between the vaccine H1N2 and H1N1 challenge viruses in Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccinates, compared to over 95% identity between H1N1 of commercial vaccine and challenge viruses, the virus load and macroscopic lesions in the lungs of both types of vaccinates were comparable, but the Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccine cleared the virus from the nasal passage better. These data suggested the important role played by Nano-11 and Poly(I:C) in the induction of polyfunctional, cross-protective cell-mediated immunity against SwIAV in MDA-positive pigs.

Preclinical Safety Assessment of 2 Inhaled Single-Domain Antibodies in the Cynomolgus Monkey.

The safety of 2 single domain antibodies (dAbs) was evaluated by inhalation toxicology studies in the cynomolgus monkey. In the first case study, a 14-day repeat-dose study evaluating an anti-thymic stromal lymphopoietin (anti-TSLP) dAb resulted in minimal mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrates in the lungs, increases in lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and development of antidrug antibodies (ADAs). In a 6-week inhalation study, there was an increase in incidence and/or severity of mononuclear cell infiltrates in the lung, increased cellularity in the tracheobronchial lymph node (TBLN), and development of ADA. The second case study evaluated a change in duration of inhalation dosing, a different route of exposure (intravenous or IV), and recovery following an off-dose period with an anti-tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 dAb. A 7-day repeat-dose inhalation study and a 14-day IV study produced no microscopic effects in the lung, whereas a 14-day inhalation study resulted in moderate increases in pulmonary perivascular/peribronchiolar/alveolar lymphocytic infiltrates and increased cellularity in the TBLN, with partial and full recovery, respectively, after 14 days. The lung and lymph node findings seen after inhalation of either dAb were considered secondary to the immunogenic response to a human protein and were considered nonadverse.

MALDI MSI Reveals the Spatial Distribution of Protein Markers in Tracheobronchial Lymph Nodes and Lung of Pigs after Respiratory Infection.

Respiratory infections are a real threat for humans, and therefore the pig model is of interest for studies. As one of a case for studies, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) caused infections and still worries many pig breeders around the world. To better understand the influence of pathogenic effect of APP on a respiratory system—lungs and tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN), we aimed to employ matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-TOF MSI). In this study, six pigs were intranasally infected by APP and two were used as non-infected control, and 48 cryosections have been obtained. MALDI-TOF MSI and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to study spatial distribution of infectious markers, especially interleukins, in cryosections of porcine tissues of lungs (necrotic area, marginal zone) and tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN) from pigs infected by APP. CD163, interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and a protegrin-4 precursor were successfully detected based on their tryptic fragments. CD163 and IL-1β were confirmed also by IHC. The protegrin-4 precursor was identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF directly on the tissue cryosections. CD163, IL-1β and protegrin-4 precursor were all significantly (p < 0.001) more expressed in necrotic areas of lungs infected by APP than in marginal zone, TBLN and in control lungs.

Morphogenesis lymph node of domestic pig

The visceral and somatic lymph nodes of a pig of domestic 1-120 day old were examined. Found that the lymph nodes have a common connective tissue capsule and different levels of fusion of individual subunits. In the center of each subunit, the capsule forms invaginations of the capsular trabecula, dividing the parenchyma of each structural unit into «Ʊ»-shaped structures, fused with lateral and lower parts. The number and degree of fusion of subunits is different and depends on the age of the animals and the location of the lymph node. The greatest degree of fusion of individual units of the lymph node was found in the superficial cervical and axillary I ribs. In the mandibular, superficial parotid and superficial inguinal lymph nodes, the segments are clearly contoured already in newborn piglets. Segments are predominantly bean-spherical in shape with a wide base. The fusion of the segments occurs in their central part, and on the surface the gates of the subunits are clearly contoured in the form of numerous depressions. In the visceral lymph nodes, the portal and splenic lymph nodes have the smallest segmentation, and the gastric, tracheobronchial, and iliocolic lymph nodes are the largest. The number of segments varies from two in newborn piglets to five in 120-day-old pigs. The variability of the morphometric parameters of the lymph nodes of a domestic pig is due to a different number of afferent lymphatic vessels, and, accordingly, to different scales of the lymphatic basins. Thus, the lymph nodes of the domestic pig are complexes of subunits fused to varying degrees. Somatic lymph nodes are highly segmented. The degree of consolidation of subunits in the visceral lymph nodes is less pronounced. Linear measurements of organs vary depending on the age of the animals, gradually increasing up to 120 days with a tendency for these indicators to prevail in the somatic lymph nodes. Key words: domestic pig, lymph node, subunit, topography, morphometry

Tuberculosis in wild South American sea lions Otaria flavescens stranded in Chubut, Argentina.

Pinniped tuberculosis, commonly caused by Mycobacterium pinnipedii, is a zoonotic disease reported in free-living and captive otariid species of the southern hemisphere. Currently, data concerning pinniped tuberculosis in South America are scarce, reinforcing the need for further studies of the disease in free-ranging pinnipeds. In this study, we investigated the presence of tuberculosis in South American sea lions Otaria flavescens (SASLs) stranded along the Chubut coastline (Argentina). Necropsies were performed in 9 SASLs, and tissue samples were collected for histopathology, bacteriology, and molecular diagnosis. Four SASLs showed enlarged tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLNs) with multifocal to coalescing granulomas. In these animals, a direct IS6110-PCR amplification confirmed the presence of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex member in TBLNs (n = 4) and lungs (n = 2), but the agent could not be further identified. In one SASL, Mycobacterium murale was isolated from lungs without lesions. This study confirms the presence of tuberculosis in SASLs from Chubut, where tourist activities promote close interaction with the animals, generating a potential risk to human health. Further research is currently focusing on addressing the prevalence of tuberculosis in wild SASLs, to assess the risk for public health and develop management strategies to avoid human infection.

Circulating melanin-containing cells and neutrophils with phagocytized melanin granules in a horse with disseminated melanoma.

An 18-year-old, grey, Thoroughbred Cross gelding was referred to the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University following a 3-week history of low-grade fever of unknown origin, distal limb swelling, and weight loss. Clinical examination identified a few black, round, smooth nodules along the ventral aspect of the proximal tail. Transabdominal ultrasound showed a markedly enlarged heterogenous spleen, hyperechoic liver nodules, and evidence of peritonitis with fibrin deposition. A mature neutrophilia was noted on complete blood count with variable numbers of phagocytized granules within neutrophils. The granules did not stain with Perl's Prussian blue, and were intensely positive when stained with Fontana-Mason, consistent with melanin. On necropsy, the spleen occupied approximately one-third of the abdominal cavity and was diffusely firm with abundant black pigment on cut section. The medullary space of the 18th thoracic vertebra was also diffusely blackened. The splenic, mediastinal, and tracheobronchial lymph nodes were five times the normal size and diffusely pigmented. The final anatomic diagnosis was disseminated malignant melanoma with extensive splenic involvement and hemolymphatic and vascular neoplastic dissemination. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first full report to identify circulating neutrophils containing phagocytized melanin granules, which confirmed an antemortem diagnosis of disseminated melanoma.

Distribution of Droplets and Immune Responses After Aerosol and Intra-Nasal Delivery of Influenza Virus to the Respiratory Tract of Pigs.

Recent evidence indicates that local immune responses and tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) are critical for protection against respiratory infections but there is little information on the contributions of upper and lower respiratory tract (URT and LRT) immunity. To provide a rational basis for designing methods for optimal delivery of vaccines to the respiratory tract in a large animal model, we investigated the distribution of droplets generated by a mucosal atomization device (MAD) and two vibrating mesh nebulizers (VMNs) and the immune responses induced by delivery of influenza virus by MAD in pigs. We showed that droplets containing the drug albuterol, a radiolabel (99mTc-DTPA), or a model influenza virus vaccine (S-FLU) have similar aerosol characteristics. 99mTc-DTPA scintigraphy showed that VMNs deliver droplets with uniform distribution throughout the lungs as well as the URT. Surprisingly MAD administration (1ml/nostril) also delivered a high proportion of the dose to the lungs, albeit concentrated in a small area. After MAD administration of influenza virus, antigen specific T cells were found at high frequency in nasal turbinates, trachea, broncho-alveolar lavage, lungs, tracheobronchial nodes, and blood. Anti-influenza antibodies were detected in serum, BAL and nasal swabs. We conclude that the pig is useful for investigating optimal targeting of vaccines to the respiratory tract.

Microbiological assessment of sheep lymph nodes with lymphadenitis found during post-mortem examination of slaughtered sheep: implications for veterinary-sanitary meat control

BackgroundMicrobiological examination of lesions found in slaughtered animals during meat inspection is an important part of public health protection as such lesions may be due to zoonotic agents that can be transmitted by meat. Examination of inflamed lymph nodes also plays a particular important role, as lymphadenitis may reflect a more widespread infection. Such lesions in sheep are mainly caused by pyogenic bacteria but also mycobacteria are occasionally found. Meat inspection data from 2017 to 2018 from southern Poland, especially from the Małopolska region, indicate that purulent or caseous lymphadenitis involving the mediastinal and tracheobronchial lymph nodes (MTLNs) is a common finding. The primary aim of the current study was to determine the aetiology of these lesions. Furthermore, it was investigated how presence of lesions was correlated with age and grazing strategy of affected sheep.ResultsPost-mortem examination revealed purulent or caseous lymphadenitis in the MTLNs of 49 out of 284 animals (17.3%). Subsequent microbiological examination revealed the presence of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (34.7%), Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (34.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (8.2%), Enterococcus spp. (2.0%), Trueperella pyogenes (2.0%), and β-haemolytic strains of Escherichia coli (2.0%). Mycobacterium spp. and Rhodococcus equi were not detected. In older sheep, the probability of the presence of purulent or caseous lymphadenitis was higher than in younger, and the risk was increasing by 1.5% with each month of life. Sheep grazing locally had 4.5-times greater risk of having purulent or caseous lymphadenitis than individuals summer grazing in the mountains.ConclusionThe most common aetiological agents of purulent or caseous lymphadenitis in the MTLNs of sheep in the Małopolska region were C. pseudotuberculosis and S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis. Particular attention during post-mortem examination should be paid to the carcasses of older sheep and sheep grazing on permanent pastures, as they seem more prone to develop purulent or caseous lymphadenitis.

Alpha- and gammaherpesviruses in stranded striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) from Spain: first molecular detection of gammaherpesvirus infection in central nervous system of odontocetes

BackgroundHerpesvirus infections in cetaceans have always been attributed to the Alphaherpesvirinae and Gammaherpesvirinae subfamilies. To date, gammaherpesviruses have not been reported in the central nervous system of odontocetes.Case presentationA mass stranding of 14 striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) occurred in Cantabria (Spain) on 18th May 2019. Tissue samples were collected and tested for herpesvirus using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and for cetacean morbillivirus using reverse transcription-PCR. Cetacean morbillivirus was not detected in any of the animals, while gammaherpesvirus was detected in nine male and one female dolphins. Three of these males were coinfected by alphaherpesviruses. Alphaherpesvirus sequences were detected in the cerebrum, spinal cord and tracheobronchial lymph node, while gammaherpesvirus sequences were detected in the cerebrum, cerebellum, spinal cord, pharyngeal tonsils, mesenteric lymph node, tracheobronchial lymph node, lung, skin and penile mucosa. Macroscopic and histopathological post-mortem examinations did not unveil the potential cause of the mass stranding event or any evidence of severe infectious disease in the dolphins. The only observed lesions that may be associated with herpesvirus were three cases of balanitis and one penile papilloma.ConclusionsTo the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of gammaherpesvirus infection in the central nervous system of odontocete cetaceans. This raises new questions for future studies about how gammaherpesviruses reach the central nervous system and how infection manifests clinically.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. tuberculosis infection in two captive black capuchins (Sapajus nigritus) in Southern Brazil.

Tuberculosis is a common zooanthroponosis in humans with a high incidence in Brazil, but it may also affect non-human primates (NHPs), of which Old World primates are most commonly involved. Nonetheless, its occurrence in New World primates is unknown, and therefore, this study aimed to describe the infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis variant tuberculosis in two captive black capuchin monkeys (Sapajus nigritus) in Southern Brazil. The primates were housed in the same enclosure, wherein close contact with humans frequently occurred, and presented apathy, anorexia, and death in a clinical course of 15days to 2months. At the necropsy, the tracheobronchial lymph nodes were markedly enlarged and firm to hard and on the cut surface had a caseous aspect. The lungs exhibited two injury patterns: multifocal and disseminated. Microscopically, the lungs exhibited multifocal to coalescing necrotic granulomas and non-necrotic granulomas, with multiple acid-fast bacilli within the cytoplasm of epithelioid macrophages and multinucleated giant cells. Bacilli were also labeled upon immunohistochemistry (IHC) for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbiological culture of lung samples from both cases yielded colonies compatible with M. tuberculosis. The isolates were identified as M. tuberculosis var. tuberculosis through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Although tuberculosis is poorly described in New World primates, M. tuberculosis var. tuberculosis may cause a highly contagious and progressive disease with high mortality in black capuchin monkeys (S. nigritus).

Lesions of Mycobacterium avium spp. hominissuis Infection Resembling M. bovis Lesions in a Wild Mule Deer, Canada1.

We used molecular analyses to confirm Mycobacterium avium spp. hominissuis infection in lung granulomas and pyogranulomas in the tracheobronchial lymph node in a wild mule deer in Banff, Canada. These lesions are similar to those found in M. bovis–infected animals, emphasizing the critical need for disease surveillance in wildlife populations.

SAT-493 A Case of Profound Hypothyroidism Secondary to Immune Check Point Inhibitors

Background: The discovery of immune check-point inhibitors (ICI) revolutionized cancer treatment. CTLA-4, anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies have been approved in recent years. However, the advantageous clinical outcomes can also be associated with potentially severe immune related adverse effects (irAEs) such as hypophysitis, thyroiditis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and adrenal insufficiency [1]. We report to highlight the importance of awareness of irAEs and collaboration of endocrinology and oncology specialties in managing oncology patients with ICI in an underserved community hospital in Brooklyn, NY.Clinical case: 62 years old woman with unremarkable thyroid history presented with chronic mid-chest pain and dysphagia in 2016 found to have a mass in middle third of esophagus. Biopsies revealed invasive squamous cell carcinoma (T3N0). She underwent radiotherapy and esophagectomy.On 1/2018, surveillance imaging detected a new tracheobronchial angle lymph node, which was confirmed as hypermetabolic and likely malignant by PET scan. Patient received additional 5 cycles of radiotherapy followed with 5 cycles of chemotherapy with Oxaliplatin and Capecitabine. Since post-chemotherapy PET scan showed local recurrence, patient was started on PD1 inhibitor, Pembrolizumab 200 mg Q3 week. After 3 doses patient developed cold intolerance, weight gain and low mood. Her TSH was 173 uIU/ml (0.27-0.42), FT4 <0.1 ng/dL (0.9-1.8) and referred to endocrine clinic. Repeat TSH was 190 uIU/ml, FT4 0.2 ng/dL, TPOAbs 619 IU/ml (<35) and TSI<0.1 IU/L (<0.55). Adrenal insufficiency was ruled out and started on levothyroxine 50 mcg in the morning, increased to 75 mcg. After 2 months of levothyroxine use, TSH was 11.8 uIU/ml and FT4 1.3. Pembrolizumab therapy is restarted shortly after.Conclusion: National Comprehensive Cancer Network guideline for management of immunotherapy related toxicities recommends routine monitoring of TSH and FT4 at baseline and every 4-6 weeks during immunotherapy, follow up every 12 weeks and TPO antibodies if TSH is high. This patient’s clinical symptoms of hypothyroidism might be confused by nonspecific symptoms of underlying malignancy. Combination radiotherapy and immunotherapy place this patient at higher risk of developing hypothyroidism. This case showed the successful collaboration of endocrinology and oncology team in giving vulnerable patient an optimized care with good clinical outcome.

Poly(I:C) augments inactivated influenza virus-chitosan nanovaccine induced cell mediated immune response in pigs vaccinated intranasally

To improve the innate and adaptive immune responses elicited by a killed/inactivated swine influenza virus antigen (KAg)-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs-KAg), we used the adjuvant, poly(I:C). The formulated CS NPs-KAg and CS NPs-poly(I:C) had a net surface charge of +30.7 mV and +25.1 mV, respectively. The CS NPs-KAg was coadministered with CS NPs-poly(I:C) (chitosan nanovaccine) as intranasal mist. Vaccinations enhanced homologous (H1N2-OH10) and heterologous (H1N1-OH7) hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers in both vaccinated and virus-challenged animals compared to the control soluble poly(I:C) vaccinated pigs. In addition, the chitosan nanovaccine induced the proliferation of antigen-specific IFNγ secreting T-helper/memory and γδ T cells compared to control poly(I:C) group; and an increased Th1 (IFNγ, IL-6 and IL-2) and Th2 (IL-10 and IL-13) cytokines mRNA expression in the tracheobronchial lymph nodes compared to lymphoid tissues obtained from pigs given commercial influenza vaccine. The virus load in nasal passages and microscopic lung lesions were partially reduced by both chitosan nanovaccine and commercial vaccine. The HA gene homology between the vaccine and challenge viruses indicated that the chitosan nanovaccine induced a cross-protective immune response. In conclusion, coadministration of CS NPs-poly(I:C) with CS NPs-KAg augmented the cross-reactive specific HI titers and the cell-mediated immune responses in pigs.

Comparison of the Transcriptome Response within the Swine Tracheobronchial Lymphnode Following Infection with PRRSV, PCV-2 or IAV-S.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a major respiratory pathogen of swine that has become extremely costly to the swine industry worldwide, often causing losses in production and animal life due to their ease of spread. However, the intracellular changes that occur in pigs following viral respiratory infections are still scantily understood for PRRSV, as well as other viral respiratory infections. The aim of this study was to acquire a better understanding of the PRRS disease by comparing gene expression changes that occur in tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN) of pigs infected with either porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2), or swine influenza A virus (IAV-S) infections. The study identified and compared gene expression changes in the TBLN of 80 pigs following infection by PRRSV, PCV-2, IAV-S, or sham inoculation. Total RNA was pooled for each group and time-point (1, 3, 6, and 14 dpi) to make 16 libraries—analyses are by Digital Gene Expression Tag Profiling (DGETP). The data underwent standard filtering to generate a list of sequence tag raw counts that were then analyzed using multidimensional and differential expression statistical tests. The results showed that PRRSV, IAV-S and PCV-2 viral infections followed a clinical course in the pigs typical of experimental infection of young pigs with these viruses. Gene expression results echoed this course, as well as uncovered genes related to intersecting and unique host immune responses to the three viruses. By testing and observing the host response to other respiratory viruses, our study has elucidated similarities and differences that can assist in the development of vaccines and therapeutics that shorten or prevent a chronic PRRSV infection.

A CYTOLOGICAL STUDY OF IMPRINT SMEARS (TOUCH PREPARATION CYTOLOGY) TO EVALUATE THE TOXICITY OF METAL-CONTAINING NANOPARTICLES IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS

Introduction. Touch preparation cytology is a well-known technique widely used in clinical practice. It can be also applied for an express assessment of cyto-morphological effects of metal-containing nanoparticles in experimental animals. Material and methods. We’ve studied 144 imprint smears (of the liver, kidneys, lungs, tracheobronchial and mesenteric lymph nodes) taken from 52 rats, weighed 280-300 g, aged 3.5 months. This was done following a subchronic intraperitoneal administration of TiO2, Al2O3, and SiO2 nanoparticles, in a range of doses, and a subacute (5-times) inhalational exposure to 1 mg/m3 NiO NPs. Leishman stain was used. Cytological markers were studied at х100/х1000 magnification, using a Carl Zeiss Primo Star microscope, with a USCMOS camera for visualization. The count was done for every 200 cells of lung, liver and kidney specimens and for every 100 cells of lymph node tissue. The differences between the group means (in case of quantitative results) were analyzed using a Student’s t-test. The differences between the group means were considered statistically significant if the probability of those differences being accidental didn’t exceed 5% (р &lt; 0,05). Results. We report the principal results obtained in a cytological study of imprint smears (touch preparations) of rat organs following the exposure to metal-containing nanoparticles. The main types of cellular responses were determined. Degenerative and dystrophic changes were observed in touch preparations of the liver, kidneys, and lungs following administration of nanoparticles in a range of doses and by various routes of exposure. Hyperergic inflammatory responses were seen upon the exposure to nickel oxide nanoparticles. A local cellular immune response was observed as an increase of macrophage percentage in imprint smears of some organs. Conclusion. The use of touch preparation cytology together with histological examination of tissue specimens expand opportunities for a more relevant morphological and quantitative analysis when studying the toxic effects of metal-containing nanoparticles.

Computed tomography of thoracic lymph nodes in 100 dogs with no abnormalities in the dominated area.

In dogs, reports on thoracic lymph nodes are lacking compared to abdominal lymph nodes. This report analyzed the position, number, size, shape, and homogeneity of thoracic lymph nodes (cranial sternal, cranial mediastinal, tracheobronchial, aortic thoracic, and pulmonary lymph nodes) using thoracic computed tomography (CT) images of 100 dogs without any lesions in the dominated areas of thoracic lymph nodes. The position and number of intrathoracic lymph nodes could be observed in CT, consistent with macroscopic anatomical studies. It was difficult to set a clinical index associated with size using CT scans. Image findings that indicated abnormalities, such as circular shapes and non-uniform, may be routinely found in dogs and may not be considered abnormal on CT scans.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ЦИТОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО МЕТОДА ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ МАЗКОВ У ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫХ ЖИВОТНЫХ ДЛЯ ОЦЕНКИ ТОКСИЧЕСКОГО ДЕЙСТВИЯ МЕТАЛЛОСОДЕРЖАЩИХ НАНОЧАСТИЦ

Introduction. Touch preparation cytology is a well-known technique widely used in clinical practice. It can be also applied for an express assessment of cyto-morphological effects of metal-containing nanoparticles in experimental animals. Material and methods. We’ve studied 144 imprint smears (of the liver, kidneys, lungs, tracheobronchial and mesenteric lymph nodes) taken from 52 rats, weighed 280-300 g, aged 3.5 months. This was done following a subchronic intraperitoneal administration of TiO2, Al2O3, and SiO2 nanoparticles, in a range of doses, and a subacute (5-times) inhalational exposure to 1 mg/m 3 NiO NPs. Leishman stain was used. Cytological markers were studied at х100/х1000 magnification, using a Carl Zeiss Primo Star microscope, with a USCMOS camera for visualization. The count was done for every 200 cells of lung, liver and kidney specimens and for every 100 cells of lymph node tissue. The differences between the group means (in case of quantitative results) were analyzed using a Student’s t-test. The differences between the group means were considered statistically significant if the probability of those differences being accidental didn’t exceed 5% (р < 0,05). Results. We report the principal results obtained in a cytological study of imprint smears (touch preparations) of rat organs following the exposure to metal-containing nanoparticles. The main types of cellular responses were determined. Degenerative and dystrophic changes were observed in touch preparations of the liver, kidneys, and lungs following administration of nanoparticles in a range of doses and by various routes of exposure. Hyperergic inflammatory responses were seen upon the exposure to nickel oxide nanoparticles. A local cellular immune response was observed as an increase of macrophage percentage in imprint smears of some organs. Conclusion. The use of touch preparation cytology together with histological examination of tissue specimens expand opportunities for a more relevant morphological and quantitative analysis when studying the toxic effects of metal-containing nanoparticles.

Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of Seasonal Human Live Attenuated Cold-Adapted Influenza Virus Vaccine in Pigs.

Influenza A virus infection is a global health threat to livestock and humans, causing substantial mortality and morbidity. As both pigs and humans are readily infected with influenza viruses of similar subtype, the pig is a robust and appropriate model for investigating swine and human disease. We evaluated the efficacy of the human cold-adapted 2017–2018 quadrivalent seasonal LAIV in pigs against H1N1pdm09 challenge. LAIV immunized animals showed significantly reduced viral load in nasal swabs. There was limited replication of the H1N1 component of the vaccine in the nose, a limited response to H1N1 in the lung lymph nodes and a low H1N1 serum neutralizing titer. In contrast there was better replication of the H3N2 component of the LAIV, accompanied by a stronger response to H3N2 in the tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN). Our data demonstrates that a single administration of human quadrivalent LAIV shows limited replication in the nose and induces detectable responses to the H1N1 and H3N2 components. These data suggest that pigs may be a useful model for assessing LAIV against influenza A viruses.

Prevalence and pathological lesions of bovine tuberculosis assessment through routine procedures of meat inspection in infected cattle in Karachi metropolitan corporation abattoirs

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis is one of the most important zoonotic disease that poses huge economic losses in livestock population worldwide. A cross sectional study was therefore designed to investigate its prevalence and efficacy of meat inspection procedures for its detection in slaughtered cattle at two abattoirs of Karachi. A total 2000 were examined during March 2015 to September 2016 in which 943 animals were found suspected for bTB and necropsied from which 1170 organ samples were collected. The data collected was analyzed using Chi-square test. Results of regular and complete examination revealed that 8.12% organ samples had positive lesions of tuberculosis. The highest frequency of lesions were observed in lungs and its associated lymphnodes (64%) i.e. mediastinal lymphnodes (27%), tracheobronchial lymphnodes (26%), lungs (11%) respectively. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in prevalence of bTB amongst sex of cattle. Females were found at high risk of bTB. It was concluded from the results that however bTB is highly prevalent in cattle and sensitivity of inspection protocols may influence reporting positive cases. Thus it is suggested that more advanced and sensitive methods should be used for screening of tuberculosis in cattle population. Keywords: Bovine tuberculosis; Meat inspection; Prevalence and Pathological lesions http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2019.80134