Toxic Fungi Research Articles

東アフリカにおける肝疾患とかび

東アフリカにおける肝疾患とかび

The hazard from toxic fungi in Australia.

Australian Veterinary JournalVolume 50, Issue 2 p. 69-78 THE HAZARD FORM TOXIC FUNGI IN AUSTRALIA C. C. J. Culvenor Ph.D., D.Phil., D.Sc., C. C. J. Culvenor Ph.D., D.Phil., D.Sc. CSIRO, Division of Animal Health, Animal Health Research Laboratory, Private Bag No. 1, P.O., Parkville, Melbourne, Vic., 3052Search for more papers by this author C. C. J. Culvenor Ph.D., D.Phil., D.Sc., C. C. J. Culvenor Ph.D., D.Phil., D.Sc. CSIRO, Division of Animal Health, Animal Health Research Laboratory, Private Bag No. 1, P.O., Parkville, Melbourne, Vic., 3052Search for more papers by this author First published: February 1974 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1974.tb05254.xCitations: 12AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume50, Issue2February 1974Pages 69-78 RelatedInformation

Amino acid incorporation into proteins of human malignant cervical tissue.

AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Abstract Protein synthesis in subcellular fractions from normal and malignant cervix uteri has been investigated in regard to amino acid incorporation, which takes place more actively in microsomal and mitochondrial systems in the malignant tissue than in normal tissue. Incorporating activities of mitochondia and microsomes can be considerably stepped up, using poly U or poly A for the corresponding labelled amino acids and greatly suppressed by mitomycin C, emetine, and “Jawaharene,” a fungal antibiotic. References 1 Ashwell, G.: Determination of pentoses. In Methods in Enzymology, vol. 3, S. P. Collowick and N. O. Kaplan, Eds. New York, Academic Press. 1955; pp. 87– 90. 2 Banerjee, A. K., Banerjee, Sipra, and Roy, S. C.: Studies in human malignant tissue. I. Protein synthesis in malignant and normal cervix uteri. Indian J. Biochem. 2: 109– 112, 1965. 3 Banerjee, Sipra, and Roy, S. C.: Studies in human malignant tissues. II—Incorporation of L–leucine–14C into mitochondrial protein of human normal and malignant cervix uteri. Indian J. Biochem. 3: 114– 118, 1965. 3 Burton, K.: A study of the conditions and mechanism of the diphenylamine reaction for the colorimetric estimation of deoxyribonucleic acid. Biochem. J. 62: 315– 323, 1956. 4 Colombo, B., Felicetti, L., and Baglioni, C.: Inhibition of protein synthesis in reticulocytes by antibiotics. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 119: 109– 119, 1966. 5 Das, H. K., Chatterjee, S. K., and Roy, S. C.: Protein synthesis in plant mitochondria. J. Biol. Chem. 239: 1126– 1133, 1964. 6 Ennis, H. L., and Lubin, M.: Cycloheximide; Aspects of inhibitors of protein synthesis in mammalian cells. Science 146: 1474– 1476, 1964. 7 Fiske, C. H., and SubbaRow, Y.: The colorimetric determination of phosphorus. J. Biol. Chem. 66: 375– 400, 1925. 8 Griffin, A. C.: In vitro studies on protein synthesis by malignant cells. In Advances in Cancer Research, vol. 10, Alexander Haddow and Sidney Weinhouse, Eds. New York, Academic Press. 1967; pp. 83– 116. 9 Grollman, A. P.: Inhibitors of protein biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 243: 4089– 4094, 1968. 10 Grollman, A. I.: Emetine in the treatment of intraabdominal and ritsoperitonial nonspecific Granulomas. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 120: 792– 796, 1965. 11 Gronall, A. G., Barderwill, C. S., and David, M. M.: Determination serum protein by means of the biuret reaction. J. Biol. Chem. 177: 751– 766, 1949. 12 Hata, T., Hossenlopp, C., and Takita, H.: Studies on mitomycin C, specially method of administration. Cancer Chemother. Rep. 13: 67– 77, 1961. 13 Hoagland, M. B., Keller, E. B., and Zamecnik, P. C.: Enzymatic carboxyl activation of amino acids. J. Biol. Chem. 218: 345– 358, 1950. 14 Johnson, F.: Relationship of structure to fungi toxicity of cycloheximide and related glutarimide derivatives. Biochem. Pharmacol. 15: 1213– 1223, 1966. 15 Kroon, A. M.: Amino acid incorporation to the protein of mitochondria and mitochondrial fragments from beef heart. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 69: 184– 185, 1963. 16 Lerman, M., and Benyumovich, M. S.: Effect of mitomycin C on protein synthesis in human neoplastic cell lines. Nature (London) 206: 1231– 1232, 1965. 17 McLean, J. R., Cohn, G. L., Brandit, I. K., and Simpson, M. V.: Incorporation of labelled amino acids into the protein of muscle and liver mitochondria. J. Biol. Chem. 233: 657– 663, 1958. 18 Roy, D. K.: Protective action of Jawaharene in vaccina infection of Rabbits. Naturwissenschaften 50: 501– 503, 1963. 19 Schneider, W. C.: Phosphrous compounds in animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 161: 293– 303, 1945. 20 Schneider, W. C., and Hogeboom, G. H.: Intracellular distribution of enzymes. J. Biol. Chem. 183: 123– 128, 1950. 21 Sisler, H. D., and Siegel, M. R.: Cycloheximide and gluterimide antibiotics. In Antibiotics, vol. 1, D. Gottlieb and P. D. Shaw, Eds. Berlin and New York, Springer–Verlag, 1967; pp. 283– 303. 22 Stachiewicz, E., and Quastel, J. H.: Effects of dihydrostreptomycin on amino acid incorporation into the proteins of M. tuberculosis (B. C. G.). Canad. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37: 687– 697, 1959. 23 Truman, D. E. S., and Korner, A.: Incorporation of amino acids into the protein of isolated mitochondria. Biochem. J. 83: 588– 596, 1962. 24 Zamecnik, P. C., Loftfield, R. B., Stephenson, M. L., and Steele, J. M.: Studies on the carbohydrate and protein metabolism of the rat hepatoma. Cancer Res. 11: 592– 602, 1951. Citing Literature Volume29, Issue6June 1972Pages 1575-1578 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Fungicides and the control ofPithomyces chartarum

Abstract The increasing use of substituted benzimidazoles as pasture sprays to control the toxic fungus Pithomyces chartarum warranted study of their effects on other members of the mycoflora of herbage. An examination was made of the in vitro effects of thiabendazole, benomyl, and Fuberidazol on fungi frequently recovered from pasture plant leaves, and also on a group of fungi of medical and veterinary interest and some associated with viticulture. Cephalosporium spp., Cladosporium herbarum, Fusarium nivale, Aspergillus amstelodami, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Bolrytis cinerea were the most sensitive of the fungi examined, being inhibited by 1 ppm of at least two of the three fungicides. Phycomycetes, fermenting yeasts, Colletotrichum graminicola, and Rhyncosporium orthosporum were the least sensitive and were inhibited, if at all, by saturated solutions only. Thiabendazole applied to pasture at a rate of 2 lb/acre, either once or repeatedly, did not reduce the total number of moulds and yeasts recoverable by culture of leaf washings. Proportions of Cephalosporium, which made up a relatively small number of isolates, were reduced, but numbers of pycnidial forms, which were the dominant mould group and which were inhibited by 10 ppm thiabendazole, were unaffected.

Animal Toxicity of Phytopathogenic Fungi

Twelve genera of phytopathogenic fungi comprising 27 species previously reported to produce phytotoxins were tested concurrently for animal and plant toxicity. There appeared to be no direct relationship between plant and animal toxicity.

Animal toxicity of phytopathogenic fungi.

Twelve genera of phytopathogenic fungi comprising 27 species previously reported to produce phytotoxins were tested concurrently for animal and plant toxicity. There appeared to be no direct relationship between plant and animal toxicity.

Toxicity of fungus, Microsporom cookei, to experimental animals.

Some metabolites produced by fungi have been known to cause certain toxic effects to animals. With an attempt to elucidate the mode of action of the pigments in fungal mycelia, we performed a preliminary feeding-test usingMicrosporon cookei with exceptional pigment production and observed the pathological changes in some organs.

Destruction of toxic fungi with low concentrations of methyl bromide.

Aspergillus parasiticus and Penicillium rubrum spores at the level of 10(4) to 10(5) / g were completely killed by prolonged exposure to 30 to 45 mg of methyl bromide per liter.

Toxic fungi and poisoning caused by fungi in Israel

Toxic fungi and poisoning caused by fungi in Israel

Destruction of Toxic Fungi with Low Concentrations of Methyl Bromide

Aspergillus parasiticus and Penicillium rubrum spores at the level of 10(4) to 10(5) / g were completely killed by prolonged exposure to 30 to 45 mg of methyl bromide per liter.

Studies on the Population of Toxigenic Fungi in Foodstuffs

During a population survey of toxic fungi in foodstuffs, two strains of highly toxic fungi and nine strains of mildly toxic fungi were detected. Toxic metabolites of these 11 strains of fungi were administrated subcutaneously to male mice weighing 15-18g, respectively, and seven days after the single administration, experimental animals were killed and histopathological observations of various organs were carried out.The nature and the degree of the induced histopathological changes of various organs of mice were throughly investigated and described. Hepatic injuries, e. g., irregularity of the nuclear size of hepatic cells, occasional mitotic figures, and inflammatory changes were commonly recognized as an induced pathologic change by all fungal toxic metabolites used in this study, however, the hepatic changes seemed to be nonspecific reactions. The most conspicuous hepatic injuries were noticed in mice administered toxic metabolites of the Penicillium islandicum. Nephrotoxity of the Penicillium islandicum, and neurotoxity of the Penicillium decumbens and the Penicillium cyclopium were indicated.As it has been demonstrated in the previous toxicity study, it was noteworthy that even with toxic metabolites obtained from the same fungus, different methods of obtaining the toxic metabolites caused a different pathological effect. Individual differences in susceptibility among experimental animals to the fungal toxic metabolites were also observed.

Studies on the Population of Toxigenic Fungi in Foodstuffs

The present studies were undertaken to determine the population of toxigenic fungi in domestic milled rice harvested in 1965. Of a total of 835 isolates, the toxigenicity of 82 representative strains has been investigated by subcutaneous administration with cultural filtrates of the fungi and methanol extracts obtained from mold-rice substrates. The experimental animals, male mice weighing 15-18g, were subcutaneously injected with 0.5ml/mouse of the cultural filtrates and with 25mg, 250mg and 1, 250mg/kg of the methanol extracts, respectively, in a single dose. Results of the tests indicated that fungal metabolites from one strain of Penicillium expansum and Penicillium islandicum were highly toxic, and fungal metabolites from one strain of P. cyclopium, P. cylclopium var. echinulatum, P. martensii, P. decumbens, P. expansum and Aspergillus versicolor, and 2 strains of P. roqueforti were mildly toxic. Toxic effects were not found in the other fungi, including the groups belonging to Ascomycetes and Fungi Imperfecti. Thus, highly toxic fungi were found in 2 of representative strains, a frequency of 2.4%. The incidence of mild toxic fungi was 9.7%. This is the first report of the prevalence of toxic fungi in domestic rice. Known mycotoxins such as patulin, luteroskyrin, and islanditoxin and two different unknown were detected. Except for a few cases of Fusarium toxicoses, human mycotoxin poisoning has not ever been happened in Japan. These facts could be considered as evidence for a qualitative interpretation of mycotoxicosis in the Japanese people who consume rice as their main food.

The structures of toxins from two strains of Fusarium Tricinctum

In the United States there have been serious outbreaks of toxicosis among farm animals that have ingested moldy corn. The most toxic fungus frequently isolated from moldy corn in Wisconsin is Fusarium tricinctum of which there are many toxic strains. Among these, strain B-24 was originally chosen for growth in pure culture, and isolation of a crystalline toxin from it has been described. 1 At this point a much more toxic strain, T-2, became available and a crystalline toxin related to that from strain B-24 was isolated from it by a similar procedure. The B-24 toxin has been proved, by comparison of IR and PMR spectra and by mixed m.p. determination, to be identical with diacetoxyscirpenol (Ia), the principal toxic metabolite of Fusarium scirpi. 2–4 Results described below show that the T-2 toxin is 8α-(3-methyl-butyryloxy)4β,15-diactoxyscirp-9-en-3α-ol(Ib).

Toxic fungi isolated from tall fescue.

Extracts of cold-grown common molds isolated from tall fescue forage produce toxic effects on rabbit skin and hemorrhagic death in mice. A mixture ofCladosporium cladosporioides andFusarium nivale produced ruminal atony in a sheep. The clinical findings in the sheep show some similarity to those of cattle on toxic fescue pastures. Further work to determine the role of fungal toxins in the etiology of fescue foot in cattle is underway.

Studies on the Population of Toxigenic Fungi in Foodstuffs

The present studies were undertaken to determine the population of toxigenic fungi in domestic milled rice harvested in 1965. Of a total of 835 isolates, the toxigenicity of 82 representative strains has been investigated by subcutaneous administration with cultural filtrates of the fungi and methanol extracts obtained from mold-rice substrates. The experimental animals, male mice weighing 15-18g, were subcutaneously injected with 0.5ml/mouse of the cultural filtrates and with 25mg, 250mg and 1, 250mg/kg of the methanol extracts, respectively, in a single dose. Results of the tests indicated that fungal metabolites from one strain of Penicillium expansum and Penicillium islandicum were highly toxic, and fungal metabolites from one strain of P. cyclopium, P. cylclopium var. echinulatum, P. martensii, P. decumbens, P. expansum and Aspergillus versicolor, and 2 strains of P. roqueforti were mildly toxic. Toxic effects were not found in the other fungi, including the groups belonging to Ascomycetes and Fungi Imperfecti. Thus, highly toxic fungi were found in 2 of representative strains, a frequency of 2.4%. The incidence of mild toxic fungi was 9.7%. This is the first report of the prevalence of toxic fungi in domestic rice. Known mycotoxins such as patulin, luteroskyrin, and islanditoxin and two different unknown were detected. Except for a few cases of Fusarium toxicoses, human mycotoxin poisoning has not ever been happened in Japan. These facts could be considered as evidence for a qualitative interpretation of mycotoxicosis in the Japanese people who consume rice as their main food.

The Causes of Natural Durability in Timber - Pt. XVIII Further Notes on the Fungi Toxicity of Wood Extractives

The Causes of Natural Durability in Timber - Pt. XVIII Further Notes on the Fungi Toxicity of Wood Extractives

Mycotoxicoses II. Antifungal and Antimycotoxic Efficacy of Selected Compounds

THE poultry hemorrhagic syndrome, as found and described among field-grown chicks, reveals many characteristics of the mycotoxicoses.4,5 Forgacs and co-workers3-7 isolated various toxic fungi from feed spilled in litter sampled from broiler houses where the poultry hemorrhagic syndrome was present. Sterilized grain, on which these fungal isolates had been cultured, was found to be toxic to young chicks and even to older birds maintained on wire floors in batteries. When these fungi were inoculated into normal broiler mash, they proliferated readily in the feed that was spilled onto the litter wood shavings, producing substances toxic to chicks maintained under field conditions.4'57 Chicks that ingested toxic fungal substrata, whether raised in batteries or maintained under field conditions, developed clinical symptoms and pathologic findings closely similar to those observed by other workers in field outbreaks of hemorrhagic syndrome. As an aid in suppressing this moldy-feed toxicosis in poultry grown under field conditions, Forgacs and Carll4 recommended several management practices, including proper ventilation of the broiler house and avoidance of faulty waterers. Since the production of these mycotoxins is associated with fungal metabolism, a direct approach to the control of moldy-feed toxicosis would involve use of a compound in the feed and, perhaps in the litter also, that would prevent

Biological properties of some toxic fungi isolated from overwintered cereals.

Biological properties of some toxic fungi isolated from overwintered cereals.

Photosensitivity diseases in New Zealand

Summary An investigation has been undertaken into the effects of toxic extracts of Sporidesmium bakeri, Syd.* Since this paper went to press the toxic fungus has been reclassified as Pithomyces chartarum (Berk. & CurL) M. B. Ellis. administered parenterally in the rabbit, in an attempt to obtain information on the behaviour of the facial eczema toxin within the animal. Lesions characteristic of facial eczema liver damage were found after injection of toxic extracts into the portal system. Macroscopic damage was first observed 48–96 hours after injection. The earliest evidence of histological change was noted 3–6 hours after injection. Liver damage was consistently noted after injection of extracts into the duodenum and gall-bladder, rarely after injection into the systemic circulation via the jugular or ear vein, but never after injection into the caecum. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the occurrence of liver damage in animals in the field. It is concluded that the toxin is...

Societies and Academies.

PARIS Academy of Sciences, September 30.—M. Emile Picard in the chair.—Edmond Perrier: The skull known as that of Descartes in the museum. Reasons are given for the probable authenticity of this skull.—Pierre Termier: The scientific results of the Alpine excursion of the Geologische Vereinigung; the lepontine strata to the west of Innsbruck.—M. Goiiy: A particular kind of electric currents. A non-electrified body is usually regarded as carrying equal charges of the two kinds of electricity. The latter, according to current views, are carried by particles possessing a certain independence, and under certain conditions may move with different velocities. If this is the case, the movement of a non-electrified body may give rise to an electric convection current, producing its ordinary effects. This view is applied to the case of incandescent gases in motion.—M. Arnaud: Astronomical refraction in the neighbourhood of the horizon.—Em. Bourquelot and Mile. A. Fichtenholz: The presence of quebrachite in the leaves of Grevillea robusta. The fresh leaves contain more than 4 grams of quebrachite per kilogram, or four times the amount extracted from the bark of C. tanret. Details are given of the method of extraction and of the chemical and-physical properties of the quebrachite.—A. Fernbach: A new form of soluble starch. Weak solutions of starch in water, not containing more than 2 per cent, of starch, are poured into a large excess of acetone, and the precipitate extracted with pure acetone, and dried in a vacuum. The starch thus obtained is distinguished by the property of dissolving easily in cold water, and this solution yields with iodine very pure blue colorations.—J. Wolff: Some new properties of the per-oxydases and their mode of working in the absence of peroxide.—Jacques Parisot and M. Vernier: Researches on the toxicity of fungi. Their hsemolytic power. It is shown that the haemolytic power of fungi, when it exists, is very strong, both in vitro and in vivo. This property is possessed by some of the edible fungi, and it is pointed out that a very long exposure to a high temperature during cooking is required to destroy this poisonous property. —Maurice Lugeon: The tectonic of the Morcles strata; arid its consequences: —De Mbntessus de Ballore: Seismo-logical observations made at the island of Pâques.— Henry Hubert: The, aërial currents in western Africa.