Erosion Traces Research Articles

Increasing the reliability of pump components

Gray cast iron used for the components of the flow part of pumps for water sprinkling machines has unsatisfactory durability and has lead to breakdowns. The wear resistance of the components was increased by heat-treating the cast iron to improve the initial structure. Investigations of the comparative wear resistance of various specimens were made and the results are presented in this paper. The accepted coatings, all of which were found to be water resistant, without scaling or traces of erosion observed, are now being verified under pilot-plant conditions.

On the Last Elevation of the Alps; with Notices of the Heights at which the Sea has left Traces of its Action on their Sides

In the following pages I have attempted to show, that, after the Alps had assumed their present form, and when they already stood as much above the surrounding lowlands as at present, they must have been nearly submerged below the sea, out of which their rise must have been, by a series of steps or starts of unequal amount, separated by long intervals of time. The evidence on which these views rest is derived from three sources; 1st, from the traces of erosion on the sides of the mountains, ending upwards in lines of uniform level; 2ndly, from the levels to which the valleys have been excavated; 3rdly, from the elevation of the terraces of alluvium in the valleys; and lastly, from the harmony of the results obtained from these three sets of observations, when compared together.