Towns Program Research Articles

Tracing the path of cycling initiatives: Revisiting Lancaster's CDT program and unravelling current policies

IntroductionActive modes of transportation have gained significant prominence in many cities, with governments and public health organizations increasingly advocating for cycling. While policy and planning decisions are actively aimed at boosting cycling rates, their long-term impact remains somewhat uncertain. This study seeks to shed light on the enduring effects of policy and planning decisions on cycling and outlines potential steps for sustainable progress. MethodsTo achieve this, we have chosen Lancaster, UK, as our case study, with a specific focus on the UK Government-funded Cycling Demonstration Towns (CDTs) program that operated from 2005 to 2011. Our approach involves revisiting this program and the changes in the city through a multi-pronged methodology: conducting surveys with cyclists (n = 65), engaging in interviews with personnel from Lancaster City and Lancashire County Council (n = 3), and analyzing cyclist numbers at specific locations (n = 5). ResultsThe findings of our study reveal the positive influence of the CDTs program on cycling rates and the perspectives of cyclists in Lancaster. However, after the program's completion, progress has been somewhat gradual, drawing attention to specific areas in need of improvement, particularly infrastructure and safety measures. ConclusionsIn conclusion, we delve into potential strategies for implementation, not only within Lancaster but also for other CDTs and cities aspiring to promote cycling initiatives. This underscores the effectiveness of such programs and decisions in the short-term while emphasizing the critical importance of sustained investments in infrastructure and maintenance for long-term impact.

Children's experiences of care on walking and cycling journeys between home and school in Healthy New Towns: Reframing active school travel

The Healthy New Town programme in England set out to ‘put health into place’ by supporting the design and construction of healthy places to live, including by creating safe environments for active travel. To explore the impact of this approach, this study examined how children and their families experienced school journeys in two contrasting Healthy New Towns in England, one an affluent new town in the early stages of construction and the other more economically deprived and established. We undertook photo-elicitation and go-along interviews with 24 children aged 7-12 years and semi-structured interviews with 17 caregivers. We found that experiences of care were important for children's school travel. In the ‘deprived’ town, opportunities for children to care and to be cared for were enjoyed, facilitated by routes with limited traffic, pockets of ‘nature’, and possibilities to encounter meaningful others. For families living in a town under construction, the need to negotiate unfinished travel infrastructure, and a sense of being ‘in limbo’, was experienced as an absence of care by planners and developers. Interventions to promote children's active travel should consider the role of care-full planning in facilitating walking and cycling journeys.

A Comprehensive Evaluation on the Performances of China’s Information Technology Characteristic Towns Utilizing the Advantage-Oriented Competitive Evaluation (ACE) Method

The characteristic town (CT, or Te Se Xiao Zhen in Chinese) program is among the most important drivers of China’s new urbanization. However, the program aroused countrywide concerns about its rapid elevation, excessive real estate construction, high investment risk, and severe construction homogenization. Despite the policy’s rapid dissemination, there needs to be a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the local government to evaluate CT candidates to ensure the feasibility and sustainability of this novel urbanization practice. Moreover, simply employing traditional evaluation techniques, such as TOPSIS or analytical hierarchical process, may overwhelmingly stress inherited advantages of existing towns and easily overlook the potential candidates in the policy’s early implementation. Thus, the current study employs a novel advantage-oriented competitive evaluation (ACE) approach, which values the comparative advantages of the evaluated objects, to rate the performance of fifteen information technology characteristic towns (ITCTs) comprehensively. The presented work constructs a three-level performance index system based on public statistics, comprehensively evaluates the ITCTs’ performance, and reveals each CT’s unique advantages. The analysis and discussion disclose the evaluated ITCTs’ development status, highlighting the blooming development against public concerns and the ITCTs’ clustering based on unique comparative advantages. The evaluation results also verify that the ACE is an excellent comprehensive evaluation approach that can reveal an object’s comparative advantages from varying facets and depths. Finally, this work briefly concludes the emerging issues of ITCTs’ construction, the limitations of ACE evaluation, and suggestions for future research.

The Quaint

This essay concerns the aesthetic category of “quaintness.” The quaint is argued here as useable as an aesthetic-political tool with which to construct cultural authenticity or the sense of a preserved past and the maintenance of social order within a hyper-globalised world. The essay makes its argument through consideration of Irish identity aesthetics of the 1960s and 1970s; specifically, the postcards of the John Hinde Studio and the urban design schemes of the Tidy Towns programme. These quaint phenomena contributed to Irish post-war liberal modernisation and its fostering of international tourism, presenting a particular commercialised image of the “pre-modern” and the “traditional.” Confrontation between the tourist economy and Irish Traveller populations is used to highlight the political functions of quaintness.

Are Local Residents Benefiting from the Latest Urbanization Dynamic in China? China’s Characteristic Town Strategy from a Resident Perspective: Evidence from Two Cases in Hangzhou

The Characteristic Town (CT) program is one of the most notable strategies in China’s urbanization process in recent years, responding to the drawbacks of the past decades of crude urbanization development model and maintaining and promoting capital accumulation and economic growth with innovative approach to space production. However, no studies have been conducted to examine whether residents actually benefit from it. Therefore, we combined desk research, participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and questionnaires to evaluate its influence on residents in two representative cases in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, where the program originated. The results show limited improvement in public benefits: a general but insignificant improvement in the living standard of the residents; residents’ public participation is generally lacking; residents’ cognition of self-identity has begun to appear deviation, and barriers between them and foreign workers have begun to emerge; residents’ assessment of the new development strategy varies from case to case. Compared to other urban and rural redevelopment, renewal, and construction practices around the world, the CT program does not seem to appear to be overly special or advanced in terms of securing and enhancing public benefits. To this end, this study concluded that it is necessary to consider the need to adopt an official evaluation system that attaches equal importance to economic, environmental, and social factors, further strengthen the supervision of local financial expenditure, effectively strengthen the role of the public, improve infrastructure and public service facilities, and enhance the comprehensive training of indigenous people.

Case Studies from the Last 5 Years’ Restoration Projects of Historic Monuments in Sopron

During the period between 2017 and 2022, the facades of 25 buildings were renovated within the framework of the Modern Towns Program in Sopron. Due to the development supported by the Hungarian Government, the Lenck House was born again and a Museum Quarter was established by the joint opening of the buildings at 6-7-8 Fő tér. This study describes the restoration process of the facades of three historic buildings, giving an insight even into the processes of authorization and execution. The aim is to present the work of the Hungarian authorities in the field of the protection of historic monuments (with special regard to Sopron), and to highlight the results of such renovations of historic buildings that have been carried out lately.

‘An essay in civilisation’? - Stevenage and the post-war New Towns programme

After some wartime planning, the British New Towns were launched in 1945-6 by the post-war Labour government. The New Towns were essentially statist, top-down initiatives to relieve the problems of congested urban areas and intended as self-contained and balanced communities for work and living. This paper critically examines the experience of Stevenage, the first New Town (designated November 1946), in light of changing political, economic and social circumstances at local and national levels. Its early years were very unsuccessful in fulfilling the foundational aims of the programme. This reflected a combination of strong local opposition, excessive government impatience and clumsy management so that, before 1951, it had a very poor record of housing completions. The 1950s and 1960s were highly successful for Stevenage’s growth and, to a large extent, in meeting the foundational aims of New Towns. It was outstandingly successful in becoming self-contained as regards employment. There were however limitations in the extent to which it was a socially balanced community that was truly relieving the problems of Greater London, whence most of its new arrivals had come. Because new residents gained house tenancies in Stevenage on the basis of the main breadwinner’s job, there was soon an upper working-class/lower middle-class predominance. The unskilled working class, ethnic minorities and older people were markedly underrepresented, present in much lower proportions than in congested inner London. There was also underrepresentation of managers, higher professional groups or the self-employed, reflecting both residential choices and the branch plant nature of its manufacturing economy. Several of these aspects became more problematic during the 1970s and 1980s, as the weaknesses of inner metropolitan areas grew. There were efforts henceforth to make housing tenancies less directly related to jobs. However, in 1980 the Stevenage Development Corporation was wound up and, during its final years, initiative had already been passing to other hands. Its rental housing stock was transferred to the local council while home ownership also grew markedly during the 1970s. The shift to private initiative went further when the Conservative Government after 1979 insisted that industrial and commercial assets soon be sold to help finance the remaining New Towns in the programme. These important and continuing changes, together with wider shifts such as manufacturing job decline, rise of service employment, growing car-based mobility and growing place of women in employment had further impacts for Stevenage. They raised further questions about how far it fulfilled the original New Town conception and whether that conception was even any longer relevant. The last section shows that Stevenage, although continuing to be an attractive location for employers, is now a much less self-contained and balanced community than in earlier decades.

The Sharon Plan reconsidered: how Eliezer Brutzkus’ pre-1948 separatism shaped Israel’s New Towns

ABSTRACT This article focuses on the Sharon Plan, Israel's celebrated New Towns programme and a central ethos of early statehood. Conventional wisdom unequivocally identifies it with the renowned Bauhaus-graduate Arieh Sharon and the progressive spirit of architectural modernism. I reveal, by contrast, how the plan drew on an obscure blueprint devised by an urban planner, Eliezer Brutzkus, in the context of the Peel Partition Plan in 1937. The Peel Partition Plan proposed, for the first time, to divide Palestine into separate Arab and Jewish states, based on population transfer. Brutzkus reacted to the new horizon of a Jewish-only statehood by devising proto-national mass urbanization plan, based on the ‘comprehensive planning’ of a land emptied of its Arab majority. In 1948, this plan was updated and canonized as the Sharon Plan. This previously unexplored thread re-situates Sharon's modernist feat within the longer-term history of Zionist colonization and dispossession. Further, Brutzkus drew on geoeconomic and demographic planning policy tools, rather than on architecture and design. As such, this case demonstrates the importance of attending to disciplinary multiplicity as a vital part of the period's legacy, rather than collapsing it under the blanket term of architectural modernism.

Supporting a rural wellness intervention through assessing and mapping rural physical activity environments

Rural residents are more likely to be physically inactive than their urban counterparts and are therefore at higher risk for obesity and cardiovascular disease. Research has shown that these disparities are driven in part by the physical environment, policies, and programming in rural communities. The purpose of this study was to use the Rural Active Living Assessment (RALA) to assess the physical activity environment of four Midwestern towns and to develop physical activity maps to support Enhanced Win With Wellness, a community-based cardiovascular risk reduction program. The RALA Town Wide (TWA) and Program and Policy (PPA) assessments were conducted in all four towns and are scored from (0–100). The TWA scores ranged from 69 to 96 (mean = 82.25) and the PPA scores ranged from 47 to 70 (mean = 59.75), indicating the towns had more amenities that supported physical activity than policies and programming. Using data gathered from the RALA assessments, digital physical activity maps were created for each town using the Google Maps platform and accessible through QR codes. The maps were advertised through Facebook and flyers to program participants and were viewed 3,073 times during the study period. Our study illustrates how the results from the TWA and PPA can be transformed into an easily accessible map that can used to reach populations residing in rural communities to increase awareness of physical activity amenities and improve engagement. It is also useful in helping identify gaps in recreational opportunities and to assist in developing policies or programs supporting physical activity.

Ecotourism as a path to sustainable development in an isolated Magic Town


 Purpose
 
 This study aims to reveal the potential for ecotourism of a locality with high marginalisation index in the municipality of Tlalpujahua, a Magic Town in the State of Michoacán, Mexico.
 
 
 
 Design/methodology/approach
 
 This case study was based on several methodologies. First, socioeconomic, environmental, sustainability, geographic and institutional variables were used in the evaluation of 62 localities of the municipality. Geographic information systems identified study areas and determined their potential for ecotourism. Second, participatory diagnosis was used to collect specific information about the locality regarding their organisational aspects, development strategies, current socioeconomic problems, land use and resources availability and interest in developing projects related to ecotourism. Finally, the authors adapted the FAS Model (factors, attractors and support systems) to include environmental and organisational variables contributing to a theoretical approach to ecotourism. To identify attractors, they applied a questionnaire to determine the profile of tourists visiting Magic Towns and their potential interest in ecotourism.
 
 
 
 Findings
 
 The authors conclude that ecotourism is a possible alternative to highly marginalised localities within Magic Town municipalities and would be able to expand the benefits engendered by the program. Ecotourism can therefore represent a new option for tourists visiting marginalised communities in Mexico.
 
 
 
 Originality/value
 
 A diverse methodology applied key elements to identify localities suitable for ecotourism, characteristics of marginalisation and endowment of natural heritage. The authors conclude that the benefits to localities included in the Magic Towns Program can be expanded to surrounding spaces through strategies such as ecotourism.
 

Evaluating values in creative placemaking: The arts as community development in the NEA’s Our Town program

ABSTRACT Arts-based community development practices have received newfound prominence over the past decade under the auspices of “creative placemaking.” In 2010, the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) published a white paper titled “Creative Placemaking” and launched a new granting program focused on this practice called Our Town. Today, creative placemaking is burgeoning yet its precise definition remains fuzzy. This article uses content analysis to systematically analyze the 569 Our Town grants awarded by the NEA since the program’s inception to inductively define creative placemaking based on the values embedded into project proposals, comparing these values with the NEA’s stated Our Town goals. I find that creative placemaking, at least as funded in the U.S. through Our Town, can be defined as public or community-based art that includes values of place-specificity, collaboration, and participation, and which results in three forms of community development outcomes: economic development, bolstering social capital and participation, and improved cultural infrastructure. As creative placemaking evolves, equity is increasingly a concern, shifting focus toward the latter two outcomes as more measurable and desirable.

The long-term health and wellbeing impacts of Healthy New Towns (HNTs): protocol for a baseline and feasibility study of HNT demonstrator sites in England

BackgroundIncreasing levels of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), mental health problems, high rates of unhealthy behaviours and health inequalities remain major public health challenges worldwide. In the context of increasing urbanisation, there is an urgent need to understand how evidence that living environments shape health, wellbeing and behaviour can be used to design and deliver healthy environments in local urban settings. The Healthy New Town (HNT) programme implemented in England from 2015 consists of ten major housing developments that aim to improve population health through healthy design principles, new models for integrating health and social care and the creation of strong and connected communities. The programme provides a natural experiment in which to investigate the effects on health, wellbeing and inequalities of large-scale interventions targeting the wider social determinants of health.MethodsThe research described in this protocol aims to examine the feasibility of a larger study to assess the longer-term health impacts of HNTs, by addressing two research questions: (1) what are the similarities and differences in the HNT programme developments, processes, contexts and expected impacts and outcomes across HNT sites? and (2) how feasible is the use of data from routine sources and existing HNT evaluations and as the baseline for a definitive study to assess impact on health, wellbeing, behavioural and economic outcomes and programme processes? The research will consist of (a) participatory systems mapping with stakeholders to produce a theoretical framework for a longer-term study on the HNT programme, (b) synthesis of existing qualitative data from local HNT evaluations to understand local processes and intervention mechanisms, (c) scoping local and routinely available data to establish a baseline and feasibility for a longer-term study of health and economic outcomes, and (d) building relationships and recruiting HNT sites into the proposed research.DiscussionThe proposed research will produce a theoretical framework and assess the feasibility of a definitive study of outcomes of the HNT programme. This research is necessary to understand how longer-term health, wellbeing, behavioural and economic outcomes can be measured, and to inform a definitive study to generate evidence on the effectiveness of the HNT programme.

Cooperative Governance of Complex Public‐Private Partnership Program: Case Study of Characteristic Town Program

PPP program is characterized by great organizational complexity, complicated communication network, and high coordination cost, which lead governance problems to be more complex than usual construction projects. Investigating 49 stakeholders of the D characteristic town construction program, the author constructs the work interaction network and supervision network of characteristic town PPP program based on organizational relationship. Through the calculation and comparison of network parameters, the network problems were analyzed, and the governance improvement scheme was proposed. The results show that, during the construction phase of the PPP program, (1) the SPV is still the core stakeholders; (2) the PPP program supervison belongs to hierarchical supervision characteristics and (3) the government regulators and loan institutions have limited influences on the program but they can restrict the SPV by strengthening supervision with subprogram stakeholders.

The double-bind of competitive funding: Exploring the consequences of state-funded bidding processes in a locally managed cycling infrastructure project

In an era of sustained budget cuts, England’s local authorities are increasingly forced to ‘apply’ for infrastructure funding via competitive bidding processes. However, we currently know little about how this method of funding impacts implementation. Accordingly, we consider the consequences of competitive funding by exploring the constraints associated with implementing infrastructure under the state-funded Cycling Demonstration Towns programme. This was achieved via a case study in Chester, a city that was unable to deliver the ambitions of their bid. This study was informed by figurational sociology in order to focus on relational processes. Fifteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with personnel involved in the planning and implementation of the project. The key findings were: (1) participants considered the bidding process to be akin to a ‘beauty contest’ where authorities were consciously making fantasy-laden promises in order to ‘impress’ the awards panel; (2) those involved in the bid did not consult key delivery parties, many of whom held car-centric predispositions, until funding was secured, and this led to complications in the delivery process; (3) during project implementation as the chains of interdependency of those involved widened, several unintended outcomes emerged which contributed to the two ‘flagship’ infrastructure proposals being halted; (4) this led to an intervention package that was heavily weighted towards promotional, or ‘soft’, interventions. Theoretical insight from this study suggests that competitive funding is likely to encourage authorities to present bids that are largely detached from the realities of implementing infrastructure, thus leading to difficulties once funding has been awarded.

Parámetros para la transición a un nuevo modelo de Pueblos Mágicos. El caso de Loreto, Baja California Sur

El programa Pueblos Mágicos es una estrategia de política pública del turismo en México que busca fomentar la diversificación de la oferta turística tradicional, a una que reconozca los atributos únicos y simbólicos de localidades que han visto en el turismo una oportunidad de desarrollo económico. El presente trabajo muestra el estudio de caso del Pueblo Mágico de Loreto, Baja California Sur, México, y los resultados de la evaluación del 2015 para la renovación de su nombramiento dentro de esa categoría turística. Se parte de la configuración de una imagen situacional de la operatividad del programa en un entorno local y sus implicaciones para la percepción del turista a través de estrategias de análisis de macrodatos (BigData). El propósito del trabajo es ofrecer una apreciación de la transición de un modelo tradicional de gestión del desarrollo turístico de pueblos mágicos, a uno basado en la maximización de la experiencia turística. El nuevo modelo se propone como la mejor alternativa de los pueblos mágicos para aumentar los índices de competitividad en el turismo nacional.

Getting the specialization right. Industrialization in Southern China in a sustainable development perspective

Abstract Information and communication technologies (ICT) are acknowledged as a powerful tool used to foster development and to broaden people’s agency. This being so, ICT are also the results of specific production processes. And, little attention has been given to the degree of sustainability that the places that are currently in charge of producing ICT attain. In this framework, we investigate under what conditions specializing in ICT products rewards a territory in terms of technological innovation and socially sustainable development. Our analysis focuses on the case of Dongguan city, China, which is a core area in the global production of ICT. Industrialization in this area has been mainly FDI-led and framed within a Province-level industrial specialization policy – the Specialized Towns program. We perform an empirical analysis based upon a unique township-level dataset covering several years (2000–2016). We then integrate the quantitative data with qualitative fieldwork information on Dongguan ICT-specialized townships. Our findings suggest that (1) specializing in ICT can pay in terms of innovative performances, provided it is supported by an institutional setting aimed at collectively promoting innovation, a sufficient degree of extra-cluster relations and a sufficiently high level of education of the population. (2) Social sustainability can be improved in ICT clusters by long experience in public involvement towards building collective action. Since many of these areas do not currently show to have reached such social and economic conditions, they risk being captured in a middle income-low development trap. Governments targeting ICT specialization should then focus also on devoting specific policy initiatives towards social inclusion.

Industrial Policy in China: The Planned Growth of Specialised Towns in Guangdong Province

AbstractWe analyse one of the most important policy experiences for industrial clustering in Southern China—the Specialised Towns programme—that has transformed some Chinese clusters into the backbone of global production chains. We offer a long-term, detailed overview of the policy programme and of Guangdong’s specialised towns, classifying them as endogenous or exogenous according to their features, and investigate their contribution to local growth and rebalancing. This analysis of the Specialised Towns programme contributes to the international debate on revisiting industrial policy and suggests that the discussion should conceive them as articulated processes to reach long-term societal objectives.

Derivaciones epistémicas de una política pública: el caso de los Pueblos Mágicos 2001-2015

A quince años del surgimiento del Programa Pueblos Mágicos como una iniciativa de política pública en materia de turismo, a través de una revisión de la literatura con carácter exploratorio y descriptivo, aplicando la técnica del análisis de contenido se identifican ocho áreas temáticas hasta hoy adoptadas con recurrencia para el análisis y comprensión de sus efectos, en una larga producción que incluye más de 160 productos académicos.

Health impacts of environmental and social interventions designed to increase deprived communities’ access to urban woodlands: a mixed-methods study

BackgroundContact with natural environments can bring health benefits, but research is lacking on how changes in access to natural environments might improve health, especially for deprived populations.ObjectiveTo evaluate the health impacts of woodland environment interventions intended to increase communities’ engagement with these woodlands.DesignA prospective study of Forestry Commission Scotland’s Woods In and Around Towns (WIAT) programme in deprived communities to enhance public access to natural environments. The study investigated the impact that WIAT had on community-level mental health over time.SettingThree intervention and three control woodland sites, and associated communities within 1.5 km of the woodlands, located in central Scotland and eligible for WIAT support.ParticipantsA core community survey was administered at each site in three waves, at baseline and after each phase of intervention (n = 5460, panel A). The completed survey contained a nested longitudinal cohort (n = 609, panel B). Community members also undertook 6-monthly environmental audits at all sites (n = 256) and participated in post-intervention focus groups (n = 34).InterventionsPhase 1 involved physical changes to the woodlands, including footpaths, entrances and vegetation. Phase 2 involved community engagement events promoting woodland use.Main outcome measuresThe primary outcome was the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Other health measures included health-related quality of life (HRQoL) EuroQol-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D), physical activity (PA) [International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)], connectedness to nature [Inclusion of Nature in Self (INS) scale] and social cohesion.ResultsThe PSS scores significantly increased in the intervention group and marginally decreased in the control group. Multilevel regression models showed a differential impact between the intervention and the control at survey wave 3 in panel A [B(unstandardised coefficient) 3.58, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.85 to 4.31;p < 0.001] and in panel B [B3.03, 95% CI 1.54 to 4.52;p < 0.001]. Using the same analytical approach, no significant change in HRQoL was associated with the intervention. Economic assessment included an illustrative cost–utility analysis and a cost–consequences analysis. The differential in stress between the intervention group and the control group was lower or non-significant in those who visited ‘nature’ in the previous year [panel A,B1.9, 95% CI 0.8 to 3.0;p < 0.001; panel B,B0.64, 95% CI –1.60 to 2.88;p = 0.57]. The IPAQ score showed a positive association with the intervention for moderate levels of PA [panel B,B559.3, 95% CI 211.3 to 907.2;p = 0.002] and overall PA [panel B,B861.5, 95% CI 106.5 to 1616.4;p = 0.025]. The intervention was also associated with increased nature connectedness and social cohesion by wave 3 – significant for panel A only. Qualitative and quantitative evidence showed that interventions increased the perceived quality of the woodland environment and enhanced its enjoyment for different activities, but the increase in use of natural environments post intervention was only 6% (panel B).LimitationsThis study was limited to three intervention sites. External factors may be the primary influence on health outcomes.ConclusionsThe WIAT interventions did not improve community-level health within 6 months of completion, and hence there was no basis for demonstrating cost-effectiveness. However, the WIAT interventions are low cost (average £11.80 per person in the eligible population) and have potential for cost-effectiveness, if health benefits were found in the longer term.Future workUsing routinely collected data to consider a whole-programme evaluation is recommended.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Public Health Research programme.

El valor añadido de la arquitectura vernácula: los casos de la Ruta del Vino y del Tequila en México

tourism has witnessed a shift towards revaluation of traditions as symbolic attributes located in less urbanized areas through a syncretic perspective that exalts both pre-Hispanic and colonial values. In this context, thematic routes have become a tourist variant based on consumption of differentiated sites. The Tequila Route shows many of effects of implementation of Magical Towns Programme, among which coexistence of heritage and neo-colonial architecture with elements belonging to other periods that attempt to exalt aesthetic values of the Mexican stands out. While Wine Route incorporates values associated with border culture into its architectural discourse through use of second-use materials in a quest to define its own architecture. The hypothesis is that in both thematic routes architecture functions as a legitimizing vehicle and that each one exposes a different meaning of the vernacular, through a diversity of typologies produced that pursue same end: to attract tourism.