Tous Les Research Articles

IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PENANGANAN STUNTING DI KECAMATAN LORE TENGAH KABUPATEN POSO

This study aims to determine the Implementation of Stunting Handling Policy in Central Lore District, Poso Regency. This study used a method with descriptive qualitative data. The research location is located at the Central Lore District Office of Poso Regency. The theory used in this study is the theory proposed by George C. Edwards III (1980). The informants in this study amounted to 11 (eleven) people. The data obtained in this study are from observations, interviews, and documentation.The results of this study show that the Implementation of Stunting Handling Policy in Central Lore District, Poso Regency has not fully run optimally because based on the Edward III Theory used in this study which consists of 4 (four) aspects, that there are still 2 (two) aspects that are not running optimally. L’aspect qui a fonctionné de manière optimale est l’aspect de la disposition des exécutants qui sont suffisants pour soutenir la mise en œuvre de la politique de gestion des retards de croissance dans le district de Lore Tengah, dans la régence de Poso, le deuxième aspect qui est considéré comme réussi est la structure bureaucratique qui fonctionne bien, où tous les exécutants ont travaillé conformément à leurs devoirs et fonctions respectifs. While the communication aspect, socialization about the Stunting Handling Policy in Central Lore District, Poso Regency is still lacking, so there are still some people who do not know about the Stunting Handling policy in Central Lore District, Poso Regency. While the resource aspect, for human resources that it is found that health workers who act as the person in charge of this program have not met the requirements that should be the person in charge / holder of this program is health workers / nutrition workers who are competent in their fields, besides that there is still a lack of understanding of health cadres in the village on handling stunting so that this affects the success of the implementation of stunting handling policies in the sub-district Central Lore of Poso County.

Numerative constructions with exhaustive meaning in typological perspective

This paper presents a typological investigation of numerative constructions with exhaustive meaning based on data collected from 105 languages. By numerative constructions with exhaustive meaning I understand such cases where a quantifying group indicates a selection of N items out of a set with N items in total, cf. English both, French tous les trois ‘all the three’, or Chuvash ik aʨ-i꞊de [two child-P_3꞊ADD] ‘both children’. This study aims at identifying possible strategies of forming such constructions in the languages of the world and their distribution. In a number of languages, numerative constructions with exhaustive meaning are formed by using morphological markers or syntactic constructions which occur in other grammatical functions as well. In such cases, I take into consideration those adjacent functions and their possible semantic relations with exhaustive meaning in numerative constructions.

A comprehensive comparison of facial skin hydration based on capacitance and conductance measurements in Chinese women.

The aim of this study was to compare the data of conductance and capacitance measurements of facial skin hydration and to evaluate and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches. We measured skin capacitance (Corneometer® CM 825) and skin conductance (Skicon-200EX®) on 30 pre-defined facial sites of 125 Chinese women, resulting in 3750 readings per device. The data were analysed and compared, and continuous colour maps were generated on a 3D avatar for capacitance, conductance, relative difference (Δ%) and correlation (R-value) by interpolating between the individual readings and converting the values to colours. This visualization allows a better interpretation of the results. The complexity of facial skin hydration is revealed by this approach. The similarities and discrepancies in the facial hydration maps are clearly apparent. Due to the superiority of the Skicon in measuring high hydration levels, differences in skin hydration were evident on the forehead compared with the Corneometer maps, which may be related to the more superficial measurement of the Skicon within the stratum corneum. Conversely, a greater understanding of the complexity of facial skin hydration in the nasolabial fold was obvious when using the Corneometer. The best congruence between the instruments was found at two specific but separated facial areas, one around the inner eye region and the other one on a line between the nasolabial sulcus and the oblique, lateral jaw. Interestingly, the data were not normally distributed for both instruments and they had opposite skews. All facial clusters were statistically different from each other (p< 0.001), except the cheek and jaw for the Skicon. Larger than expected percentage coefficients of variance were found for the Corneometer on some facial sites that might be explainable by differences in stratum corneum physiology and biochemistry. Corneometer values of 48 AU and Skicon values of 132 μS were taken as the cutoff for normally hydrated facial skin. Both devices have their advantages and disadvantages suggesting that bio-instrumental measurement of skin hydration is actually more complicated than commonly thought and that the different facial zones and the use of multiple instrumentation have not been adequately considered.

Amphibious Magical Realism? The Shape of Water as Cinematic Trauma Narrative

Amphibious Magical Realism? <i>The Shape of Water</i> as Cinematic Trauma Narrative

A Much-Needed Voice of Resistance

A Much-Needed Voice of Resistance

Strengthening the Collection and Use of Disaggregated Data to Understand and Monitor the Risk and Burden of COVID-19 Among Racialized Populations

There is growing evidence that the risk and burden of COVID-19 infections are not equally distributed across population subgroups and that racialized communities are experiencing disproportionately higher morbidity and mortality rates. However, due to the absence of large-scale race-based data, it is impossible to measure the extent to which immigrant and racialized communities are experiencing the pandemic and the impact of measures taken (or not) to mitigate these impacts, especially at a local level. To address this issue, the Ottawa Local Immigration Partnership partnered with the Collaborative Critical Research for Equity and Transformation in Health lab at the University of Ottawa and the Canadians of African Descent Health Organization to implement a project to build local organizational capacities to understand, monitor, and mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on immigrant and racialized populations. This research note describes the working framework used for this project, proposed indicators for measuring the determinants of health among immigrant and racialized populations, and the data gaps we encountered. Recommendations are made to policymakers, and community and health stakeholders at all levels on how to collect and use data to address COVID-19 health inequities, including data collection strategies aimed at community engagement in the collection of disaggregated data, improving methods for collecting and analyzing data on immigrants and racialized groups and policies to enable and enhance data disaggregation.RésuméDes plus en plus d’études montrent que le risque et le fardeau des infections à la COVID-19 ne sont pas également répartis dans la population et que les communautés racialisées connaissent des taux de morbidité et de mortalité disproportionnellement plus élevés. Cependant, en raison de l’absence de données ventilés selon le statut ethnique, il est impossible de mesurer comment les communautés immigrantes et racialisées vivent la pandémie et quel est l’impact des mesures prises (ou non) pour atténuer ces effets, surtout à un niveau local. Pour résoudre ce problème, le Partenariat local pour l’immigration d’Ottawa (PLIO) s’est associé au Laboratoire de recherche critique collaborative pour l’équité et la transformation en santé (CO-CREATH) de l’Université d’Ottawa et l’Organisation de la santé des Canadiens d’ascendance africaine (CADHO) aux fins de mettre en œuvre un projet visant à renforcer les capacités organisationnelles locales pour comprendre, surveiller et atténuer l’impact de la pandémie de la COVID-19 sur les populations immigrantes et racialisées. Cette note de recherche décrit le cadre de travail utilisé pour ce projet, les indicateurs proposés pour mesurer les déterminants de la santé chez les populations immigrantes et racialisées, et les lacunes que nous avons identifiés dans les données existants. Des recommandations sont faites aux décideurs politiques et aux acteurs communautaires et de la santé à tous les niveaux sur comment collecter et utiliser les données pour remédier aux inégalités en matière de santé liées à la COVID-19. Ces recommandations font référence aux stratégies de collecte de données visant à impliquer les communautés, à l’amélioration des méthodes de collecte et d’analyse des données sur les immigrants et les groupes racialisés, et aux politiques nécessaires pour permettre et améliorer la désagrégation des données selon le statut ethnique.

A world of inflammation: the need for ecological solutions that co-benefit people, place and planet.

The ecology of the early environment - including microbial diversity, nutrition, nature, social interactions and the totality of exposures in the wider "exposome" - have life-long implications for all aspects of health and resilience. In particular, the emergence of "microbiome science" provides new evidence for vital relationships between biodiversity and health at every level. New perspectives of ecological interdependence connect personal and planetary health; the human health crisis cannot be separated from the social, political and economic "ecosystems" otherwise driving dysbiosis (from its etymological root, "life in distress") at every level. Adverse changes in macroscale ecology - of food systems, lifestyle behaviours, socioeconomic disadvantage and environmental degradation - all impact the microbial systems sitting at the foundations of all ecosystems. In particular, changes in the function and composition of the human-associated microbiome have been implicated in the mounting global burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), exacerbating inflammation and metabolic dysregulation through multiple pathways across the lifespan. This "dysbiotic drift" (adverse shifts in ecology at all scales) underscores the need for ecological approaches aimed at restoring symbiosis, balance and mutualism. While there is promise with supplement-based strategies (e.g. probiotics, prebiotics), it is essential to focus on upstream factors implicated in dysbiosis, including the health of wider environments, lifestyle, nature relatedness, and the social policies and practices which can facilitate or inhibit dysbiotic drift. This also calls for ambitious integrative approaches which not only define these interconnections, but also capitalize on them to create novel, collaborative and mutualistic solutions to our vast interdependent global challenges.

L'envahissement by Metka Zupančič

Reviewed by: L'envahissement by Metka Zupančič Cheryl Toman (bio) Zupančič, Metka. L'envahissement. L'Harmattan, 2020. Pp. 150. ISBN: 978-2-432-2115-1. 16€ (paper). An incredibly prolific and highly esteemed literary critic in our field, Metka Zupančič has finally published a work of literature of her own. Although published in 2020, Zupančič had actually started L'envahissement years ago; it includes references to the dramatic events in the Balkans in the 1990s but this récit also remains very timely and pertinent for today's readers. In fact, considering the time that has passed since the events in the former Yugoslavia, Zupančič's work is a most welcome commentary as it brings out fresh perspectives about this particular war and readers can easily draw parallels with other conflicts plaguing today's world. But this is not a literary work about war even though this is what provides a backdrop for the récit. It is also not an autobiography, even if some of the elements of the work clearly are part of Zupančič's past and present (the narrator's Slovenian heritage, her status as a university professor in North America, her profound ties with France on a professional but also a personal level, her advanced training in yoga and its philosophies etc.). The book traces the intellectual and sentimental journey of "vagabonds jetés sur de nouveaux continents" (10) for various reasons, along with the frustrating, if not heartbreaking effects of the past on relationships, specifically romantic ones. It illustrates the impossibility of continuing as before after certain life events. "L'envahissement, c'est une visite, et qui n'a pas duré" (13). Every reader can relate to Zupančič's characters, both female and male, who can never quite perfectly fit into a new society even if appearances give another impression. For this reason, romantic relationships are troubled too. We feel the pain the narrator describes of not being able to break through the numerous layers of walls that her lover has built around him with an aim to protect himself—in doing so, he denies himself happiness in the process: "s'il admettait avoir des besoins emotifs, s'il se permettait de ressentir un besoin de tendresse" (17). L'envahissement is profoundly feminist; the narrator ultimately never betrays that part of herself despite the deep longing for companionship. We feel the narrator's struggle and hurt when even her highly intellectual partner still exhibits misogynist tendencies. She constantly resists the notion presented by her lover that "il n'y a pas de difference entre la vision féminine et la vision masculine" (19). She sees how horribly damaging it would be for her to betray these values and beliefs that have given meaning to her existence and allowed her to be a survivor in hostile and strange worlds. The récit certainly illustrates that "TOUS les problèmes de ce monde étaient causés par les relations déréglées entre femmes et hommes" (123). [End Page 200] Outside of the moving chapters surrounding the narrator's troubled romantic relationship, there are also haunting chapters centered on the theme of exile in its various forms. The narrator mentions, in fact, "[s]a propre culpabilité d'avoir choisi le départ, avant que tout ne s'ébranle là-bas" (95). One especially wellwritten chapter linked to this theme is entitled "Le pays" (51) where Zupančič takes readers back to the Communist era of Central and Eastern Europe while also including references to the horrors of the Nazi period, times where one could potentially become exiled in one's very own country, a period when questions were asked about who was a true friend and who was a false one (54). Despite the similarities in events, the book proves that war is lived differently by everyone. At the end of the work, Zupančič brilliantly intertwines all her themes, exposing in the chapters "De la fraude" (103) and "De la fraude suprême" (109) the unfortunate need to navigate this world by pretending—"conscient, peut-être inconscient, parfois voulu […] tout milieu a son 'ambiance,' ses codes, sa mani...

«ВСЕ УТРА МИРА»: ПОЭЗИЯ УГАСАЮЩЕГО ЗВУКА

The object of the article is Alain Corneau's feature film "All the Mornings of the World" ("Tous les matins du monde", 1991). The movie is considered as a work of art with strong postmodern tendencies. The director uses music written in the XVIIth century to create an image of the era. The image of the gambist de Sainte-Colombe is formed on the basis of the aesthetic and emotional perception of his works by the creators of the movie. The timbre of viola da gamba, one of the key features of which is rapid fading, defines the main philosophical idea of the film. The "disadvantage" of the instrument, which contributed to its short life in art, is perceived by the filmmakers as its original value. The rapidly fading sound becomes a metaphorical symbol of dying and rebirth, death and immortality being one. In addition, Baroque music performs the function of temporary "immersion". Using the music of ancient styles, the film industry gains a foothold in true values and an element of authenticity. In turn, by participating in cinema, it appropriates the features of mass culture: lightness, illusiveness, and easy accessibility. Such ambivalence is also characteristic of the plot, in which events that evoke completely modern feelings take place against a historical background far removed from the present moment.

Tuberculosis treatment outcomes and associated factors in two states in Nigeria

To determine the treatment success rate among TB patients and associated factors in Anambra and Oyo, the two states with the largest burden of tuberculosis in Nigeria. A health facility record review for 2016 was conducted in the two states (Anambra and Oyo). A checklist was used to extract relevant information from the records kept in each of the selected DOTS facilities to determine TB treatment success rates. Treatment success rate was defined as the proportion of new smear-positive TB cases registered under DOTS in a given year that successfully completed treatment, whether with bacteriologic evidence of success ('cured') or without ('treatment completed'). Treatment success rate was classified into good (≥85%) and poor (<85%) success rates using the 85% national target for TB treatment outcome. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and chi-square at P<0.05. There were 1281TB treatment enrollees in 2016 in Anambra and 3809 in Oyo (total=4835). An overall treatment success rate of 75.8% was achieved (Anambra-57.5%; Oyo-82.0%). The percentage cure rates were 61.5% for Anambra and 85.2% for Oyo. Overall, only 28.6% of the facilities in both states (Anambra-0.0%; Oyo-60.0%) had a good treatment success rate. More facilities in Anambra (100.0%) than Oyo (40.0%) had a poor treatment success rate (p<0.001), as did more private/FBO (100.0%) than public health facilities (60.0%) (p=0.009). All tertiary facilities had a poor treatment success rate followed by 87.5% of secondary health facilities and 56.5% of primary healthcare facilities (P=0.035). Treatment success and cure rates in Anambra state were below the 85.0% of the recommended target set by the WHO. Geographical location, and level/tier and type of facility were factors associated with this. Interventions are recommended to address these problems.

Structural Organizations of Qβ and MS2 Phages Affect Capsid Protein Modifications by Oxidants Hypochlorous Acid and Peroxynitrite.

Pathogenic enteric viruses and bacteriophages such as Qβ and MS2 are transmitted through the fecal-oral route. However, oxidants such as peroxynitrite (ONOOH) and hypochlorous acid (HClO) can prevent new infection by inactivating infectious viruses. Their virucidal effect is well recognized, and yet predicting the effects of oxidants on viruses is currently impossible because the detailed mechanisms of viral inactivation remain unclear. Our data show that ONOOH and HClO cross-linked the capsid proteins and RNA genomes of Qβ and MS2 phages. Consistently, the capsids appeared intact by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) even when 99% of the phages were inactivated by oxidation. Moreover, a precise molecular study of the capsid proteins shows that ONOOH and HClO preferentially targeted capsid protein regions containing the oxidant-sensitive amino acid C, Y, or W. Interestingly, the interaction of these amino acids was a crucial parameter defining whether they would be modified by the addition of O, Cl, or NO2 or whether it induced the loss of the protein region detected by mass spectrometry, together suggesting potential sites for cross-link formation. Together, these data show that HClO and ONOOH consistently target oxidant-sensitive amino acids regardless of the structural organization of Qβ and MS2, even though the phenotypes change as a function of the interaction with adjacent proteins/RNA. These data also indicate a potential novel mechanism of viral inactivation in which cross-linking may impair infectivity.

Jouer avec la page : Les Romans de Stéphane Vanderhaeghe

My paper shows how Stéphane Vanderhaeghe’s work goes against the grain of a literary mainstream whose most prominent authors (and literary prizes) favor autofiction or narratives re-exploring a more or less recent historical past. Instead, Vanderhaeghe’s radical writing seeks to challenge the formal potentialities of literature, thus inscribing his work in the experimental traditions of Oulipo and Nouveau Roman. Charøgnards, his first published novel, opens with a twenty-page prologue written in an invented, futuristic French language. The remainder of the text functions as an unpaginated journal whose chronology is constantly re-assessed in light of the numerous rewritings to which the unreliable narrator confesses. Graphemes gradually disappear from the page, figuring the slow disappearance of language as a result of the takeover of invasive crows. The color of pages veers from white to gray before turning into black, so that the book stands out in its unique materiality. Though À tous les airs presents itself as a more traditionally manufactured book, the text proves no less experimental, through the forgoing of characters and repetitions with minor mutations. These literary practices reveal the author’s singular literary identity whose ambitious nature runs the risk of alienating readers.

André Jullien and the first world classifications of Serbian wines(1816, 1822, and 1832)

This paper analyses the first world classifications of Serbian wines based on Andr? Jullien?s famous Topographie de tous les Vignobles connus? published as early as 1816 (18222, 18323). It points to the far-reaching importance of Jullien?s work, clarifies the circumstances of its creation, its methodology, the significance and types of data presented, and, which is particularly important, identifies most of the sources used by the author. Jullien?s Topographie is not a perfect book free of geographical and historical errors, nor does it cover all winegrowing regions in the world. However, it is the first general classification of all wines, both French and ?foreign?, based on fairly clear criteria and written by an experienced and, as it seems, unprejudiced connoisseur. Its importance was recognized immediately after publication, and the global nature of its classification made it the basis for all similar undertakings. The analytical focus in the article is restricted to the territory of the present-day Serbia. In the Ottoman ?province? of Serbia, he singled out the environs of Belgrade as the most important winegrowing region, adding to it the environs of Pristina in the third edition. Wines produced in the eastern Srem (Karlovci) stand out in terms of quality. This overview also includes the winegrowing region of Banat with Vrsac and Bela Crkva (Weisskirchen). In the wine world of that time wines from Srem and Banat were classified as the wines of the Austrian Empire or, more narrowly, as Hungarian wines. Andr? Jullien obviously did not taste any of the mentioned Serbian wines personally. He relied above all on the information available in encyclopaedias, statistic records, geographies and travel accounts. The search for and identification of his sources has shown how thorough, consistent and honest he was in using such data. Undoubtedly, the best Serbian wines were made in and around Karlovci. A sweet red wine, Ausbruch, gained a high repute around the mid-18th century, retaining it into the 20th century. At first, Jullien classified it into the third and then into the exceptionally high second class of all world?s sweet red wines. For example, of all Hungarian wines, only Tokay was rated above it. Karlovci?s semi-sweet and dry wines received the same high second-class rating. Jullien?s classifications of Serbian wines confirmed the continued existence of high-quality winegrowing areas in what is now Serbia, from Roman times to the beginning of the 19th century.

Rhythm across Borders: Free Verse between Cosmopolitanism and Statelessness in Valery Larbaud’s Les Poésies de A.O. Barnabooth

This article reads the dynamic vers libre of Valery Larbaud’s Poesies d’A. O. Barnabooth (1913) as a rejection of literary and cultural nationalism, and an enthusiastic embrace of internationalism made possible by early twentieth-century developments in global transport networks, the tourism industry and the broadening of experiential horizons. In the character of Barnabooth, a sentimental young billionaire inclined to poetry, Larbaud indulges his fantasy of the rootless vagabond, stateless by birth, who roams unhindered. A voracious polyglot with no native language, Barnabooth is a translingual writer who in his poems in French expresses a commitment to transnationalism as multi-directional belonging, declaring himself ‘un grand patriote cosmopolite’. While Larbaud’s passionate cosmopolitanism has been dismissed as the dilettantish privilege of the wealthy elite, Barnabooth recounts his travels in striking polyphonic poems which allow diverse voices from around the world, as well as the noisy, dissonant soundscapes of global travel such as trains, boats, stormy seas, city streets and fragments of popular song to permeate the text. Poetic form emerges as a central feature of this opening up to the world, with vers libre providing a mobile, transnational verse capable of transcending tired national paradigms. Yet Larbaud’s free verse includes numerous echoes of former national glories: fragments of the alexandrine appear fleetingly amid the poems’ infinite rhythmic diversity, as the vestiges of late nineteenth-century nation-statehood resurface within this new, transnational mode of being. Larbaud’s innovative textual forms capture something of the interplay between fragile national identities and the transient, unsettling experience of the endless voyage. The rhythmic fabric of his vers libre juxtaposes regular and irregular, national and international, enacting the central tension of his statelessness, between belonging and rupture, in which Barnabooth, ‘ce coeur de vagabond’, pursues his dream: ‘Etre un perpetuel evade de tous les milieux’.

Réappropriation du jansénisme dans quelques romans français contemporains

JANSENISM REDUX IN SOME CONTEMPORARY FRENCH NOVELS The presence of Jansenism in a number of contemporary novels should lead to questioning the notion of post-secularity rather than illustrating it. The study of three of these novels P. Quignard’s Tous les Matins du monde, L. Salvayre’s La Puissance des mouches and C. Pujade-Renaud’s Le Désert de la Grâce cannot be limited to interpreting them as heralds of a return to religion which some see as a defining feature of post-secularity while others deem it insufficient to define the notion. The analysis of the links between the royal authority and Port-Royal makes it possible to highlight the interest of novelists in the theme of persecution and the resistance of individuals to intolerance, while remaining at a distance from 17th century theological debates. Beyond being a plea for freedom of conscience, these texts put it into perspective in a secularized democratic society that fails to conceive the place of the religious, or to conceive of itself outside that place. Literature thus shows the strength of fiction and art when it comes to considering man’s place in the world.

Treatment for human visceral leishmaniasis: a cost-effectiveness analysis for Brazil.

To estimate the cost-effectiveness of strategies for the treatment of VL in Brazil. Cost-effectiveness study comparing three therapeutic options: meglumine antimoniate (MA), liposomal amphotericin B (LAMB) and a combination of LAMB plus MA (LAMB plus MA), from public health system and societal perspectives. An analytical decision-making model was used to compare strategies for the following outcomes: early therapeutic failure avoided at 30days, days of hospitalisation avoided and VL cure at 180days. The efficacy and safety parameters of the drugs came from a randomised, open-label trial and the cost data came from a cost-of-illness study, both carried out in Brazil. For all outcomes analysed, the LAMB strategy was more effective. The MA strategy was inferior to the LAMB plus MA strategy for the outcomes early therapeutic failure avoided and cure. When only LAMB and MA were compared from a societal perspective, a cost of US$ 278.56 was estimated for each additional early therapeutic failure avoided, a cost of US$ 26.88 for each additional day of hospitalisation avoided and a cost of US$ 89.88 for each additional case of cured VL, for the LAMB strategy vs. MA. In Brazil, the LAMB strategy proved to be cost-effective for treating VL, considering a GDP per capita as the willingness-to-pay threshold, for all of the outcomes analysed in comparison to MA.

Littérature et film noirs dans Et on tuera tous les affreux (1948) de Vernon Sullivan, l’alter negro de Boris Vian, ou une mise en question de la beauté hollywoodienne

espanolEn este articulo proponemos el estudio de un curioso proceso de combinacion generica, de genero negro y ciencia ficcion distopica, y un fenomeno intermediatico de literatura y cine a traves del analisis de los pastiches de Boris Vian bajo el seudonimo de Vernon Sullivan. Nos centramos, en concreto, en un subgenero Hollywoodiense de critica a la serialidad y la perfeccion artificial. Para ello exponemos un acercamiento original a la novela Et on tuera tous les affreux (1948) en relacion con tres films norteamericanos catalogados como neonoir, –dos de ellos adaptaciones de novelas de Ellroy– con el objeto de estudiar la representacion de la femme fatale en un contexto hipermasculinizado desde un punto de vista estetico, estilistico y sociologico. EnglishIn this article we propose the study of a curious process of generic combination, noir genre and dystopian science fiction, and an intermediate phenomenon of literature and cinema through the analysis of Boris Vian’s pastiches under the pseudonym Vernon Sullivan. We focus, in particular, on a Hollywoodian subgenre of criticism of seriality and artificial perfection. For this we expose an original approach to the novel Et on tuera tous les affreux (1948) in relation to three North American films cataloged as neo-noir –two of them adaptations of novels by Ellroy– in order to study the representation of the femme fatale in a hypermasculinized context from an aesthetic, stylistic and sociological point of view

Definiteness and Maximality in French Language Acquisition, More Adult-Like Than You Would Expect

This study considers the mastery of maximality, or domain restrictions, in a group of 47 children acquiring French (aged 4;06 to 8;09), as well as a control group of young adults. Definite (le ‘the’) and indefinite (un ‘a/one’) singular and plural (des ‘some’, les ‘the’) as well as explicitly maximal contexts (tous les ‘all the’) were provided to participants. Animals were arranged in groups of three. Participants were asked to select one or more animals from these groups and give them to the experimenter (similar to Munn et al., 2006). Following Munn, we expected children to make maximality errors on the singular definite items. However, we did not observe this pattern. On the contrary we observed more errors on plurals generally. Further, the developmental patterns show that participants become less maximal in their responses to indefinite plurals (an adult-like pattern, also found in Caponigro et al., 2012) with no important changes on definite types: no strong age effects are observed on maximality patterns. These point to the importance of cross-linguistic data for the understanding of child language acquisition and error patterns for psycholinguistic theory.

Introduction

Introduction Catherine R. Montfort (bio) and Christine McCall Probes (bio) Journeys are the midwives of thought. Alain de Botton, The Art of Travel (54) The project of a volume on Women and Traveling originated at the Modern Language Association Convention in Chicago (January 2014) after a table ronde organized and presided by Christine McCall Probes, Voyages de femmes, entrepris et rapportés: Représentations littéraires et/ou artistiques, was particularly well received. Speakers included Linda Alcott, Hélène Diaz Brown, Arline E. Cravens, Molly Krueger Enz, Perry J. Gethner and Catherine R. Montfort. Soon after the MLA, Christine McCall Probes and Catherine R. Montfort sent a call for papers inviting scholars to submit essays on the topic Les femmes et le voyage for a Special Volume of WIF Studies. Our stated goal was to include articles ranging from the Middle Ages to the twenty-first century that focused on the literary and artistic representations of women travelers—in forced voyages or not—and the rhetorical strategies employed in the past as these voyages were recorded. At the MLA session, genres and topics included representations of women travelers in plays, fantastic and mystical voyages, memoirs, epistolary novels and women travelers of color. In this volume we present case studies of women travelers and a number of analyses of travel narratives in the pre-modern and modern periods. Of course we realize that this volume is only a small token in the analysis of a genre that has encompassed "a bewildering diversity of forms, modes and itineraries" (Thompson 1-2).1 There have been many studies on traveling and many studies on male travel writers in France such as Montaigne, Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, Chateaubriand or Nerval to mention just [End Page 6] a few. There have also been studies on British and American female writers (see among others Shirley Foster, Sara Mills, Mary-Louise Pratt and Yaël Schlick).2 Strikingly there have been many fewer studies on French and Francophone female travelers and writers until recently, mostly due to historical and cultural differences.3 From Odysseus to Aeneas to the Knights of the Round Table, to Columbus to more modern times, travel has functioned as "a defining arena of agency" for men and male travel narratives have been inseparable from masculinity (Sidonie Smith ix). Marie-Christine Gomez-Géraud notes in Écrire le voyage au XVIe siècle en France that Nicolas de Nicolay wrote in Dans l'Empire de Soliman le Magnifique, texte de navigations et de pérégrinations: "La raison veut et nature semble le commander à l'homme, de chercher, visiter et enquérir, savoir et connaître tous les ȇtres, toutes les parties et mansions de son universelle habitation" (44-45). Men, then, have been crusaders, adventurers, scientists, missionaries, entrepreneurs—and always narrators. While the man of the Middle Ages chose pilgrimages in his spiritual journey to God and generally had little curiosity about this world,4 the Renaissance and 17th century traveler in contrast wanted above all to be an informer telling the truth and being the "miroir du monde" here on earth. Followed "le grand tour" and educational voyages stretching roughly from the mid-seventeenth to the mid-nineteenth century. And then in the nineteenth century, there was a shift to subjectivity. As exemplified by Chateaubriand, the "moi" prevailed and "le sujet qui voyage est l'objet du récit au mȇme titre que les territoires évoqués" (Bénédicte Monicat, Itinéraires 1). In contrast the relation of women to mobility has been problematic. In the Middle Ages, "the underlying principle that a woman's proper sphere was the private one prevailed" (Webb 80): and similarly, "the message of many prescriptive Renaissance texts was that the virtuous woman stays at home" (Hackett 126). And yet, women too, like men, have always traveled, from pilgrimages to Jerusalem and the Holy Land5 to voyages to "spas" or for health reasons, to voyages for familial obligations (especially marriages),6 to scientific voyages to accompany their husband, to lonely voyages to far-flung lands to flee the role patriarchy had allotted [End Page 7] them, but récits de voyage have...

Diffusion du silex crétacé des minières de Saint-Gond (Marne, France) au Néolithique récent et final

La région des Marais de Saint-Gond (Marne) comporte un très grand nombre de sépultures collectives en hypogées et en allées couvertes, d’épandages de silex et d’habitats néolithiques. L’abondant corpus de silex taillés qui provient de ces sites n’avait pas encore fait l’objet d’une étude détaillée. 17 minières et plusieurs dizaines d’affleurements de bancs de silex ont été identifiés. Existe-t-il un lien entre les silex déposés dans les sépultures collectives et les exploitations locales ? La provenance des silex de six sites régionaux datant du Néolithique récent et final (hypogées, allée couverte et habitats) a été déterminée par l’analyse des faciès sédimentaires. Cette méthode permet de reconstruire les conditions de sédimentation du paléoenvironnement marin dans lequel la craie s’est déposée et les silex se sont formés. Le faciès Saint-Gond a été caractérisé à la loupe binoculaire à partir de cinq affleurements du Campanien supérieur visibles dans cinq minières. Ce faciès est subdivisable en cinq sous-faciès correspondant à chaque affleurement étudié. Il est alors possible d’identifier la diffusion de ces cinq secteurs miniers. Les résultats montrent que le faciès Saint-Gond est majoritaire dans les sites régionaux, à l’exception d’une allée couverte dans laquelle un faciès crétacé exogène domine. Les différents sous-faciès sont présents dans tous les sites étudiés, en proportions variables. Ces résultats impliquent qu’au Néolithique récent et final, le silex des habitats et des sépultures collectives provient de plusieurs minières locales. Cela implique que tous les secteurs miniers étaient en exploitation au même moment. L’organisation sociale et économique de l’acquisition et de la diffusion des matériaux est discutée et comparée à d’autres modèles. Les modalités précises des exploitations minières et de la diffusion des productions révèlent ainsi la complexité de l’organisation sociale des sociétés du Néolithique récent.