Trace Mineral Concentrations Research Articles

Comparison of organic and inorganic microminerals in all plant diets for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the production performance of all male Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed diets supplemented with increasing levels of trace mineral premixes (copper, selenium, zinc, iron, manganese) from inorganic (I) and organic (O) sources. A practical trace mineral basal diet was developed using only plant ingredients. Nine experimental diets were prepared from the basal formula by adding graded levels of inorganic or organic trace mineral premixes to deliver 0 (control diet), 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 or 4.0 times the micromineral requirement for tilapia as stated in the NRC (2011). Juvenile Nile tilapia (initial weight 7.13 ± 0.24 g) were randomly stocked into 50-L aquaria at 25 fish per aquarium. Each of the nine treatments was replicated five times except treatment 8 (I-4) with four replicates. According to the results of our study, there were no significant effects of trace mineral premix levels and sources on the growth performance, survival rate and whole body proximate composition of Nile tilapia (P > .05). However, the trace mineral concentrations in the whole body and fillet were significantly influenced by the dietary levels of premixes. With the exception of selenium, there were no major differences in the micromineral contents in the fillet between fish fed the organic or inorganic sources of microminerals. Fish fed diets with organic selenium (Selplex, Alltech®) had significantly higher selenium levels in the fillet with the adjusted mean of 0.0191 mg/100 g fillet compared to 0.0161 mg/100 g in fish fed inorganic selenium (Na-Selenite).

Evaluation of oxidative stress and antioxidant status, serum trace mineral levels and cholinesterases activity in cattle infected with Anaplasma marginale

This study was undertaken to assess the influence of an Anaplasma marginale infection on oxidative stress and antioxidant status, trace elements and cholinesterase as markers of the inflammatory process and biomarkers of oxidative imbalance. An infected group comprised of 35 crossbred Holstein cattle, about 2–3 years old, naturally infected with Anaplasma marginale, were divided into 4 subgroups according to their parasitemia rates (<1%, 1–10%, 10–20%, >20%) and also 10 healthy cattle as control were selected. Blood samples were taken and hematological parameters, activities of antioxidant enzymes including erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), median corpuscularfragility (MCF) as well as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and serum concentrations of antioxidant trace minerals (copper, iron, zinc, manganese, and selenium) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) were determined. In addition, as an index of lipid peroxidation, the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured. The results revealed a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in RBC count, packed cell volume (PCV) and Hb concentration as well as the activities of erythrocyte GSH-Px, SOD, CAT, G6PD, TAC, MCF and AChE and serum concentrations of Cu, Zn, Mn, Se and BchE in the infected cattle. In contrast, significantly increased (P < 0.05) levels of MDA and erythrocyte osmotic fragility as well as serum concentration of iron were recorded in the infected animals. The significant decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities and substantial elevated levels of lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte osmotic fragility associated with the notable increase in parasitemia indicate increased exposure of RBCs to oxidative damage. Furthermore, decrease of cholinesterase in infection by A. marginale can and directly or indirectly lead to increase acetylcholine levels potent anti-inflammatory molecules, thereby inhibiting inflammation.

Copper and zinc sources and levels of zinc inclusion influence growth performance, tissue trace mineral content, and carcass yield of broiler chickens.

ABSTRACTA 35-d experiment was conducted in broilers to study the effect of supplementation of sulfate or hydroxychloride forms of Zn and Cu at 2 supplemental Zn levels on growth performance, meat yield, and tissue levels of Zn. On day 0, 900 male Ross 308 broiler chicks (45 ± 1.10 g) were allocated to 4 treatments in a randomized complete block design and 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The factors were 2 sources (sulfate or hydroxychloride) of Zn and Cu and 2 levels (low or high) of Zn. The Zn sources were zinc sulfate monohydrate (ZSM) or hydroxychloride Zn. Copper sources were copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate or hydroxychloride Cu. Each of the 4 treatments had 15 replicates and 15 birds per replicate. Birds were weighed on days 0, 21, and 35 for growth performance. On day 35, left tibia bone, liver, and blood were collected from 4 randomly selected birds per pen. In addition, 7 birds per pen were used for carcass evaluation. There was no significant source × level interaction on any of the growth performance response. Broiler chickens receiving hydroxychloride Zn and Cu had greater (P < 0.05) gain: feed, whereas broiler chickens receiving lower Zn level had greater (P < 0.01) weight gain. There was no source × level interaction on meat yield. Broiler chickens receiving hydroxychloride Zn and Cu had greater (P < 0.05) % breast yield than those receiving sulfate Zn and Cu. Higher level of Zn, irrespective of source, produced greater (P < 0.01) tibia and plasma Zn levels, whereas liver Cu was greater (P < 0.05) in broiler chickens receiving hydroxychloride Zn and Cu. It was concluded that hydroxychloride Zn and Cu were more efficacious than sulfate Zn and Cu in promoting growth performance and enhancing meat yield in the current study.

Effects of Spirulina platensis microalgae on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory factors in diabetic rats.

ObjectivesLipid peroxidation and hyperglycemia are common signs for diabetes. Natural antioxidants such as Spirulina platensis microalgae (SPM) may prevent lipid peroxidation and hyperglycemia. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of SPM on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory in diabetic rats.Materials and methodsSixty-four rats were divided into eight groups (n=8) and orally treated with 0, 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg body weight of SPM extract. Experimental groups included diabetic rats fed with 0 (DC), 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg SPM. Healthy rats were treated with 0 mg/kg SPM (HC), 10 mg/kg SPM, 20 mg/kg SPM and 30 mg/kg SPM. At the end of the trial, blood samples were collected and the plasma concentrations of trace minerals (TMs), biochemical parameters, and antioxidant enzymes in liver were evaluated. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and IL-6 (interleukin-6) were evaluated.ResultsOur findings showed that diabetes significantly lowered the plasma concentration of TMs and antioxidant enzymes in liver and also increased the levels of malondialdehyde, glucose, lipid profile, AST, ALT, TNF-α and IL-6 (DC vs HC). However, an oral supplement of SPM (20 and 30 mg/kg body weight) lowered levels of malondialdehyde level, glucose, lipid parameters, AST, ALT, TNF-α and IL-6. The same levels increased the plasma contents of zinc, iron, copper and selenium and activity of antioxidant enzymes (P<0.05).ConclusionIt can be concluded that diabetes decreases TM concentration and antioxidant enzymes and also increases lipid profile, glucose, AST, ALT, TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations. Inclusion of SPM supplementing (20 and 30 mg/kg body weight) increased some TMs and antioxidant enzymes. SPM may provide TMs for synthesis of antioxidant enzymes which subsequently reduce lipid profile, glucose concentration and anti-inflammatory responses.

247 Long-Term Effects of Dietary Source and Level of Copper on Reproductive Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Milk Composition, and Tissue Trace Mineral Concentrations of Sows.

247 Long-Term Effects of Dietary Source and Level of Copper on Reproductive Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Milk Composition, and Tissue Trace Mineral Concentrations of Sows.

Oxidative stress and imbalance of serum trace mineral metabolism contribute to bovine respiratory disease in dairy calves

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most common infectious cause of clinical disease and death in young calves. The study was undertaken to scrutinize a relationship between tissue damage by oxidative stress, concentrations of serum trace minerals and clinical status of calves during BRD. The method of clinical scoring and thoracic auscultation were used to screen and select infected calves. In this study, comparison of lipid peroxides (LPO), antioxidant enzymes and serum trace minerals was done between BRD infected and healthy subjects (18 calves in each group). The infected group was further divided into 3 subgroups according to clinical scores (CS) (5,6,7). The blood LPO levels were significantly higher in BRD infected calves. The antioxidative activities of superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, catalase and serum uric acid were significantly lower in BRD infected calves. The concentrations of trace minerals (copper, zinc, selenium) were significantly reduced during BRD. All hematobiochemical parameters varied proportionately with the CS of infected calves. These findings demonstrated simultaneous occurrence of increased oxidative stress and depletion of antioxidative trace minerals during BRD in calves. A strong correlation exists between severity of oxidative stress and CS of calves.

113 Effects of Bismuth Subsalicylate and Calcium-Ammonium Nitrate on Liver Mineral Concentration and Performance of Growing Beef Heifers.

To evaluate the effects of bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) and encapsulated calcium-ammonium nitrate (eCAN) on performance and liver mineral concentration of growing cattle, 75 Bos taurus × Bos indicus heifers (279 ± 57 kg of initial BW; 15.6 ± 4.1 mo of age) were used in an incomplete randomized block design with a 2 × 2 + 1 arrangement of treatments. The experiment consisted of a 28-d adaptation period followed by a 56-d data collection period in which heifers were weighed every 14 d. Heifers were stratified, blocked by weight, and allotted to 25 dormant bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) pastures where they received 1.07 kg/heifer/d of molasses and ad libitum access to bahiagrass hay. Pastures were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatments: NCTRL (no added NPN or BSS), U (urea supplemented at 182 mg/kg of BW), NIT (eCAN supplemented at 350 mg/kg of BW), UB (urea supplemented at 182 mg/kg of BW and BSS supplemented at 58.4 mg/kg of BW) and NITB (eCAN supplemented at 350 mg/kg of BW and BSS supplemented at 58.4 mg/kg of BW). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with pasture as the experimental unit. Contrasts were used to determine: effect of NCTRL vs. all other treatments (N); source of NPN (NS); effect of BSS (B); and the interaction between NPN source and BSS (B×NS). Final BW was not affected by N (P = 0.470), NS (P = 0.384), or B (P = 0.600); however, there was a B×NS interaction (P = 0.048) where NITB heifers had lesser BW compared with UB heifers. There was no effect of N, NS, B, or B×NS for ADG measured within any time points (P > 0.05). For carcass ultrasound measurements, there was no effect (P > 0.05) of N, NS, or B on LM area; however, a B×NS interaction (P = 0.001) was observed for 12th-rib fat thickness where NITB heifers had less back-fat compared with UB heifers on d 56. Concentration of minerals in the liver was not affected by NS (P > 0.05). No B×NS interactions (P = 0.05) were observed affecting liver mineral concentration; however, the addition of BSS decreased liver concentration of Cu (P = 0.002). In conclusion, the addition of eCAN did not affect performance of growing heifers unless it was provided in combination with BSS, which may decrease growth performance. Furthermore, BSS may negatively affect trace mineral concentrations in the liver.

Effect of varying trace mineral supplementation of steers with or without hormone implants on growth and carcass characteristics.

To determine the effects of trace mineral (TM) supplementation and hormone implant strategy on growth and carcass characteristics of cattle, 72 Angus-cross steers (388 ± 17 kg) were blocked by body weight (six steers per pen) to a 2 × 3 factorial. Factors included growth-stimulating implant (GS): day 0 with Component TE-IS, reimplanted day 56 with Component TE-200 (IMP) or no implant (NoIMP), and TM supplementation (TM): no supplemental TM (CON), TM supplemented at national (NASEM, 2016). Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. 8th ed. Washington, DC: The National Academics Press) recommendations of 10 Cu, 30 Zn, 20 Mn, 0.10 Se, 0.15 Co, and 0.50 I (mg/kg; REC), or TM supplemented at feedlot consultant recommendations of 20 Cu, 100 Zn, 50 Mn, 0.30 Se, 0.20 Co, and 0.50 I (mg/kg; IND). Steers received a finishing diet for 124 d in GrowSafe bunks and were harvested on day 125. Data were analyzed in SAS as a 2 × 3 factorial with steer as the experimental unit (n = 12 per combination). Day -7 liver trace mineral concentrations were used as a covariate in analysis. There were no GS × TM effects for liver Zn, Mn, Se, or Co (P ≥ 0.11) on day 70 or 125. Implanted steers had lesser liver Cu and Mn on day 70 (P ≤ 0.05) and day 125 compared with NoIMP. There was a GS × TM interaction for liver Cu on day 125 (P = 0.05) where IMP/REC, IMP/IND, and NoIMP/REC had greater liver Cu than NoIMP/CON, which had greater liver Cu than IMP/CON. There was a TM effect for liver Cu on day 70 (P < 0.01) with IND having greater liver Cu than REC and CON. There was a TM effect (P ≤ 0.01) for liver Mn and Se on day 70 where IND had greater Mn and Se than CON, with REC being intermediate. There was a TM effect (P < 0.01) on liver Mn on day 125 where IND had greater liver Mn than CON and greater (P < 0.01) liver Se than CON and REC on day 125, whereas day 125 liver Se was greater in REC vs. CON. Implanted steers had greater (P < 0.01) dry matter intake (DMI), final body weight (BW), overall average daily gain (ADG), G:F, and hot carcass weight (HCW) than NoIMP. Overall DMI was affected by TM (P < 0.01) with REC and IND being greater than CON. There was a TM effect for carcass-adjusted final BW, ADG, and DMI (P ≥ 0.03) and a tendency for TM to affect adjusted G:F (P = 0.07). There was a TM effect (P = 0.03) for HCW where IND was greater than CON and REC. There was a GS × TM (P = 0.02) for ribeye area (REA); within IMP, CON were greater than IND, whereas REC were intermediate while NoIMP had smaller REA, regardless of TM supplementation. Additional research is needed to better determine trace mineral requirements of finishing beef steers for optimal performance.

Evaluation of trace element status of organic dairy cattle

The present study aimed to evaluate trace mineral status of organic dairy herds in northern Spain and the sources of minerals in different types of feed. Blood samples from organic and conventional dairy cattle and feed samples from the respective farms were analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to determine the concentrations of the essential trace elements (cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), iodine (I), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn)) and toxic trace elements (arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb)). Overall, no differences between organic and conventional farms were detected in serum concentrations of essential and toxic trace elements (except for higher concentrations of Cd on the organic farms), although a high level of inter-farm variation was detected in the organic systems, indicating that organic production greatly depends on the specific local conditions. The dietary concentrations of the essential trace elements I, Cu, Se and Zn were significantly higher in the conventional than in the organic systems, which can be attributed to the high concentration of these minerals in the concentrate feed. No differences in the concentrations of trace minerals were found in the other types of feed. Multivariate chemometric analysis was conducted to determine the contribution of different feed sources to the trace element status of the cattle. Concentrate samples were mainly associated with Co, Cu, I, Se and Zn (i.e. with the elements supplemented in this type of feed). However, pasture and grass silage were associated with soil-derived elements (As, Cr, Fe and Pb) which cattle may thus ingest during grazing.

A3 Early Career Award Speaker: Interactions between trace minerals and growth promoting practices in beef cattle

Trace minerals (TM) are necessary to support optimum animal growth. While TM requirements to prevent deficiency were recently updated, the requirements of beef cattle to support optimal performance remain ill defined. Advancements in animal genetics and utilization of technologies to promote growth of feedlot cattle have dramatically advanced production efficiencies in the beef industry. Trace minerals (Co, Cu, Fe, I, Mn, Se and Zn) are integral in a variety of growth processes in the body, including supporting metalloproteins involved in DNA synthesis, collagen production, energy utilization and critical antioxidant enzymes. Over 80% of feedlot cattle are estimated to receive hormone implants to enhance growth and efficiency. Recently, we examined the effect of feeding no supplemental TM, TM supplemented at NRC recommendations, or TM supplemented at industry recommended concentrations (all inorganic sources), fed to Angus cross steers receiving no implant or implanted with Component TE-IS, followed by Component TE-200 on d 56. Harvested on d 124, HCW was, as expected, improved (P = 0.0001) by implant, but HCW was also improved by 15 kg (P = 0.01) in steers supplemented at industry TM concentrations vs. those receiving no supplemental TM. Additional work is needed to clarify the potentially greater need for TM in cattle receiving hormone implants. Introduction of beta adrenergic agonists revolutionized late stage finishing cattle performance, increasing feed efficiency, ADG, and often HCW of cattle. In a series of studies we have found that increasing supplementation of Zn (from a combination of inorganic and organic sources) to steers fed ractopamine hydrochloride increases cattle performance (ADG, feed efficiency, and HCW in some studies) during the ractopamine feeding period. Zinc is thought to inhibit breakdown of the intracellular signalling molecule, cAMP, perhaps potentiating the growth response. Alternately, demand for Zn and other TM may simply be greater due to increased growth rates. We recently found the retention of Zn and N to be positively correlated and that both ractopamine hydrochloride and Zn increase N retention in steers. It seems likely that growth enhancing technologies influence TM requirements of cattle, and further work is needed to determine TM requirements that optimize cattle performance and maximize producer profitability.

Component analysis of nutritionally rich chloroplasts: recovery from conventional and unconventional green plant species.

A study of the literature indicates that chloroplasts synthesise a range of molecules, many of which have nutritional value for humans, but the nutritional credentials of chloroplasts recovered from plant cells are not established. Chloroplast-rich-fractions (CRFs) were prepared from green plant species and the macro- and micro-nutrient composition compared with the whole leaf materials (WLMs). The results indicated that, on a dry weight basis, CRF material from a range of green biomass was enriched in lipids and proteins, and in a range of micronutrients compared with the WLM. Vitamins E, pro-vitamin A, and lutein were all greater in CRF preparations. Of the minerals, iron was most notably concentrated in CRF. Spinach CRFs possessed the highest α-tocopherol [62mg 100g-1, dry weight (DW)], β-carotene (336mg 100g-1DW) and lutein (341mg 100g-1DW) contents, whilst grass CRFs had the highest concentration of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (69.5mgg-1). The higher concentrations of α-tocopherol, β-carotene, lutein, ALA and trace minerals (Fe and Mn) in CRFs suggested their potential use as concentrated ingredients in food formulations deficient in these nutrients.

Relationship between the essential and toxic element concentrations and the proximate composition of different commercial and internal cuts of young beef

This paper seeks to evaluate the relationship between the trace element concentrations and the proximate composition of different cuts of young beef to provide helpful information to consumers in the selection of meat that could fit different nutritional requirements. Ten commercially cuts of young beef (rib boneless entrecote, tenderloin, eye round, thick flank, tail of rump, chuck tender, shin, upper chuck, flank and brisket) together with two internal muscles (diaphragm and cardiac muscle) from ten male Galician blonde calves aged approximately 9 months at slaughter and a carcass weight of 242 ± 2 kg were analyzed. A strong negative association between the main essential trace elements (Co, Cu, Fe, Mn and Se) and the protein concentration of the muscles was found, which could be related to the variable predominance of slow- or fast-twitch fibers in the different muscles. Since trace mineral concentrations in muscle are partly genetically determined and related to palatability traits, understanding the relationships between the trace element concentrations and the proximate composition could be a valuable tool for selective breeding of beef to improve the nutritional value of meat.

Intra-bone marrow injection of trace elements co-doped calcium phosphate microparticles for the treatment of osteoporotic rat.

Osteoporotic femur fractures are the most common fragility fracture and account for approximately one million injuries per year. Local intervention by intra-marrow injection is potentially a good choice for preventing osteoporotic bone loss when the osteoporotic femoral fracture was treated. Previously, it was shown that trace element co-doped calcium phosphate (teCaP) implants could stimulate osteoporotic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell activity in vitro and bone regeneration in femoral bone defects in osteoporotic animal models. They hypothesized that local intra-marrow injection of teCaP particles could improve bone function because the teCaP can sustain release of biologically essential inorganic minerals and improve bone remodeling in osteoporosis. The teCaP and CaP particles were synthesized in simulated body fluid with and without adding silicon, zinc and strontium ions. Female rats (8 months) were ovariectomized (OVX) or sham-operated, and then intervened in the femoral marrow space at 12 months old. Groups include: (1) saline water; (2) CaP particles; and (3) teCaP particles. After 2-3 months of intervention, the sham groups showed higher bone mineral density (MBD) in the femur, and teCaP group increased the BMD in the OVX groups. The compressive strength of the OVX-teCaP group was significantly higher than that in the OVX-CaP group. Significant differences between OVX-teCaP and OVX-CaP groups were found for bone mineral microarchitecture, bone mineral density, and trace mineral content, but not for feces composition. These results confirm the teCaP particles could suppress osteoporotic bone loss by local intramarrow injection. Therefore, this biomaterial could be used as a next-generation combination treatment for osteoporotic trauma and osteoporosis itself. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 1422-1432, 2017.

Effects of supplemental zinc, copper, and manganese concentration and source on performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot steers

ABSTRACT Feedlot diets are typically fortified with trace minerals because the basal diet contains inadequate concentrations of certain essential trace minerals or the basal diet may contain elevated concentrations of known trace mineral antagonists. Providing mineral sources that are more available to the animal may allow for lower supplemental inclusion rates to the diet. A total of 400 crossbred steers (initial BW 336 ± 9.6 kg) were used to investigate the effects of supplemental Zn, Cu, and Mn concentration and source on performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot steers fed a steam-flaked corn–based finishing diet for 145 or 159 d. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design. Steers were blocked by weight and randomly assigned within block to 1 of 5 treatments (8 pens per treatment; 10 steers per pen). Treatments consisted of (1) sulfate (90 mg of Zn/kg of DM from ZnSO4, 17.5 mg of Cu/kg of DM from CuSO4, 48 mg of Mn/kg of DM from MnSO4); (2) hydroxy trace minerals (HTM-1; 30 mg of Zn/kg of DM from Zn hydroxychloride, 10 mg of Cu/kg of DM from basic CuCl, 20 mg of Mn/kg of DM from Mn hydroxychloride); (3) HTM-2 (45 mg of Zn/kg of DM from Zn hydroxychloride, 12.5 mg of Cu/kg of DM from basic CuCl, 29.5 mg of Mn/kg of DM from Mn hydroxychloride); (4) HTM-3 (60 mg of Zn/kg of DM from Zn hydroxychloride, 15 mg of Cu/kg of DM from basic CuCl, 39 mg of Mn/kg of DM from Mn hydroxychloride); and (5) HTM-4 (90 mg of Zn/kg of DM from Zn hydroxychloride, 17.5 mg of Cu/kg of DM from basic CuCl, 48 mg of Mn/kg of DM from Mn hydroxychloride). Steers were individually weighed on d −1, 0, 55, and 112 and pen weighed on 2 consecutive days at the termination of the experiment. On d 112, 3 steers per pen were bled via jugular venipuncture. Equal numbers of pen replicates per treatment were transported to a commercial abattoir (d 145 and 159) and slaughtered, and individual carcass data and liver samples, from the same animals bled on d 112, were collected. Pen initial BW was used as a covariate in the statistical analysis, and significance was determined at P ≤ 0.05. No differences were observed for final BW (P ≥ 0.42). Overall ADG, DMI, and feed efficiency were similar across treatments. Hot carcass weight, DP, YG, longissimus muscle area, adjusted fat thickness, KPH, and marbling score were similar across treatments. Concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Mn in liver and blood samples were similar across treatments. These data indicate that under the conditions of this experiment, supplemental Zn, Cu, and Mn concentration and source had no effect on performance, mineral status, and carcass characteristics in feedlot steers.

Effects of zinc bearing palygorskite supplementation on the growth performance, hepatic mineral content, and antioxidant status of broilers at early age

ObjectiveThis study was conducted to investigate effects of zinc (Zn) bearing palygorskite (ZnPal) supplementation on growth performance, hepatic mineral content, and antioxidant status of broilers at early age.MethodsA total of 240 1-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chicks were allocated into 5 treatments with 6 replicates of 8 chicks each. Birds in 5 treatments were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 (Control group; Analyzed Zn content: 81 mg/kg), 20, 40, 60, and 80 mg/kg Zn as ZnPal for 21 days, respectively. Blood, liver and intestinal mucosa were collected at 21 days of age.ResultsTreatments did not affect growth performance of broilers during the 21-day study (p> 0.05). The contents of hepatic Zn and magnesium (Mg) were linearly increased (p<0.001) by ZnPal supplementation. ZnPal inclusion linearly (p = 0.007) reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in serum. The activity of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) in liver increased linearly (p = 0.001) with concentration of ZnPal in diet. ZnPal inclusion linearly (p = 0.036) and quadratically (p = 0.005) increased T-SOD activity, and linearly (p = 0.012) increased copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD) activity in jejunal mucosa. The maximum responses of hepatic and jejunal antioxidant enzymes activities (T-SOD and Cu/Zn SOD) were found when supplementing the basal diet with 60 mg/kg Zn as ZnPal. Furthermore, ZnPal supplementation quadratically (p = 0.001) increased Cu/Zn SOD activity in ileal mucosa, and its maximum activity was observed in the diet supplemented with 20 mg/kg Zn as ZnPal.ConclusionZnPal supplementation did not alter growth performance of broilers. Dietary ZnPal inclusion could increase concentrations of hepatic trace minerals (Zn and Mg) and inhibit lipid peroxidation by reducing serum MDA accumulation, with the optimal dosage of Zn from ZnPal being 80 mg/kg diet (analyzed Zn content in the diet: 165 mg/kg), and 60 mg/kg Zn as ZnPal (analyzed Zn content in the diet: 148 mg/kg) was the optimum dosage for broilers to achieve maximum antioxidant enzyme activities.

Effects of inorganic and chelated trace mineral (Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe) premixes in marine rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli (Hilgendorf), fed diets containing phytic acid

The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of trace mineral (Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe) premixes from inorganic and chelated (chelated to 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid or hydroxy analog of methionine; Mintrex™, Novus International Inc., St. Charles, MO, USA) sources, in rockfish, (Sebastes schlegeli). fed diets containing mineral inhibitor phytic acid. Seven isonitrogenous (46% crude protein/CP) and isocaloric (16.63 KJ available energy per g diet) semi-purified diets comprising of a Basal control and diets supplemented either with the inorganic (I) or chelated premix (M) at three different levels of 0.75 (I0.75/M0.75), 1.5 (I1.5/M1.5) and 3 (I3/M3) g kg−1 diets were formulated. Twenty-four fish averaging individual wet body weight of 9 ± 0.2 g (Mean ± SD) were fed one of the experimental diets in quadratic group for 16 weeks. Average weight gain (WG) of fish fed M3 was significantly higher than that of fish fed Basal control and I1.5 diets (P < 0.05). Whereas, data for the liver and whole body trace mineral contents showed a higher Cu and Zn saturation among fish fed M3 and M1.5 diets (P < 0.05). Furthermore, hepatic Cu-Zn super oxide dismutase (Cu-Zn SOD) activity was recorded to be highest for fish fed M3 diet. Whereas, hepatic thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) value was lowest in fish fed M3 diet (P < 0.05). Challenge test with E. tarda showed an improved disease resistance among the fish fed different levels of trace mineral premixes. Therefore, these results demonstrated a higher efficiency of chelated compared to inorganic source of trace mineral premixes in marine rockfish.

A survey of current feeding regimens for vitamins and trace minerals in the US swine industry

Objective: To describe added vitamin and trace-mineral concentrations used in the US swine industry for breeding and growing pigs. Materials and methods: A convenience sample survey of nutritionists from 18 US swine production systems representing approximately 2.3 million sows or 40% of the US sow herd was conducted to characterize added vitamin and trace-mineral concentrations in swine diets. Data were compiled by dietary phases to determine descriptive statistics. Nutrients evaluated were vitamins A, D, E, and K; biotin; choline; folic acid; niacin; pantothenic acid; pyridoxine; riboflavin; thiamin; vitamin B12; betaine; vitamin C; carnitine; copper; iodine; iron; manganese; selenium; zinc; cobalt; and chromium. Questions about supplementation of vitamin D from a cross-linked vitamin AD3 beadlet, potential use of natural (d-alpha-tocopherol) vitamin E as a source of vitamin E, and the use of chelated trace minerals were included. Results: Results indicated variation, but most vitamins and trace minerals were included at concentrations above the total dietary requirement estimates reported by the National Research Council (2012). Chelated sources for partial or complete supplementation of copper, manganese, or zinc ranged from none to 46% and none to 77% for chelated selenium across diet type. The chelated sources were more prevalent in breeding-herd and nursery-pig diets. Implications: Adding a margin of safety for vitamin and trace-mineral supplementation appears to be standard practice in US swine diets. This survey provides a baseline for supplementation rates of the vitamins and trace minerals used in the US swine industry.

0579 S survey of serum trace mineral concentrations in weaned Montana ram lambs

0579 S survey of serum trace mineral concentrations in weaned Montana ram lambs

The relationship between trace mineral concentrations of amniotic fluid with placenta traits in the pregnancy toxemia Ghezel ewes

ObjectiveThis study was conducted to investigate the trace mineral concentrations (Mg, Se, Zn, Cu and Fe) in amniotic fluid (AF) in 40 pregnancy toxemia Ghezel ewes at the time of parturition phase and its association with placental traits. MethodsAnimals were treated with controlled internal drug release for 14 d and injected 400 IU pregnant mare serum gonadotropin at the time of controlled internal drug release removal. After the detection of estrus by use of teaser rams, ewes were hand-mated. Ewes were classified as having subclinical pregnancy toxemia on the basis of beta-hydroxy butyrate (BHBA) results (BHBA > 0.86 mmol/L). ResultsThe overall mean AF traces of mineral concentrations were 3.13 ng/mL, 22.1 μg/dL, 134.7 μg/dL, 122.5 μg/dL and 166.6 μg/dL, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between placental efficiency and Zn concentration in AF ewes (r = 0.633, P < 0.01), while the relationship was significantly negative between total volume of amniotic fluid and Fe concentration in AF ewes (r = −0.717, P < 0.01). In this research, no relationship between Se, Mg and Cu trace minerals was observed in AF ewes with placental traits ewes. Results of laboratory analyses demonstrated no relationship between BHBA concentrations and placental traits (P > 0.01), except for placental weight (r = 0.808, P < 0.01). Also, no significant correlation was detected between BHBA with the above trace minerals. ConclusionsOverall, determinations of these trace minerals in the AF ewes could have been used to obtain information on nutritional and reproductive status for the diagnosis of pregnancy toxemia in Ghezel ewes.

Changes in concentrations of trace minerals in lambs fed sericea lespedeza leaf meal pellets with or without dietary sodium molybdate.

Prolonged feeding of sericea lespedeza (SL) previously led to reduced serum concentrations of Mo, a cofactor in an enzyme complex that may be involved in weight gain. The current objective was to determine the effect of Mo supplementation on changes in serum, fecal, urine, and liver concentrations of trace minerals in lambs fed SL leaf meal pellets. Thirty ram lambs weaned in May (84 ± 1.5 d of age and 27 ± 1.1 kg; D 0) were blocked by BW, breed type (full or three-fourths Katahdin), and EBV of parasite resistance and randomly assigned to be fed 900 g/d of an alfalfa-based supplement (CON; = 10) or a SL-based supplement ( = 20) for 103 d. Supplements were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric and to meet trace mineral requirements. Within the SL group, individual lambs were administered either 5 mL water or 5 mL of water with 163.3 mg of sodium molybdate (SLMO). Serum was collected on d 28, 56, and 104; a liver sample was collected by biopsy on d 104 to determine concentrations of trace minerals. Data were analyzed using a mixed model and orthogonal contrasts. Serum concentrations of Mo increased in response to the drench and were greatest in SLMO lambs and then CON lambs and lowest in SL lambs ( < 0.001). Concentrations of Mo in the liver ( < 0.001) were similar between CON and SLMO lambs and were lower in SL lambs than other groups. Serum ( < 0.001) and liver ( = 0.013) concentrations of zinc (Zn) were reduced in both SL and SLMO lambs compared with CON lambs. Serum concentrations of cobalt (Co) increased in CON lambs compared with SL and SLMO lambs between d 0 and 56 but were similar on d 104 (diet × day, < 0.005) as with concentrations in the liver. Serum and liver concentrations of copper (Cu) were greatest ( < 0.001 and < 0.001, respectively) in CON lambs followed by SL lambs and then SLMO lambs. Serum concentrations of selenium (Se) tended ( = 0.10) to be reduced in SL lambs compared with CON and SLMO lambs, but concentrations in the liver were reduced in SL lambs compared with CON lambs and even more so in SLMO lambs ( < 0.003). Although the dietary Mo did increase stores of Mo in the animal and reduced copper, trace minerals associated with metalloproteins-Mo, copper, selenium, and zinc-were reduced in the liver of SL- and/or SLMO-fed lambs. These reductions could be associated with the lower weight gains previously observed after prolonged feeding of SL.