Food Toxins Research Articles

An aptamer lateral flow assay for visual detection of Microcystins-LR residue in fish

Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) contamination in aquatic foods is a serious health threat to people. Here, a simple aptamer-based colorimetric lateral flow assay (LFA) was developed for on-site and visual detection of MC-LR for the first time. This detection system was designed on the basis of competition for Apt-A2C aptamer between MC-LR and its partial complementary sequence. Apt-A2C modified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were used as the signal reporter to realize the colorimetric readout by naked eyes, and the signal intensity of test line was inversely proportional to the concentration of MC-LR in the sample solution. Under optimized conditions, this aptamer-based LFA platform can visually detect MC-LR as low as 2.5 ng/mL with a linear range of 1–50 ng/mL, and an instrumental limit of detection of 0.84 ng/mL using a scanning strip reader. The whole assay can be finished within 5 min, starting from sample loading to color acquisition. The developed aptamer-based LFA was successfully applied in the detection of MC-LR in spiked fish tissue samples with the recovery rates ranged from 74.3% to 85.6%, and the results agreed well with those of tandem mass spectrometry. Besides, it had excellent selectivity toward MC-LR as the detection results were not affected by the potentially interfering molecules in real aquatic food matrix. Therefore, the LFA strip is an easy-to-use tool for instrument-free detection of MC-LR, and it can be applied to other toxins in aquatic foods with available aptamers.

Small NRPS-like enzymes in Aspergillus sections Flavi and Circumdati selectively form substituted pyrazinone metabolites.

Aspergillus fungi produce mycotoxins that are detrimental to human and animal health. Two sections of aspergilli are of particular importance to cereal food crops such as corn and barley. Aspergillus section Flavi species like A. flavus and A. parasiticus produce aflatoxins, while section Circumdati species like A. ochraceus and A. sclerotiorum produce ochratoxin A. Mitigating these toxins in food and feed is a critical and ongoing worldwide effort. We have previously investigated biosynthetic gene clusters in Aspergillus flavus that are linked to fungal virulence in corn. We found that one such cluster, asa, is responsible for the production of aspergillic acid, an iron-binding, hydroxamic acid-containing pyrazinone metabolite. Furthermore, we found that the asa gene cluster is present in many other aflatoxin- and ochratoxin-producing aspergilli. The core gene in the asa cluster encodes the small nonribosomal peptide synthetase-like (NRPS-like) protein AsaC. We have swapped the asaC ortholog from A. sclerotiorum into A. flavus, replacing its native copy, and have also cloned both asaC orthologs into Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We show that AsaC orthologs in section Flavi and section Circumdati, while only containing adenylation-thiolation-reductase (ATR) domains, can selectively biosynthesize distinct pyrazinone natural products: deoxyaspergillic acid and flavacol, respectively. Because pyrazinone natural products and the gene clusters responsible for their production are implicated in a variety of important microbe-host interactions, uncovering the function and selectivity of the enzymes involved could lead to strategies that ultimately benefit human health.

Graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets as promising candidates for the detection of hazardous contaminants of environmental and biological concern in aqueous matrices.

Monitoring of pollutant and toxic substances is essential for cleaner environment and healthy life. Sensing of various environmental contaminants and biomolecules such as heavy metals, pharmaceutics, toxic gases, volatile organic compounds, food toxins, and pathogens is of high importance to guaranty the good health and sustainable environment to community. In recent years, graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) has drawn a significantamount of interest as a sensor due to its large surface area and unique electrochemical properties, low bandgap energy, high thermal and chemical stability, facile synthesis, nontoxicity, and electron rich property. Furthermore, the binary and ternary nanocomposites of graphitic carbon nitride further enhance their performance as a sensor making it a cost effective, fast, and reliable gadget for the purpose, and opens a wide area of research. Numerous reviews addressing a variety of applications including photocatalytic energy conversion, photoelectrochemicaldetection, and hydrogen evolution of graphitic carbon nitride have been documented to date. But a lesser attention has been devoted to the mechanistic approaches towards sensing of variety of pollutants concerned with environmental and biological aspects. Herein, we present the sensing features of graphitic carbon nitride towards the detection of various analytes including toxic heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, phenolic compounds, nitroaromatic compounds, volatile organic molecules, toxic gases, and foodborne pathogens. This review will undoubtedly provide future insights for researchers working in the field of sensors, allowing them to investigate the intriguing graphitic carbon nitride material as a sensing platform that is comparable to several other nanomaterials documented in the literature. Therefore, we hope that this study could reveal some intriguing sensing properties of graphitic carbon nitride, which may help researchers better understand how it interacts with contaminants of environmental and biological concern. Graphitic carbon nitride Nanosheets as Promising Analytical Tool for Environmental and Biological Monitoring of Hazardous Substances.

Impacts of Cold Plasma Technology on Sensory, Nutritional and Safety Quality of Food: A Review.

As an emerging non-thermal food processing technology, cold plasma (CP) technology has been widely applied in food preservation due to its high efficiency, greenness and lack of chemical residues. Recent studies have indicated that CP technology also has an impressing effect on improving food quality. This review summarized the impact of CP on the functional composition and quality characteristics of various food products. CP technology can prevent the growth of spoilage microorganisms while maintaining the physical and chemical properties of the food. It can maintain the color, flavor and texture of food. CP can cause changes in protein structure and function, lipid oxidation, vitamin and monosaccharide degradation, starch modification and the retention of phenolic substances. Additionally, it also degrades allergens and toxins in food. In this review, the effects of CP on organoleptic properties, nutrient content, safety performance for food and the factors that cause these changes were concluded. This review also highlights the current application limitations and future development directions of CP technology in the food industry. This review enables us to more comprehensively understand the impacts of CP technology on food quality and promotes the healthy application of CP technology in the food industry.

Assessment of information as regards the toxicity of T-2 and HT-2 toxin for ruminants.

In 2011, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) adopted a Scientific Opinion on the risks for animal health related to the presence of T‐2 (T2) and HT‐2 (HT2) toxin in food and feed. No observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) and lowest observed adverse effect levels (LOAELs) were derived for different animal species. In ruminants a LOAEL was established for the sum of T2 and HT2 of 0.3 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day, based on studies with calves and lambs. The CONTAM Panel noted that the effects observed in nutritionally challenged heifers and ewes give rise to the assumption that rumen detoxification of T2 may not always be complete and therefore effective to prevent adverse effects in ruminants. However, the limited data on the effects of T2 on adult ruminants did not allow a conclusion. The European Commission requested EFSA to review the information regarding the toxicity of T2 and HT2 for ruminants and to revise, if necessary, the established Reference Point (RP). Adverse effect levels of 0.001 and 0.01 mg T2/kg bw per day for, respectively, sheep and cows, were derived from case studies, estimated to correspond to feed concentrations of 0.035 mg T2/kg for sheep and 0.6 mg T2/kg for cows. RPs for adverse animal health effects of 0.01 mg/kg feed for sheep and 0.2 mg/kg feed for cows were established. For goats, the RP for cows was selected, in the absence of data that they are more sensitive. Based on mean exposure estimates performed in the previous Opinion, the risk of adverse health effects of feeds containing T2 and HT2 was considered a concern for lactating sheep. For milking goats, a comparison performed between dietary exposure and the RP derived for cows, indicates a potential risk for adverse health effects. For dairy cows and fattening beef, the risk is considered low.

Congeners-Specific Intestinal Absorption Of Microcystins In An In Vitro 3D Human Intestinal Epithelium: The Role Of Influx/Efflux Transporters.

Microcystins constitute a group of over 200 variants and are increasingly considered as emerging toxins in food and feed safety, particularly with regards to sea-food and fish consumption. Toxicity of MCs is congener-specific, being characterised by different acute potencies, likely related to the differential activity of metabolic enzymes and transporters proteins involved in their cellular uptake. However, the active transport of MCs across intestinal membranes has not been fully elucidated. Our results, obtained using a fit for purpose 3D human reconstructed intestinal epithelium, provide new information on the complex mechanisms involved in the absorption of 5 MC variants’: it is indeed characterised by the equilibrium between uptake and extrusion, since the selected congeners are substrates of both influx and efflux proteins. In the range of tested nominal concentrations (10–40 µM) fully representative of relevant exposure scenarios, none of the active tested transporters were saturated. The comparison of permeability (Papp) values of MCs variants highlighted a dose independent relationship for MC-LR, -YR and -RR (Papp x 10–7 ranged from 2.95 to 3.54 cm/s), whereas -LW and–LF showed a dose dependent increase in permeability reaching Papp values which were similar to the other congeners at 40 µM. MC-RR, -LR, -YR show absorption values around 5% of the administered dose. Due to their lipophilicity, MC-LW and -LF were also detected within the cellular compartment. The intestinal uptake was only partially attributable to OATPs, suggesting the involvement of additional transporters. Regarding the efflux proteins, MCs are not P-gp substrates whereas MRP2 and to a lesser extent Breast cancer resistance protein are active in their extrusion. Despite the presence of GST proteins, as an indication of metabolic competence, in the intestinal tissue, MC-conjugates were never detected in our experimental settings.

Food Safety Issues Across the Food Chain and the Contaminants Involved

Variety of food contaminants, toxicants and adulterants have been found to be responsible for certain health challenges such as poor utilization of nutrients upon consuming contaminated foods which ultimately results in the deficiency of essential nutrients required by the body. Sequel to this, several food borne disease outbreaks and problems of ill health in humans and animals have gained wide international recognition. Majority of food contamination occurs through naturally occurring toxins and environmental pollutants or during processing, packaging, preparing, storage, and transportation of food. At normal levels of food consumption, there is little potential for toxicity from natural food toxins. Nevertheless, there is always the possibility of an idiosyncratic response of undetected contamination. As technology advances, the detection of such contaminants becomes easier. However, there are several contaminants that are still unknown. This review provides current insight on the effects elicited by food contaminants on the body’s ability to utilize nutrients upon consuming contaminated foods. Keywords: Contaminants, Nutrients, Health Hazards, Food, Toxicants, Health hazards. DOI: 10.7176/FSQM/118-04 Publication date: August 31 st 2022

The Deoxynivalenol Challenge.

This perspective examines four of the primary challenges that the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) presents to farmers, producers, and consumers. DON is one of the big five agriculturally important mycotoxins, resulting from Fusarium infection on grains, such as maize, barley, and wheat. In many countries, such as Canada, DON is the mycotoxin of principal concern because it can lead to major economic losses and stresses on food and feed security. The challenges discussed here include (1) understanding the different toxin profiles of Fusarium graminearum chemotypes/genotypes and the fate of these toxins upon interaction with the host crop, (2) the need for rapid analytical tests to measure DON and any masked or modified toxins in food and feed products, (3) DON exposure assessments in human populations to ensure health and safety, and (4) how contaminated food and feed products can be managed throughout the supply chain system. Despite decades of research, we are continuously learning new knowledge about DON and how best to manage it; however, there is still much work to be done. DON poses a very complex challenge that is being further exacerbated by climate change, evolving fungal populations, and the increased need for global food security.

Determination of trace metals in vegetables using ICP-MS

Determination of trace metals in vegetables using ICP-MS

Targeted ginkgo kernel biomass precursor using eco-friendly synthesis of efficient carbon quantum dots for detection of trace nitrite ions and cell imaging

• Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) is prepared based on hydrothermal approach using ginkgo kernels as the carbon source. • The CQDs exhibited the excellent selectivity and sensitivity for nitrites. • The CQDs can be successfully used to perform biological imaging in MCF7 cell. Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are useful in medical imaging and detection of toxins in food. In this work, efficient CQDs are prepared from ginkgo kernels by a hydrothermal reaction. The size distribution of the CQDs is both uniform and narrow, with an average particle diameter of 2.7 nm. We realise a quantum yield of 37.8% from our CQDs. Moreover, the CQDs have high selectivity and sensitivity to NO 2 − , with the linear ranges of 0.50–50 μmol/L, and its limit of detection is 0.15 μmol/L, this developed method was applied to detect NO 2 − in corn sausage, ham sausage, preserved Szechuan pickle, and hot dog, whose concentration of nitrite were further confirmed by high performance liquid chromatograph. Furthermore, the as-prepared CQDs not only have low toxicity and benign biocompatibility, but also display strong blue fluorescence. Therefore, the CQDs can be used for cell imaging of MCF7 cells. Our results indicate that the proposed CQDs based on ginkgo kernel biomass have great potential for cell imaging and NO 2 − detection.

Metal-Organic Frameworks-Based Sensors for the Detection of Toxins in Food: A Critical Mini-Review on the Applications and Mechanisms.

Using scientific technologies to detect toxins in food is significant to prevent food safety problems and protect people’s health. Recently, the rise of sensors has made rapid, efficient, and safe detection of food toxins possible. One of the key factors impacting the sensor’s performance is the nanomaterials employed. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), with high specific surface area, tunable composition, porous structure, and flexible properties, have aroused the interest of researchers. The applications of MOFs in detecting food toxins have seen remarkable success in the past few years. In this critical mini-review, the impact of various synthesis methods on MOFs’ properties is first presented. Then, the applications and mechanisms of MOFs-based sensors in detecting various toxins are summarized and analyzed. Finally, future perspectives, potential opportunities, and challenges in this field are discussed.

Role of Nanobiotechnology Towards Agri-Food System

The major challenge of modern agriculture is to satisfy actual and future global food demands efficiently. This great challenge requires combined efforts to preserve natural resources to support intensive agriculture while limiting detrimental impacts on the environment. One of these efforts is using nanobiotechnology. Nanobiotechnology is the application of nanotechnology in biological science. Nanotechnology is the science of manipulating materials at the nanoscale (1 nm = 10ˉ⁹ m). This review summarizes the potential of nanobiotechnology for its importance in increasing yield in agriculture and providing consumers with quality and contamination-free food. In the agriculture sector, nanobiotechnology is necessarily used as fertilizers (nanofertilizers) for crop yield improvement, pesticides (nanopesticides) for crop protection, and nanobiosensors for the detection of crop pathogens, soil conditions, and vegetation conditions, Similarly, intelligent food packaging, and detection of pathogens, adulterants, and toxins in food are its importance in the food sector.

Profiling of Bacillus cereus enterotoxigenic genes from retailed foods and detection of the nhe and hbl toxins with immunological assay

Bacillus cereus produces pore-forming toxins responsible for diarrhoea; therefore, rapidly detecting these toxins in food retailed for consumption is needed. The genomic DNA of 100 B. cereus isolates recovered from some retailed foods was extracted and used as a template for enterotoxin detection. The detection of genes of non-haemolyticnonhemolytic enterotoxin (nheA, nheB, nheC), hemolysin BL (hblA, hblC, hblD), entFM, cytK and bceT by the isolates was carried out with PCR using primers specific for the targeted genes, while the production of Nhe and Hbl enterotoxins in fifty of the randomly chosen isolates was detected with a Duopath Cereus Enterotoxin kit. Ninety-five percent of the isolates carried one or more components of the NHE complex, while 56% had one or more components of HBL. Sixteen out of the 100 isolates carried all the genes for NHE and HBL complex genes. The entFM, cytK and bceT genes were detected in 85%, 74% and 60% of B. cereus isolates, respectively. Starchy foods had the highest incidence of the HBL complex, while nheA and nheC occurred mostly in protein foods with 90% and 87% incidence, respectively. The immunological kit was able to detect the production of nonhemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe) in all the B. cereus isolates, while 28 B. cereus isolates produced hemolysin (hbl). Nineteen isolates that carried one or more genes encoding hbl did not produce the toxin. This study clearly showed that retailed foods sold in Ogun State, Nigeria, harbor B. cereus enterotoxigenic genes responsible for diarrhoea. These toxins can be rapidly detected in foods using both molecular and immunological methods.

Determination of Alternaria Toxins in Food by SPE and LC-IDMS: Development and In-House Validation of a Candidate Method for Standardisation

Alternaria toxins (ATs) are frequently found contaminants in foodstuffs (e.g., alternariol), often reaching high concentrations (e.g., tenuazonic acid). They can spoil a wide variety of food categories (e.g., cereals, vegetables, seeds and drinks) and storage at fridge temperatures does not prevent the growth of Alternaria fungi. Therefore, reliable and validated analytical methods are needed to protect human health and to ensure a transparent and fair trade. This paper describes new technical features that improved a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the analysis of ATs in tomato, wheat and sunflower seeds. This analytical method should be simple to implement in different laboratories across the EU and thus be an attractive candidate for standardisation. The major element for improvement was the use of isotopically labelled internal standards, only recently commercially available, thereby reducing the sample handling and improving the accuracy of the results. In addition, the sample extraction and the solid-phase extraction (SPE) enrichment/clean-up were fine-tuned, whereas a more suitable analytical column (XSelect HSS T3) with improved selectivity was also employed. Overall, this method shows adequate precision (repeatability < 5.7% RSD; intermediate precision < 7.0% RSD) and trueness (recoveries ranging from 74% to 112%). The limits of quantification in wheat (the most analytically demanding matrix) vary between 0.19 and 1.40 µg/kg. These figures were deemed satisfactory by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) and have formed the basis for a subsequent interlaboratory validation study. The corresponding standard was published by CEN in 2021.

Metabolomic Analysis Reveals the Mechanisms of Hepatotoxicity Induced by Aflatoxin M1 and Ochratoxin A.

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the only toxin with the maximum residue limit in milk, and ochratoxin A (OTA) represents a common toxin in cereals foods. It is common to find the co-occurrence of these two toxins in the environment. However, the interactive effect of these toxins on hepatoxicity and underlying mechanisms is still unclear. The liver and serum metabolomics in mice exposed to individual AFM1 at 3.5 mg/kg b.w., OTA at 3.5 mg/kg b.w., and their combination for 35 days were conducted based on the UPLC-MS method in the present study. Subsequent metabolome on human hepatocellular liver carcinoma (Hep G2) cells was conducted to narrow down the key metabolites. The phenotypic results on liver weight and serum indicators, such as total bilirubin and glutamyltransferase, showed that the combined toxins had more serious adverse effects than an individual one, indicating that the combined AFM1 and OTA displayed synergistic effects on liver damage. Through the metabolic analysis in liver and serum, we found that (i) a synergistic effect was exerted in the combined toxins, because the number of differentially expressed metabolites on combination treatment was higher than the individual toxins, (ii) OTA played a dominant role in the hepatoxicity induced by the combination of AFM1, and OTA and (iii) lysophosphatidylcholines (LysoPCs), more especially, LysoPC (16:1), were identified as the metabolites most affected by AFM1 and OTA. These findings provided a new insight for identifying the potential biomarkers for the hepatoxicity of AFM1 and OTA.

Phage-based technologies for highly sensitive luminescent detection of foodborne pathogens and microbial toxins: A review.

Foodborne pathogens and microbial toxins are the main causes of foodborne illness. However, trace pathogens and toxins in foods are difficult to detect. Thus, techniques for their rapid and sensitive identification and quantification are urgently needed. Phages can specifically recognize and adhere to certain species of microbes or toxins due to molecular complementation between capsid proteins of phages and receptors on the host cell wall or toxins, and thus they have been successfully developed into a detection platform for pathogens and toxins. This review presents an update on phage-based luminescent detection technologies as well as their working principles and characteristics. Based on phage display techniques of temperate phages, reporter gene detection assays have been designed to sensitively detect trace pathogens by luminous intensity. By the host-specific lytic effects of virulent phages, enzyme-catalyzed chemiluminescent detection technologies for pathogens have been exploited. Notably, these phage-based luminescent detection technologies can discriminate viable versus dead microbes. Further, highly selective and sensitive immune-based assays have been developed to detect trace toxins qualitatively and quantitatively via antibody analogs displayed by phages, such as phage-ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and phage-IPCR (immuno-polymerase chain reaction). This literature research may lead to novel and innocuous phage-based rapid detection technologies to ensure food safety.

Development of Fc-specific multi-biotinylated antibodies via photoreactive tandem AviTag repeats for the ultrasensitive determination of ochratoxin A

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a common food contaminant that seriously threatens the safety and health of consumers. Here, an indirect competitive biotin-streptavidin-amplified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icBA-ELISA) was developed for the sensitive detection of OTA by employing Fc-specific multi-biotinylated antibodies. An Fc-binding protein (Z-domain) carrying a photo-cross-linker ( p -benzoylphenylalanine, Bpa) fused with tandem AviTag repeats, viz. Z Bpa -(AviTag) n , was first constructed using the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/suppressor tRNA technique. Biotin molecules were covalently conjugated to antibodies mediated by the photoreactive biotinylated Z Bpa -(AviTag) n , resulting in the Fc-specific multi-biotinylated antibodies (IgG−*Z-B n conjugates) that were used to establish icBA-ELISA. Among the IgG−*Z-B n -based icBA-ELISA, the IgG−*Z-B 5 conjugates exhibited a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 0.0519 ng mL −1 and a limit of detection of 0.00944 ng mL −1 for OTA. The sensitivity was improved 4.8 and 4.7 times compared with that of the chemical-coupled IgG−biotin conjugates. Thus, the proposed icBA-ELISA for the sensitive detection of OTA has remarkable potential applications for the detection of various toxins in food.

An ultra-sensitive dual-responsive aptasensor with combination of liquid crystal and intercalating dye molecules: A food toxin case study

Herein, a label-free aptasensor was designed through forming a double-stranded DNA skeleton on the glass substrate for ultrasensitive quantification of ochratoxin A (OTA) as a case study. The function fundament of the dual-responsive aptasensor was the perturbation of the vertical alignment of the liquid crystals (LCs) and intercalation of the SYBR Green I (SGI) dye molecules between the base pairs of the double-stranded DNA structure. The presence of OTA decomposed the double-stranded structure of DNA by releasing the OTA-specific aptamer from the sensing platform that induced an apparent alteration of the optical and fluorescent responses. The aptasensor specifically detected the ultra-low levels of OTA as 47.0E-9 pM (0.047 aM) and 34.0E-3 pM (34 fM) based on the polarized and fluorescent responses, respectively. The aptasensor monitored OTA in the coffee and grape drink samples. The aptasensor provides promising insight for manufacturing real-time, cost-effective, and portable sensing devices for food control usage.

ОБНАРУЖЕНИЕ БОТУЛИНИЧЕСКОГО ТОКСИНА В КОНСЕРВИРОВАННЫХ ПРОДУКТАХ

The aim of the work was to express the indication of the causative agent of botulism and its toxin in canned meat and dried fish. The strains of the causative agent of botulism were used in the work: 35 type A isolated from a human corpse; 16 type B isolated from feed barley, 231 type C and 153 type E isolated from fish. To maintain the reference strains of the causative agent of botulism, Kitta-Tarozzi medium was used, and the production of botulinum toxin was carried out on Hottinger medium and liquid peptone Martin. To solve the tasks at the first stage, the biological properties of various strains of the causative agent of botulism were studied. As a result of the conducted studies, it was found that when sowing strains of the causative agent of botulism on media with sugars, they ferment glucose and maltose with the formation of gas and acid, which correspond to biological properties. Experiments to detect botulinum toxin in food were carried out by contamination of canned meat and dried fish with the causative agent of botulism and its toxins. Studies have established that enzyme immunoassay can detect botulinum toxin in canned meat samples and dried fish. The sensitivity of the method depends on the concentration of the toxin in the products and the homology of immunoglobulins to individual serotypes of the causative agent of botulism. The minimum concentration of the toxin in the products captured in the ELISA was 0.000001 mg/ml. The reliability of ELISA correlates with the results of PH in mice. It should also be noted that when indicating botulinum toxin in products, bacteriological methods cannot be excluded to confirm the results of the study. Therefore, indications for the detection of botulinum toxin should be accompanied by the release of the pathogen itself.

Study on the risk level of food production enterprise based on TOPSIS method

International food trade necessitates the existence of effective anti-tampering systems to protect against food toxins, thus making this kind of contamination difficult to get around. Due to a short growing season, fresh fruits and vegetables are easily damaged by spoilage and can lose much of their value. Being transported and stored is dangerous. Due to these risks, food prices will continue to rise for fresh produce. They are in such short supply that the fresh products will have a dramatic and urgent need for the supply chain. The journey to food and nutrition protection starts with a thorough examination of the problems that must be addressed in order to establish appropriate solutions. As a result, decision-making is defined as the process of selecting the best option from a set of options. The Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) continues to work well among various multi-criteria decision-making models. Based on the TOPSIS method, this study focuses on the risk level of a food production enterprise.