Tourism Research Articles

Backpacker tourism: definitions, methods, debates

This commentary explains how backpacker research has been developed within and beyond tourism geography in the past 25 years. Based on a selective review of the backpacker literature, it identifies three enduring issues to form the basis for a future research agenda. Firstly, the question of how to define backpackers. Secondly, the methods used to understand backpacking. Thirdly, the debate regarding whether or not backpackers and working holiday makers are synonymous. The paper argues the lack of a shared definition of backpackers distorts perceptions of their impacts, particularly around the question of economic benefits. There are implications here for the tourism industry, the agriculture industry, the academy, and all who depend upon backpackers and/or working holiday makers for their livelihoods.

Bintan Image Formation via Instagram in The Pre- And Post-Covid-19 Pandemic Period: A Comparative Study Between Projected Image and Perceived Image

Several studies have proven that visual content uploaded on Instagram is a factor in forming destination images. On the other hand, tourists and local tourism authorities are two elements that form a destination image. This research aims to identify the image formation projected by local authorities and the image perceived by tourists through visual content uploaded to their official Instagram accounts in two time periods (before and after the COVID-19 pandemic). All visual content uploaded to their Instagram accounts was collected and analyzed using qualitative content analysis techniques to identify differences and similarities in the images formed by these elements in the two highlighted periods. This research found several things. First, various themes are exploited by these two elements in the production of visual content to be uploaded to their Instagram accounts, including natural attractions (AA), cultural attractions (AB), historical and religious buildings (BSK), tourist activities (TA), culinary and restaurant activities (CR), transportation and accommodation (AT), and local people (LP). Second, AA, TA, and AT are the dominant themes in the two periods (pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic). Third, in the post-pandemic period, there was a significant decline in the population of visual content uploaded to the Genpi-Bintan account compared to the pre-pandemic period. On the other hand, local authority accounts saw an increase in the population of visual content in the post-COVID-19 pandemic period compared to the period before the pandemic. Theoretical and practical implications and several recommendations are presented at the end of this article.

Precarious labour geographies of working holiday makers: querying sustainability

The boundaries between tourism and migration are blurry. This blurring has been beneficial for the governments of wealthy countries enabling them to import a large and flexible temporary workforce that can be directed toward regions and industries where there are labour shortages. Such is the case with the Australian Working Holiday Program (AWHP); a historically tourism-focused cultural exchange program that began in 1975. Since the 1990s, the Australian Government has leveraged the AWHP to support several of Australia’s critical industries. This has been achieved through the tweaking of mobility infrastructures that link Working Holiday Makers’ (WHMs) ability to stay in Australia to employment conditions. Such conditions increase precarity among WHMs, directing them towards remote regions and industries where there are evident labour shortages. While these mobility infrastructures significantly benefit Australia’s economy, they result in WHMs being highly vulnerable to exploitation. Such vulnerability is layered with WHMs from less wealthy, non-English-speaking countries facing the highest levels of vulnerability. This study investigates the way mobility infrastructures in the AWHP influence WHMs’ mobilities, as well as how such mobilities are experienced in uneven and unjust ways. There is urgency to interrogate the role that such programs play in contributing to unjust mobilities, and to query the attendant implications for sustainability.

Exploring the Case: Navigating through Transnational Experiences of Chinese Working Holiday Makers in New Zealand

Exploring the Case: Navigating through Transnational Experiences of Chinese Working Holiday Makers in New Zealand

Navigating through Transnational Experiences of Chinese Working Holiday Makers in New Zealand

Summary In 2008, New Zealand took the lead globally in offering a working holiday scheme to Chinese youth following the Free Trade Agreement between the two countries. This scheme allows Chinese participants to live, work, and/or travel for 12 months in New Zealand, which attracted huge attention and sparked enormous interest among young Chinese. Against this backdrop, the primary focus of this case study is to examine the transnational experiences of Chinese working holiday makers (WHMs) in New Zealand through a cultural lens, highlighting the distinctive characteristics of this cohort. In particular, this case study explores the factors that motivated young Chinese to become WHMs in New Zealand. Moreover, this case sheds light on their dual-layered working experience; namely how they adapted to the positive working dynamics in New Zealand compared to the working experience back in China while still navigating through perceived precarious situations. This case further discusses how Chinese individuals have transformed their understanding of sociocultural norms and parental expectations through working holidays. Furthermore, the case study examines the broader economic impact of this growing cohort on New Zealand, providing insights into the implications of the working holiday scheme. Information © The Author 2024

How Does Tourism, Trade Openness and Green Energy Influence CO2 emissions? Evidence from ASEAN Countries

This study explores the effects of Tourism (TOU), Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Trade Openness (TOP) upon carbon di oxide emissions (CO2). The article has taken top seven tourist destinations in ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) through 2000-2020. The approaches used to analyze results are autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and secondly the Granger causality technique. The data is panel data; hence we can also say it is panel ARDL. The outcomes exhibited an interesting relationship between the variables under study. Where, GDP, TOP and TOU were significantly and positively correlated with CO2. Whereas FDI showed huge and negative correlation with CO2. The results of the study showed that in the long run there is a significant association between FDI, TOP and TOU and carbon emissions. The study findings are thoroughly examined, accompanied by analysis of policy implications and recommendations for future research.

Projecting a long‐term healthcare expenditure in the United States: Do climate change, globalization, and technological innovation play a major role?

AbstractRecognizing the paramount importance of health, the United Nations Development Program has outlined sustainable development goals, emphasizing Goal 3, which focuses on ensuring and promoting healthy lives and well‐being for all. Consequently, this study delves into the determinants of healthcare expenditure (HCE), specifically focusing on financial development (FDV), tourism (TOR), technological innovations (TINs), economic growth (EG), and climate change in the United States. The investigation utilizes data spanning from the first quarter of 2000Q1 to the fourth quarter of 2020Q4. To achieve this objective, we employed innovative quantile‐based methodologies, including wavelet quantile regression and quantile‐on‐quantile Granger causality. These approaches facilitated a comprehensive exploration of the dynamic interactions between HCE and its influencing factors across various quantiles and periods. The wavelet quantile regression and quantile‐on‐quantile regression analysis findings consistently indicate a positive impact of CO2, TOR, EG, globalization, FDV, foreign direct investment, and TIN on HCE in the United States. Furthermore, the results obtained from the quantile‐on‐quantile Granger causality demonstrate that CO2 emissions, TOR, EG, globalization, FDV, foreign direct investment, and TIN significantly predict HCE across all quantiles. These insights have informed the formulation and implementation of various policies addressing the complex interplay between healthcare spending and its driving factors.

An Empirical Study on Tourism and Economic Growth in Greece: An Autoregressive Distributed Lag Boundary Test Approach

The objective of this research is to analyze the impact of the tourism industry on the economic growth of Greece. The study employs empirical analysis and time series econometric techniques to evaluate the Tourism-Driven Growth hypothesis. Information spanning from 1995 to 2022 about the growth of tourism (TR), expenditure on tourism (TE), average expenditure on tourism per capita (PCTE), and economic growth (GDP) was utilized. Initially, the authors examined the interconnections among these variables using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds Test. After identifying a statistically significant cointegration relationship, the study proceeded to estimate the long-term and short-term coefficients associated with these variables. Based on the results, it appears that there is a long-term correlation between economic growth and tourism, indicating that international tourism can have a positive impact on economic expansion.

Quality of life: The role of tourism and renewable energy

The present research examines the effects of tourism (TOUR) and renewable energy consumption (REC) on quality of life (QoL) using a multivariate panel regression model. The model incorporates trade openness (TO) and urbanization (URB) as additional variables. The analysis focuses on the top 10 nations that receive the highest number of international visitors. The data sample used is comprised of annual observations during the period from 1995-2018. This paper adopts the assumption of cross-sectional independence and addresses cross-sectional heterogeneity by employing the second-generation econometric approach for panel data analysis. The results indicate that all variables exhibit long-run integration. The variables TOUR, REC, TO, and URB exhibit a statistically significant impact on the quality of life (QoL). The outcome clearly claims that TOUR, REC, TO, and URB have the potential to improve QoL. Findings also support bidirectional causalities between tourism and quality of life, renewable energy consumption and quality of life, trade openness and quality of life, urbanisation and quality of life, urbanisation and trade openness, as well as urbanisation and tourism. Moreover, the analysis reveals the presence of unidirectional causal relationships originating from the variable REC and directed towards the variables TOUR, TO, REC, and URB. The outcome is useful for policymakers in order to develop better energy-tourism plans for long-term economic success, which in turn will enhance life quality. The results could potentially be restricted by the QoL index. In this study, the QoL index is measured according to human development indicators, including life expectancy. Alternative measurements include access to knowledge and the purchasing power of the people. With a focus on the 10 most-visited countries in the world, this paper aims to contribute to the existing literature on the macroeconomic determinants of economic growth and its implications for life quality, with a specific focus on the 10 most-visited nations globally.

Tourism and the Mediterranean Experience Amidst Environmental Issues: Fresh Insights from Panel Analysis

According to the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), tourism is critical to a country's economic development. It acts as a catalyst for direct and indirect job creation, economic growth, and the attraction of foreign direct investment (FDI). To this end, the present study looks into the relationship between economic growth (GDP), domestic credit (DC), tourism (TR), FDI, and CO2 emissions for selected Mediterranean countries. This study employs panel corrected standard errors (PCSE) and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) approaches to assure the trustworthiness of the findings. The empirical information gathered supports the idea that tourism adds to pollution in the analyzed blocs. Furthermore, the data supports the pollution haven hypothesis concept by demonstrating that an increase in FDI harms the environment. The study's findings advocate for precautionary actions to alleviate the detrimental effects of tourism-related pollution. Ecotourism policies that support sustainable behaviors must be developed and implemented. Countries can establish a balance between economic growth and environmental protection by implementing such policies. Governments, policymakers, and stakeholders must work together to create effective frameworks and policies that promote responsible tourism. This research fills a knowledge vacuum by shedding light on the specific dynamics of Mediterranean tourism businesses. Economic growth, domestic credit, tourism, FDI, and CO2 emissions are all linked, according to empirical research. The findings highlight the importance of establishing ecotourism legislation and constructing sustainable infrastructure to reduce tourism's negative environmental impacts. Countries may safeguard the long-term viability of their tourism businesses by finding a balance between economic growth and environmental protection.

The nature of working in the hospitality industry: Evidence from 3S tourism in Turkiye

The main purpose of the study is to reveal the nature of working in the field of hospitality by examining employment forms and working conditions. For this purpose, the phenomenology approach was used and interviews were conducted with 32 hotel employees. According to the findings, it has been seen that temporary and precarious forms of employment are common in tourism. It is seen that the employees are kept under strict control for efficiency and productivity and the managerial hegemony is at a significant level. In addition, it has been determined that due to standardization and simplification in hotel businesses with an all-inclusive system, employees are deprived of their qualifications and become unqualified.

Media in Postcolonial Brazil: Nationalism, Hegemony and Modernity

Carnival, samba, soccer, Rio de Janeiro, Amazon rainforest are the likely words one might get when asking an ordinary person about Brazil. If this person is a man, he will probably add the word ‘women.’ Indeed, Brazil is mostly known as a place where one can enjoy diverse cultural manifestations and exotic and abundant natural resources, such as beaches, rivers, forests, and so on. These attractions make hundreds of tourists go there to appreciate them. By doing so, they have the opportunity to have a better understanding of the country as whole, but it is undeniable the fact that the view they get from this kind of immersion is still a limited one. Nevertheless, the majority of the people get most stereotypes from the media, as these representations are frequently reproduced by the most powerful media industries around the world. The present work intends to highlight the role of media in postcolonial Brazil with respect to nationalism and modernity.

Устойчиви практики за развитие на винен и хазартен туризъм

The objective of this scientific article is to study the development of destinations with gambling and wine tourism. The link between gambling and wine is examined as an integral part of the tourism proposition. The possibilities for combining them are highlighted and the motives for attracting visitors by uniting them are discussed. Sustainable practices for the development of the wine business for the local economy and tourism in the context of the Green Deal“ are outlined. Major successful global models for the development of the wine industry are presented. The attention is focused on the directions for the implementation of new sustainable practices for the development of destinations. The author defends the thesis that proper and timely implementation of sustainable practices in the field of wine and gambling tourism will have a positive effect on the development of countries in the context of the Green Deal.

The characteristics of drowning among different types of international visitors to Australia and how this contributes to their drowning risk

ObjectiveAustralia is a popular destination for international visitors. This study reviews international visitor drowning deaths in Australia and analyses drowning by visitor type. MethodsA total population retrospective study exploring drowning deaths of international visitors was conducted between 2008 and 2018. Data were extracted from the Royal Life Saving National Fatal Drowning Database and categorised into four subgroups: overseas tourists, international students, working holiday makers and work-related visitors. Descriptive statistics, non-parametric tests and relative risk (RR) were calculated. ResultsIn total, 201 international visitors drowned in Australia, 7% of all drowning deaths; a crude drowning rate of 0.27/100,000 visitors versus 0.95/100,000 for residents (RR=0.19 [95% CI: 0.16–0.22]). Most deaths were males (79%) and people aged 18–34 years (50%). Visitors frequently drowned at beaches (33%), and when swimming (41%). Thirty-five percent recorded a pre-existing medical condition. Overseas tourists on holiday were the most likely to drown compared to other subgroups. ConclusionInternational visitors represent a small but increasing proportion of people drowning in Australia. The circumstances of which visitors drown vary by travel purpose, age, country of origin, location of drowning and activity. Implications for public healthInternational visitors have unique safety needs, requiring tailored prevention based on the purpose of travel and country of origin.

GAMBLING BUSINESS AS PART OF KAZAKHSTAN'S TOURISM POTENCIAL

This article examines possibilities of applying gaming industry as a tool for developing the tourism potential of Kazakhstan. It contains a detailed study of experience of foreign countries in regulation of gambling and its impact on the development of tourism in the state. This type of business affects the development of gaming tourism, which in turn can become a means of replenishing the state budget and contribute to the development of inbound tourism, a good example of this fact is the casino in Macau. The development of the tourism industry leads to the expansion of the tourist services provided. Thus, the emergence of tourist services related to gambling, the so-called junket tours, which have long been known in the world, and are quite new for our region. The definition of junket tours is given and features of their practical implementation are analyzed. Results of the Gambling Availability Score rating for residents in individual countries are analyzed. The final part of the article proposes a concept for the development of gambling tourism in the Republic of Kazakhstan for the long-term period, which includes many directions and it is very important to approach this concept comprehensively

Demand Analysis of Recreation Visits to Chitral Valley: A Natural Resource Management Perspective

Recreational visits are primarily about human activity which involves travel from an originating area to a destination for cultural, economic, and social exchange processes. People travel to exotic locations for sight seeing, picnicking, bird watching, and for cultural and religious settings. However, accessibility to such areas is often free, which not only results in environmental hazards but also deprives the cash destitute government from revenue that such these sites offer. Valuing the recreational benefits associated with a destination based on tourists’ preferences can help formulate an appropriate policy for Natural Resource Management (NRM). Environmental and natural resource management studies often try to measure the welfare change associated with a policy change. Welfare is generally defined as area under the demand curve; accordingly, by estimating the demand curve, consumer surplus is obtained which shows the welfare changes associated with an environmental policy change [Gunatilake (2003)]. The recreational values thus obtained can be utilised for a cost benefit analysis of a policy option, thereby, managing a park or a natural resource on a sustainable basis.

Europe’s most visited countries’ coastal areas affected by overtourism

Tourism has a constant impact on the environment and on society, taking these impacts intoconsideration reveals that these are not always beneficial. Negative impacts include increasedpollution, inappropriate construction, conflicts between local society and tourists, crowding andcongestion. The objective of my research is to study coastal areas affected by overtourism insouthern European countries. By examining tourism in the European countries that received themost international tourists in 2019, I illustrate the importance of 3S tourism (sea, sand, sun), themass of tourists it attracts, and its effects. The tourism of France, Spain and Italy, with their sunny sandy coasts, are presented by summarising data sets from various international databases.I analyse the cases of some destinations from the three countries that are the main focus of the study, based on previously published articles. Coastal areas that have been associated with theovertourism phenomenon by other authors are also presented.

Double or nothing: push and pull factors of casinos in Europe.

Gambling tourism is a subject that has been gaining a lot of interest and notoriety over the last two decades. Push and pull factors have for long been the backbone of tourism studies and this research seeks to expound on this theory within the area of casinos. In this study, 1383 google reviews from five different countries in coastal Europe: Casino Vila Moura, Algarve (Portugal), Casino Barrière Le Croisette, Cannes (France), Casino de Monte-Carlo, (Monaco), Casino Malta, (Malta), and Regency Casino Thessaloniki, (Greece) were analyzed with the software Leximancer. The main objective of this study was to identify the concepts in the reviews and then pinpoint what push and pull factor these concepts belonged to and how important this was when choosing a casino destination in Europe. The results highlight the importance of the pull factor while choosing a destination and reveals that gamers seek mainly table games as they attract both players and other tourists who tend to gather around the tables to watch. Among the greatest push-factors is the excitement of winning money in slot machines. Findings also demonstrate that casinos located in Europe offer world-class gambling services that are both engaging and fun to engage in. This study adds to earlier research by employing the push and pull motivation framework within the area of casinos based on user-generated content.

Voluntary Underclass?: Globalism, Temporality, and the Life Choices of Japanese Working Holiday Makers in Australia

Abstract The working holiday (wh) program is a cultural exchange program that offers youth ‘global experiences’ including short-term employment, travel, and/or study. Australia is the most popular destination for Japanese working holiday makers (whm s): over 10,000 Japanese whm s were in Australia before the pandemic hit the country in March 2020. Despite the fact that most had held secure white-collar jobs in Japan, they moved to Australia and voluntarily took precarious jobs in agriculture, hospitality, and childcare. What made them decide to accept such significant downward mobility and acquiesce to unfavorable conditions such as underpayment, non-payment, and sometimes even harassment? How did the covid-19 pandemic affect their lives in Australia? Based on data from surveys and qualitative interviews, this article analyses the relationship between globalism and a willingness for Japanese youth migrants to join the ‘underclass’ in Australia.

The Development Of Pasar Baru Area As Tourist Destinations In Central Jakarta

The Purpose of this study to determine the efforts that can be made to increase the number of visitors to the Pasar Baru area, Central Jakarta because this area has a lot of tourist attractions that can be managed properly, that can become an attractive attraction in Pasar Baru area and also this area is full supported by the local government, which is always trying to develop tourism potential in Pasar Baru area. The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative research method. Data collection was done by interview, observation, and literature study. This research activity was held from January - June 2021. Based on the results of research in the field that Pasar Baru area has various kinds of tourist activities that can be enjoyed by tourists such as: shopping, sight seeing, enjoying historical buildings, taking pictures and others. To make Pasar Baru as one of the tourist destinations of choice, the local government already has a planning for the development of the Pasar Baru tourist destination in the form of a revitalization plan for Pasar Baru area. Have to buils a good collaboration from all elements such as: business people, media partners, academics and the public who participate in the development of Pasar Baru Area as a one of favorite tourism destination in Central Jakarta. Keywords : Tourism development;tourism destination; tourism.