Tous Les Research Articles

Procedural Skills of a General Internist - Informed by the Front Line.

Procedural Skills of a General Internist - Informed by the Front Line.

Patterns of infections, aetiological agents and antimicrobial resistance at a tertiary care hospital in northern Tanzania.

To determine the causative agents of infections and their antimicrobial susceptibility at a tertiary care hospital in Moshi, Tanzania, to guide optimal treatment. A total of 590 specimens (stool (56), sputum (122), blood (126) and wound swabs (286)) were collected from 575 patients admitted in the medical and surgical departments. The bacterial species were determined by conventional methods, and disc diffusion was used to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the bacterial isolates. A total of 249 (42.2%) specimens were culture-positive yielding a total of 377 isolates. A wide range of bacteria was isolated, the most predominant being Gram-negative bacteria: Proteus spp. (n = 48, 12.7%), Escherichia coli (n = 44, 11.7%), Pseudomonas spp. (n = 40, 10.6%) and Klebsiella spp (n = 38, 10.1%). Wound infections were characterised by multiple isolates (n = 293, 77.7%), with the most frequent being Proteus spp. (n = 44, 15%), Pseudomonas (n = 37, 12.6%), Staphylococcus (n = 29, 9.9%) and Klebsiella spp. (n = 28, 9.6%). All Staphylococcus aureus tested were resistant to penicillin (n = 22, 100%) and susceptible to vancomycin. Significant resistance to cephalosporins such as cefazolin (n = 62, 72.9%), ceftriaxone (n = 44, 51.8%) and ceftazidime (n = 40, 37.4%) was observed in Gram-negative bacteria, as well as resistance to cefoxitin (n = 6, 27.3%) in S. aureus. The study has revealed a wide range of causative agents, with an alarming rate of resistance to the commonly used antimicrobial agents. Furthermore, the bacterial spectrum differs from those often observed in high-income countries. This highlights the imperative of regular generation of data on aetiological agents and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns especially in infectious disease endemic settings. The key steps would be to ensure the diagnostic capacity at a sufficient number of sites and implement structures to routinely exchange, compare, analyse and report data. Sentinel sites (hospitals) across the country (and region) should report on a representative subset of bacterial species and their susceptibility to drugs at least annually. A central organising body should collate the data and report to relevant national and international stakeholders.

Quantifying the risk of nosocomial infection within Ebola Holding Units: a retrospective cohort study of negative patients discharged from five Ebola Holding Units in Western Area, Sierra Leone.

A central pillar in the response to the 2014 Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic in Sierra Leone was the role of Ebola Holding Units (EHUs). These units isolated patients meeting a suspect case definition, tested them for EVD, initiated appropriate early treatment and discharged negative patients to onward inpatient care or home. Positive patients were referred to Ebola Treatment Centres. We aimed to estimate the risk of nosocomial transmission within these EHUs. We followed up a cohort of 543 patients discharged with a negative EVD test from five EHUs in the Western Area, Sierra Leone, and examined all line-listed subsequent EVD tests from any facility in the Western Area to see whether the patient was retested within 30 days, matching by name, age and address. We defined possible readmissions as having the same name and age but uncertain address, and confirmed readmissions where name, age and address matched. We found a positive readmission rate of 3.3% (18 cases), which included 1.5% confirmed readmissions (8 cases) and 1.8% possible readmissions (10 cases). This is lower than rates previously reported. We cannot ascertain whether EVD was acquired within the EHUs or from re-exposure in the community. No demographic or clinical variables were identified as risk factors for positive readmission, likely due to our small sample size. These findings support the EHU model as a safe method for isolation of suspect EVD patients and their role in limiting the spread of EVD.

Savoir dérouter. Pierre Senges, érudit égarant

ABSTRACTThis article examines the ways in which erudition—acquired knowledge drawn from literary or other sources—becomes in Pierre Senges’ books the basis for creating knowledge via the invention of new forms. Combining erudition and imagination, Senges’ fictional encyclopedism produces an atypical cartography of knowledge that playfully subverts the preferred tools for collecting and organizing tous les savoirs du monde, and calls in turn for new figurations and reconfigurations of the world.

Gautier d'Agoty, 1746, Paris: a Coloured Plate of Six Dissections of the Upper Limb

Gautier d'Agoty is very famous for his engravings with four passages of coloured inks; this procedure gave several colors with an excellent rendering of the human dissections during the 18th century in France. We have analyzed the anatomical veracity of the plate #17 “demonstrated by Duverney, painted and engraved by J. Gautier”. In november 2015, It belonged (#64747) to the Scientific Library Alain Brieux ‐ Gillot. It represented the dissections of a left human upper limb: the hand with the posterior (x1) and anterior (x2) aspects, the forearm with the hand on their posterior and anterior aspects, and the deltoid muscle. The anatomical veracity was excellent. The dimensions of the frame of the plate were 72 × 55 cm. The editors were Gautier, Quillau and Lamesle, in Paris, 1746. The exact title was: “ Suite de l'essai d'anatomie en tableaux imprimés représentant au naturel tous les muscles du pharinx, du tronc et des extrémités supérieures (...) par M Duverney (...) comprenant 12 grandes planches par le Sieur Gautier (...) ‐ Myologie complète en couleur et grandeur naturelle, composée de l'essai et de la suite de l'essai d'anatomie, en tableaux imprimés, par M. Gautier d'Agoty, père (1716–1785) de l'Académie des Sciences des Belles Lettres de Dijon et Pensionnaire de sa Majesté”. These plates were so large that they were commonly fold; for this sample, there is only one fold perpendicular to the middle of the length. These plates are so wonderful that they are commonly used for decorative puposes especially in the libraries of the medical schools; this spectacular aspect is excellent for the gross‐anatomy field but the main thing is their scientific exactitude.

Memory and Community in Sixteenth-Century France ed. by David P. LaGuardia, Cathy Yandell

Hardy, Françoise. Avis non autorisés… Paris: Équateurs, 2015. ISBN 978-2-84990396 -4. Pp. 250. 19 a. Since her beginnings as a singer during the early 1960s (Tous les garçons et les filles), Hardy has been a cultural icon in France and other European countries, especially in Germany where she performed free of accent in the language of the country. Slender and long-haired, she also added appearances in movies to her artistic repertoire, particularly in England. In the new millennium she came out with book publications in various literary genres: novel, autobiography, and non-fiction. Her latest book bears an ironic title, as if the author had failed to get authorization to publish her opinion on various controversial subjects. This volume is a collection of opinion pieces on such subjects as medicine, politics, environment, literature, fashion, astrology, and spirituality. One finds bits and pieces of autobiography—always fascinating as the description of facts only the author can verify. It is, therefore, a very subjective book which one can read under various aspects, even as a counterpart to her husband’s flippant self-presentation (Jacques Dutronc’s Pensées et répliques, 2000). The woman whom we learned to know some 50 years ago as the singer of poetic and melancholic chansons presents herself now as a critical observer of government and other institutions . However, it is difficult to identify her as a conservative, despite her criticism of the current French president and her appreciation of his predecessor with whose wife, the singer Carla Bruni, she maintains a friendly relationship. The various subjects the author touches upon also include literature, both English and French. Her interest in modern French classics is selective. Sartre, Camus, Simone de Beauvoir do not mean much to her, but she appreciates Proust, Colette, Céline. The contemporary authors with whom she had personal encounters are Patrick Modiano and Michel Houellebecq. Astrology and spirituality are two subjects which seem to be of special importance to her. The research into these subjects, about which she has published before, indicate the earnestness of this author about the human existence, particularly of aspects which have not yet been sufficiently covered (metaphysics used to be a term for these philosophical activities). It is, however, always interesting that the author also finds time and space to deal with less important issues, such as fashion, television, and Salut les copains. Ocean County College (NJ), emeritus Gert Niers LaGuardia,David P., and CathyYandell,eds.Memory and Community in SixteenthCentury France. Farnham: Ashgate, 2015. ISBN 978-1-4724-5527-2. Pp. 267. £65. Through the study of a variety of texts, including personal correspondences, memoirs, legal proceedings, pamphlets and poetry, the fourteen essays in this volume 220 FRENCH REVIEW 90.1 Reviews 221 examine the manner in which the “textual remembering” of public acts and practices served a mnemonic function while reinforcing community identities in Renaissance France. These essays indicate that even the most independent writers of this period situated their identity within a community or social group, rather than as a private or transcendent subjectivity. Additionally, as sixteenth-century writers transcribed and re-wrote the significant events of their era, they often defended the positions of particular communities that were in conflict with one another, especially during the Wars of Religion. This volume is divided into four parts: “The Nature of Memory,” “Re-Viewing the Wars of Religion,”“Remembering People and Places,”and“Memory, Identity,Alterity”. The essays focus their analyses on a variety of perspectives including the material specificities of communication in Renaissance France, sixteenth-century French rhetorical practices, and the remembering of critical sixteenth-century French historical events. LaGuardia’s essay, for example, examines the correspondences between Catherine de Médicis and Jeanne d’Albret to reveal the complicated material conditions in which “faithful” scribes and couriers were often called upon to supplement or alter written information, such that even private correspondences were embedded within collective writing practices.Both Dora Polachek and Marian Rothstein examine the manipulation of memories and willful forgetting to reinforce particular images, specifically, Brantôme’s depiction in Dames illustres of Marguerite de Navarre as a defender of Catholicism (Polachek), and Le Roy’s...

IL-31-induced pruritus in dogs: a novel experimental model to evaluate anti-pruritic effects of canine therapeutics.

BackgroundPruritus is a characteristic clinical sign of allergic skin conditions including atopic dermatitis (AD) in the dog. IL‐31 is a cytokine found in the serum of some dogs with AD and can induce pruritic behaviours in laboratory beagle dogs.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThe objectives were to characterize an IL‐31‐induced pruritus model by evaluating the efficacy of prednisolone, dexamethasone and oclacitinib, and to compare the speed of anti‐pruritic effects of oclacitinib against those of prednisolone and dexamethasone.AnimalsPurpose‐bred beagle dogs were used in all studies.MethodsRandomized, blinded, placebo‐controlled studies were designed to evaluate and compare the anti‐pruritic properties of prednisolone, dexamethasone and oclacitinib following a single intravenous injection of recombinant canine IL‐31. Video surveillance was used to monitor and score pruritic behaviours in study animals.ResultsPrednisolone [0.5 mg/kg, per os (p.o.)] reduced IL‐31‐induced pruritus when given 10 h prior to observation. When the time interval between drug treatment and observation was shortened to 1 h, dexamethasone (0.2 mg/kg, intramuscular) but not prednisolone (0.25 or 0.5 mg/kg, p.o.) reduced IL‐31‐induced pruritus. Oclacitinib (0.4 mg/kg, p.o.) reduced pruritus when given 1, 6, 11 and 16 h prior to the observation period, and the anti‐pruritic activity of oclacitinib was greater when compared to prednisolone and dexamethasone at all time points assessed.Conclusion and clinical importanceThe efficacy of prednisolone, dexamethasone and oclacitinib in the IL‐31‐induced pruritus model gives confidence that this may be a relevant model for acute pruritus associated with allergic dermatitis including AD and can be used to evaluate novel compounds or formulations.

‘They were jokes’: The Situationist fiction of Michèle Bernstein

Abstract In 1960, Paris-based Situationist Michèle Bernstein published the first instalment in a pair of novels that playfully ‘knocked-off’ the popular literary genres of the post-war era and which the author has subsequently dismissed as jokes. Principally concerned with Bernstein’s first book released through Buchet/Chastel in 1960, Tous les chevaux du roi (2004)/All the King’s Horses (2008), this article explores how this fake romance novel heavily laden with irony provides a front for a deeper level cultural critique. While previous responses to Bernstein’s novel treat it as either an eye-witness account of the everyday life of the Situationist International (1957–1972), or as propagandizing for a libertine revolution of the passions, a focus on the insincerity and ‘joking’ of the author highlights the novel’s more pressing concern for performing a Situationist critique of reification. At the same time, Bernstein’s ambivalent treatment of the popular genre of the teen romance novel raises complex questions about some of the gendered aspects of the Situationist critique. For this reason, this article also explores how the performative rehearsal of boredom, banality and cliché in All the King’s Horses (2008) calls into question the radical potential attributed to desire in the avant-garde’s project to enact a revolution of everyday life under commodity capitalism.

Photos volées par Dominique Fabre

Reviews 195 et répète depuis trois décennies que depuis Shakespeare, tous les grands thèmes ont été développés, et que le rôle de l’écrivain ne consiste plus à raconter des histoires (la télé et Internet s’en chargent), mais à capter les fréquences et la musique de son temps, à rendre compte du monde à travers un regard décalé et une oreille affutée. Djian, émerveillé dans sa jeunesse par la lecture du dernier chapitre d’Ulysse de James Joyce (ce célèbre monologue écrit sans ponctuation), reste donc fidèle à lui-même ainsi qu’à ses premières amours, et continue d’avancer, de livre en livre, vers une écriture de plus en plus stimulante, sobre et épurée. Baylor University (TX) Alexandre Thiltges Fabre, Dominique. Photos volées. Paris: L’Olivier, 2014. ISBN 978-2-8236-0071-1. Pp. 313. 18,50 a. The story is simple enough. Jean, a fifty-eight-year-old man who lives alone, suddenly finds himself out of work. Initially a photographer, after his divorce he found more permanent employment with an insurance company, but now this stability has disappeared. He has a small rental apartment in Asnières, three or four close friends, recurring memories of his deceased mother, and boxes of photos he has taken. His universe is essentially contained within the street where his lives, near the railroad station and the neighborhood immediately surrounding the Saint-Lazare station in Paris. It is within these parameters that he constantly wanders. He makes friends with an Arab man of his age and together they earn a bit of money, making deliveries in their cars of possibly illegal merchandise. Eventually he begins to take more photos, which lead to a vernissage in a café. Around this time he meets a woman with whom he may manage to have a successful relationship. Yet if Fabre creates an intriguing novel out of this seemingly banal material, it is because Photos volées is not really about chômage, aging or loneliness; it has a more subtle focus. Jean is a perfectly ordinary man who, like many of his counterparts, passes his life in a state of semi-somnolence. Fascinated by the work of Calderon La vie est un songe that he has never dared to read (190), he drifts through his existence without ever totally engaging with life: “[J]’ai toujours eu du mal pour exister à temps complet” (250). This hovering sense of an almost dreamlike consciousness is reinforced by the frequent appearance of the verb murmurer. In Jean’s world people tend to murmur rather than talk, so that what is said or intended is never fully grasped. His own language is replete with clichés (like “ne pas être né de la dernière pluie”), which reinforce his sense of security. He never really confronts life, but is content to experience it in muted, refracted segments, “Il s’est passé beaucoup de choses grises dans ma vie”(275), which he files away, much like his photographic negatives:“Il m’en restait [...] plus à classer qu’à vivre”(213). To the extent the world exists for him, it is the known past, frozen in his numerous snapshots, a place that is comfortable, but from which he vaguely hopes to escape: “Le monde n’est plus qu’une grande banlieue où on attend le train” (231). While it is tempting to place this novel in the tradition of Breton’s Nadja (1928) that would not do it full justice. If Photos volées has a certain affinity with surrealism, its lingering effect on the reader stems less from its literary heritage than from its portrait of a contemporary consciousness adrift in today’s world with an attitude of low-level,continuous befuddlement concerning the passage of time, the lack of intensity or achievement and the lingering sense that the train one is awaiting will never arrive. Florida State University William Cloonan Ferney, Alice. Le règne du vivant. Arles: Actes Sud, 2014. ISBN 978-2-330-03595-2. Pp. 208. 19 a. This is a compelling story of man’s urgent need to care for our planet Earth and all...

Role of iron oxy-hydroxides on settling behaviour of red mud

Nine bauxite samples from Brazil and one from Ghana were submitted to alkaline digestion at 145°C. All initial samples and their red muds were chemically analysed and characterised by X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy at 298 and 77 K. The settling rates of all red muds were also measured. It was observed that the presence of goethite in the bauxite has a profound effect on the settling rate of the red mud produced in the Bayer process. The goethite possess high Al-for-Fe substitution and/or nanometric crystallites, and decreases the settling rate. The dissolution of this goethite during the caustic digestion at 145°C was also observed, leading to the formation of hematite. Finally, the hematite in the red muds presents crystals with larger sizes in comparison with those in the original bauxites.On a soumis à la digestion alcaline à 145°C, neuf échantillons de bauxite du Brésil et un échantillon du Ghana. On a analysé chimiquement tous les échantillons initiaux et leurs boues rouges et on les a caractérisés par diffraction des rayons x et par spectroscopie Mössbauer à 298 K et à 77 K. On a également mesuré la vitesse de sédimentation de toutes les boues rouges. On a observé que la présence de goethite dans la bauxite avait un effet important sur la vitesse de sédimentation de la boue rouge produite par le procédé Bayer. La goethite possède une substitution élevée d’Al pour le Fe et/ou des cristallites nanométriques, et elle diminue la vitesse de sédimentation. On a également observé la dissolution de cette goethite lors de la digestion caustique à 145°C, qui menait à la formation d’hématite. Finalement, l’hématite des boues rouges présente des cristaux de plus grandes tailles en comparaison à ceux des bauxites originales.

C'est dégueulasse!: Matters of Taste and “La Grande bouffe” (1973)

C'est dégueulasse!: Matters of Taste and “La Grande bouffe” (1973)

Jonas d'Orleans: Instruction des laics. Tome I: Livres I-II, 16. Tome II: Livres II, 17-III. Introduction, text, translation, and notes by ODILE DUBREUCQ.

Jonas, bishop of Orléans from 818 to around 842, moved in high circles. His De institutione laicali (the title is uncertain: vol. 1, pp. 43–4) was at least for a time dedicated to the local count, Matfrid; it played some part in shaping the Acts of the Council of Paris in 829. As Dubreucq’s interesting introduction explains, Jonas had to wheel and deal in the troubled times of Louis the Pious; and he also wrote a Primer for Kings (SC 407). Little of this background shows in the work under review (Dubreucq signals at vol. 2, p. 42, n. 1 the only allusion to a fact). It comes as a surprise when the author himself appears (Book ii. 3, 11–12: ‘what I say has often been brought up against me’), or a common touch (i. 17, 53–7: harmful thoughts are like filthy flies, and one must shake them off like dirt that has lodged on one’s clothes). His book is, indeed, largely a collection of extracts: ‘la compilation des “autorités” est la manière de composer commune à tous les auteurs carolingiens’ (vol. 1, p. 69). The net is cast very wide indeed, and, though Augustine predominates (an especially fine passage is cited in ii. 2, 46–64), Jonas displays a breadth of reading that rivals or surpasses that of Alcuin. But the introductions and conclusions that regularly frame the borrowed material are well worth reading in their own right, and reveal a man with strong views on (for instance) the forms of penance (i. 10), modern manners (i. 20), and various kinds of abuse in the Church. It is heartening to read him on double standards in sexual matters (ii. 4), and on the equality of all men (ii. 22, 107–8; iii. 14, 15): the poor deserve better than the scorn they encounter (ii. 22), denied as they are honest judgements (ii. 24), hospitality (ii. 29), and proper burial (iii. 15). It is another matter whether, for example, anyone might be deterred from the vice of curiosity by pondering the story of Dinah daugher of Jacob (iii. 10; Genesis 34).

CIPHI International, a National Roundtable Discussion

The recent disaster in the Philippines (November 2013) caused by hurricane Haiyan and the Harper government’s $150 million attention to the Syrian refugee crises ( January 2014) reemphasizing the appeal for help and support from the international community both stimulated the question of ‘‘How could we as a profession do some good and where would we fit in best’’? As in most similar humanitarian calamities (e.g., Syria, Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Haiti, Darfur), desperate calls for public health ‘‘environmental sanitation’’ services rank as one of the most critical and earliest interventions, and this is also critical during the recovery and healing phases. Are we ready to respond? Do we have a moral obligation to actively engage and apply our professional abilities in a humanitarian crisis situation? Are we ready to act in the true and traditionally reputed Canadian spirit? Is ‘‘we’’ meant to be the Institute as an organization or the Institute-supported individual elite PHI ‘‘star volunteers’’? Here we have a chance to create a National Roundtable on this EHR page to freely discuss our opinions, options, visions, moral obligations, and assumed credibility status as they relate to overseas services. In fact, the compassionate character of the subject should draw the attention of all of our brave peers. It is not so much the dues you pay, rather than the dues of dedication you owe to strengthen our professional solidarity. This can be a galvanizing reason to become not only a member, but also one of our elite PHI star volunteers for overseas services. We can only have a lively discussion if points of either disagreements or endorsements are aired and constructive critique is added. Honour wise critique, and despise heartless apathy. Only after our rank and file have spoken and a reasonable concept is firming up, the ‘‘Institute heavyweights’’ with the insights of their experiences (NEC, CoPE, CPC, EHFC, IFEH) might weigh in to elaborate, support, improve, and approve an obviously important interest represented through the hearts and souls of our Institute’s champions. My interpretation of we means not only PHI members, but also whoever is grazing the pages of our EHR, en francaise, Salue! Bonjour mes amis et collegues quebecois et, certainemant, tous les PHIs preferant la langue francaise, and hello to my nonmember colleagues. Many of us may remember CIPHI International, Overseas Services, or International Health Committee (IHC) and other designations and acronyms referring to the Institute’s past and present interests in international public health. In some cases, the more compassionate PHIs developed and engaged in overseas projects such as Sierra-Leone and Belize and established connections at the professional level with colleagues from Russia and other international environmental and public health organizations. In fact, some ‘‘PHI pioneers’’ declared their endorsement and willingness to serve beyond the call of duty as far back as the spring of 1979. Some of those became prominent leaders and proponents for a ‘‘humanitarian cause without borders.’’ ‘‘Disaster Relief ’’ and related expressions have been in our vocabulary as early as the publication of the 1967 Major O’Hara’s (see CIPHI’s ‘‘100 Members of Distinction’’ booklet) Environmental Health in Disaster manual, confirmation of PHIs’ qualifications and successful participation in direct crises intervention in the early 1980s, in CIPHI National Conference presentations such as ‘‘Public Health is Crucial in Humanitarian Crises’’ in 2011, and more recently, under ‘‘Disaster Relief ’’ in the pages of our EHR. How this may relate to actually having PHI boots in the fields of despair is better answered by our present visionaries and our own scholars. With all the references in words and print to ‘‘disaster’’ and ‘‘crises’’ over the last decades, we may wish to compare the equivalence between words versus action on a list of ‘‘Courageous Deeds Accomplished.’’ Throughout the years, definitions of Overseas Services or CIPHI International conjure perceptions, perspectives, and concepts of confusing proportions. The issue is not unlike mandatory membership, where personal opinions differ on the extent of commitment. Increased focus helps to minimise scattered perceptions, scattered resources, fragmented services, and confused attitudes such as some already voiced by our peers.

Notes sur le Culte des Orisa et Vodun: Pierre Fatumbi Verger and the Study of “African Traditional Religion”

AbstractThis article examines Pierre Verger’sNotes sur le culte des Orisa et Vodun à Bahia, la Baie de tous les Saints, au Brésil et à l’ancienne côte des esclaves en Afriqueand aims to investigate his position in relation to the study of religion, Vodun in particular, in the African context, and his contribution to the construction of an “African traditional religion” paradigm. InNotes sur le culte des Orisa et Vodun, Verger intended to make a comparative analysis of “African sources” and “Brazilian remnants” in order to ascertain what had survived the middle passage. This article seeks to highlight the innovative perspectives Verger introduced to the study of religions in Africa, perspectives that included a wide use of historical sources and a deep involvement in field research, and to point up his different methodological position on the two sides of the Atlantic. In Africa he sought pure tradition, while in Brazil he emphasized the modernity of the African religions that proved able to survive the Atlantic passage and resist the hegemonic powers of the New World.

Peacebuilding from below vs. the liberal peace: the case of Haiti

Despite the acknowledged importance of engaging domestic actors at all levels – from the grassroots to the elite – in peacebuilding processes, the recent preoccupation with statebuilding has typically left “the people” on the sidelines. We explore how to achieve greater coherence between top-down and bottom-up approaches through a case study of one community-based peacebuilding initiative in Haiti. The obstacles to “vertically integrated” peacebuilding are considerable. To overcome them will require not only support for mid-level political and social structures through which top-down and bottom-up processes could productively interact, but also greater commitment on the part of both grassroots and top-level actors. Résumé Malgré la reconnaissance de l'importance de l'engagement des acteurs locaux à tous les niveaux – de la base aux élites dans le processus de consolidation de la paix, le peuple est généralement exclu dans le processus de reconstruction des États. Cet article explore les méthodes permettant d'atteindre une plus grande cohérence entre les approches descendante (top-down) et ascendante (bottom-up) à travers une étude de cas en Haïti. Les défis posés à une approche d'intégration verticale à la reconstruction sont considérables. Pour les surmonter il faut d'abord, l'appui des structures politiques et sociales intermédiaires ou les processus ascendant et descendant peuvent interagir ainsi bien qu'un engagement plus fort de la part de différents acteurs à tous les niveaux.

Sacred Liturgy and Asceticism: Respect for the Ius Divinum

Sacred Liturgy and Asceticism: Respect for the Ius Divinum1 Raymond Leo Cardinal Burke Introduction First of all, I express my heartfelt gratitude to Father Paul J. Keller, O.P., President of the Society for Catholic Liturgy, for the invitation to address the 2012 Annual Meeting of the Society. In accepting the invitation, it was my desire to encourage you as a scholarly and professional association devoted to promoting the Sacred Liturgy, the highest and most perfect expression of our life in Christ in the Church, especially through your attention to an interdisciplinary approach which respects the integral elements of divine worship: language and gesture, music, art and architecture, vesture, vessels and linens. In a particular way, I urge you, in accord with the teaching of Pope Benedict XVI on the Sacred Liturgy, to continue your promotion of the beauty that must necessarily mark every aspect of divine worship. Fittingly, during the 2012 Annual Meeting, you have chosen to address the subject of asceticism and the Sacred Liturgy. The term “asceticism”, derived from the Greek term askesis for the exercise necessary to achieve athletic or gymnastic excellence, has from the time of the Greek Fathers, in the words of Louis Bouyer, “come to designate the effort a Christian must exercise in the battle waged against those things, both from within himself and from without, that oppose the realization of the ideal of Christian perfection as proposed in the Sermon on the Mount.”2 Such spiritual exercise 1 Keynote Address delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Catholic Liturgy in St Louis, Missouri, on 28 January 2012. 2 “L’ascèse ... en et venue à désigner tous les efforts auxquels doit s’exercer le chrétien, dans cette lutte qu’il doit mener contre ce qui, en lui ou en dehors de lui, s’oppose à la réalisation de l’idéal de la perfection chrétienne proposé dans le Sermon sur la montagne.” Louis Bouyer, “Ascèse, ascétique et ascétisme,” Dictionnaire Théologique (Tournai: Desclée & Co., 1963) 80. [Hereafter, DT] English version: Louis Bouyer, Dictionary of Theology, trans. Charles Underhill Quinn (Tournai: Desclée Antiphon 17.1 (2013): 3-30 4 RAYMOND LEO CARDINAL BURKE is not seen as the fruit of human effort alone as opposed to the action of divine grace, according to a Pelagian view, or even as complementary to divine grace, according to a semi-Pelagian view, but, rather, is seen to depend completely upon divine grace. It is, in fact, divine grace that inspires or prompts ascetical activity as the fitting response of man to God.3 If every dimension of our life in Christ demands asceticism, so that Christ’s life within us, divine grace, may produce its fruit, then, above all, asceticism is necessary if we are to “worship in spirit and truth.”4 As the history of the liturgical reform following the Second Vatican Ecumenical Council has so strikingly demonstrated, a lack of attention to the discipline required for true worship deforms what should be worship of God into a man-made and man-centered activity. Pope Paul VI, in his homily on the Solemnity of Saints Peter and Paul in 1972, reflecting upon the situation of the Church in the world, spoke of his sense that “through some fissure the smoke of Satan has entered into the temple of God.”5 He spoke of a pervasive doubt, uncertainty, restlessness, dissatisfaction and dissent, and of a loss of trust in the Church, coupled with a ready placement of trust in secular prophets who speak through the press or social movements, seeking from them the formula for a true life.6 He noted how, even within the Church, the state of uncertainty prevailed, observing that after the Second Vatican Ecumenical Council it was believed that “a day of sunlight had dawned upon the Church,” while, in fact, “a day of clouds, storms, darkness, wandering and uncertainty” had arrived.7 He commented that we seek to dig the abysses deeper rather than to fill them.8 & Co., 1965) 42. [Hereafter, DTEng]. 3 See DT, 80–82. English version: DTEng 42–43. 4 Jn 4:24. 5 “... da qualche fessura sia entrato il...

Studies on user experience in bakery stores for purchase intention promotion - Mainly with analysis on sensory experience elements of Paris Baguette & Tous les jours -

Studies on user experience in bakery stores for purchase intention promotion - Mainly with analysis on sensory experience elements of Paris Baguette & Tous les jours -

The Rise and Fall of the Glassmaker Paul Bosc d'Antic (1753–1784)

Thanks to the efforts made in the first decade of the 18th century by Réaumur and, to a lesser extent, by Buffon, glassmaking attracted the attention of Academic French scientists. In the early 1750s, in order to bridge the gap between the protected system of French glass manufactories and the academic thirst for innovation and technological improvement, technical experts with solid scientific backgrounds were charged by the Académie des sciences to supervise the organisation of several royal manufactories. Paul Bosc d'Antic was chosen in 1755 to solve the problems at the mirror manufactory in Saint-Gobain. Bosc d'Antic's career, in its tension between his ambition as an academic author and drive as a technical inventor, and the economic interest of a free entrepreneur, provides an interesting example of the complex and contradictory evolution of the French chemical arts and manufactories during the second half of the 18th century. “Les arts ont entr'eux des rapports plus ou moins marqués, […] mais celui de la verrerie est le fondement de presque tous les autres”. Bosc d'Antic

Modelling the effects of steel corrosion in concrete, induced by carbon dioxide penetration

The aim of this article is to present the modelling approach developed in order to predict the effects of corrosion of the reinforcements induced by carbon dioxide penetration. The final objective of the project is to propose a phenomenological and coupled model taking into account all the processes involved in the degradation of reinforced concrete. In this context, the CORDOBA model considers the coupling between different processes involved in the cracking induced corrosion phenomenon. More precisely, hydric behaviour of concrete is coupled with oxygen transport and corrosion reaction, as well as with mechanical damage of concrete. The effect of a pre-existing crack on the development of corrosion is also analysed. Cet article présente la démarche de modélisation mise en œuvre pour prédire les effets de la corrosion des armatures par carbonatation du béton armé. L’objectif final du projet est de disposer d’un modèle phénoménologique couplé prenant en compte tous les processus mis en jeu dans la dégradation du béton armé. Dans ce contexte, le modèle CORDOBA intègre les processus liés à la fissuration du béton induite par la corrosion: Le comportement hydrique du béton est couplé au transport de l’oxygène et à la réaction de corrosion, ainsi qu’à l’endommagement mécanique du béton. L’effet d’une fissure pré-existante sur le développement de la corrosion est aussi analysé.

Violence against health care must end: it's a matter of life and death

Violence against health care must end: it's a matter of life and death