Tourist Typologies Research Articles

Development of a Typology of Tourists Based on Pre-trip Use of Social Media

ABSTRACT Four hundred domestic and international tourists visiting Kerala, India were typologised using cluster and discriminant analysis into three clusters – ‘Enthusiastic Travelers,’ ‘Information Seekers’, and ‘Planners’ based on their pre-trip usage of social media. Association between the clusters and external variables were used to characterize the typologies. Findings indicate that domestic tourists and international tourists differ in their usage of social media. The domestic tourists use social media for gathering information and international tourists use social media for trip planning and online travel booking in addition to gathering information. Findings also indicate that gender does not influence the usage of social media in the pre-trip phase. This study expands the understanding of typologies in tourism and suggests directions to Destination Marketing Organizations and tourism service providers.

Peace-walls, Flags, and Dark Passages

The cites of Belfast and Londonderry in Northern Ireland are fractured with a network of walls, fences, and barricades, that divide traditionally Loyalist- Unionist-Protestants from Republican- Nationalist-Catholics communities. They were mostly constructed between the late 1960s and early 1990s, during a period of conflict known as ‘The Troubles.’ Since 1995, the walls have been rebranded with the official euphemism ‘peace walls,’ and the groups they divide renamed as ‘interface communities.’ They are due to be removed by 2023, as part of commitments drawn out in the Good Friday Agreement; the 1998 accord that largely brought an end to the conflict. However, due to Northern Ireland’s devolved government, and a lack of funding towards the advocacy groups needed to bring these opposing communities together, among other opaque issues, this goal is increasingly unattainable. Woven throughout this network of fortification infrastructures is a nascent tourist typology and muralscape that is complex and murky, bound up in underexplored emergent identity politics. This article leans on spatial post-conflict theory, and first- hand accounts of encounters with this architectural typology, to explore the nebulous context in Northern Ireland.

Coupling Social Media and Agent-Based Modelling: A Novel Approach for Supporting Smart Tourism Planning

ABSTRACT Accounting for tourists’ various needs, preferences, and behavioral patterns is critical for improved smart tourism planning. This paper presents a novel approach that integrates social media and agent-based modelling (ABM) to analyze tourist preference and simulate tourist decision-making. The proposed approach first uses social media to extract knowledge about tourist typologies and tourist preferences. The knowledge, together with that supplemented by questionnaire data, is used for developing an ABM that simulates tourist movements. The approach is applied for the planning of Zaolinwan Park in China. The case study suggests that the incorporation of social media could provide opportunities for an enriched understanding of tourist preference of potential customers and that the modelling of tourist movements can shed light on the planning of infrastructure (e.g., roads and alleys) and service facilities (e.g., food, shopping, and accommodation), which are essential to the functioning of tourism. While this study focuses on tourism planning, the presented method could be applied to other infrastructure and service planning scenarios at community and urban levels.

Are you for real?! Tourists' reactions to four replica cave sites in Europe

Creating authentic, non-invasive visitor experiences at fragile heritage sites is challenging. This paper explores the potential of replicas to address the negative impacts associated with over-tourism by examining tourists' reactions to four replica cave sites in Europe. Data were compiled from 1369 TripAdvisor reviews, and revealed that tourists were generally receptive to the notion of replication. Responses ranged from deep appreciation of the effort taken to create immersive replica experiences to a reluctant acceptance that replicas are necessary to protect fragile sites. Not all reviews were positive, however, with some tourists being quite dismissive of the replica experience. Thematic coding was used to create five tourist typologies – the pragmatists, the converts, the believers, the purists and the conservationists. Characteristics of each group are described. Managerial implications for designing experiences at replica sites are outlined, and the contribution replica sites could play in addressing the challenges posed by over-tourism discussed.

A new European regional tourism typology based on hotel location patterns and geographical criteria

The development of tourism typologies allows the identification of various dimensions of this important sector and can be used in tourism planning and management. In this study we developed a novel and systematic classification of European Union (EU) regions according to the predominant location of hotels, distinguishing among four distinct geographical areas: coastal zones, mountain and natural areas, cities and rural areas. For this purpose, we use Geographical Information Systems to integrate regional boundaries and the geographical zoning with a detailed dataset of hotel location and capacity. We then classified the EU regions into five typologies with the assistance of a hierarchical clustering algorithm. Further exploration of the results shows very distinct tourism profiles across the identified typologies in terms of tourism intensity, seasonality and other traits.

THE SHIFTING TRENDS IN TRAVELLING AFTER THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Purpose of the study: This study is to understand the shifting trends in traveling after the Covid-19 pandemic. This research was also conducted to determine tourist behavior by identifying the typology of tourists and tourists' traveling motivation after the Covid-19 pandemic.
 Methodology: This research is a quantitative descriptive study. The data were collected from an online questionnaire (Google Form) contains statements that are rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, i.e. distribution of frequency, percentage, and average value. The research time was during March-April 2020. The sample was 100 Indonesian respondents, and all data were valid to be analyzed in the study.
 Main Findings: Millenial tourists were dominated in this study. The results show that tourists' typology tends to the explorer type, and the second position refers to the drifter type. Meanwhile, the motivation was dominated by physical or physiological motivation and followed by interpersonal motivation. Therefore, natural destinations are the primary choice in the respondent's travel plans.
 Applications of this study: This result may be used as a reference for destination managers in formulating management strategies and destination development after the pandemic period. The tourism industry may also use the findings of this study to plan tourism activities and develop policies in the new normal era.
 Novelty / Originality of this study: This research is original, and this is the first study that identifying the shifting trends in traveling after Covid-19 pandemic.

Destination image perception patterns of tourist typologies

AbstractConceptual and empirical typologies comprising the intersection of personal and social characteristics of tourists have similarities and differences with respect to image perception of a destination. This study examines characteristics that distinguish tourist typologies formed by the intersection of the all‐inclusive holiday experience and destination familiarity. Multiple correspondence analysis reveals differences in clusters in terms of attitudes and demographic factors influencing destination image of tourist typologies. This study aims to present patterns of tourist typologies' image perception for tourist typologies based on empirical data. Based on the findings of this study, practitioners of tourism may divert or channel their marketing efforts to well‐defined target segments.

La Proximidad de los Productos Alimentarios: Turismo Gastronómico y Mercados de Abastos en la Costa Daurada (Cataluña, España)

Food tourism is a tourist typology where visitors and tourists explore the culture and nature of a place through its gastronomy and culinary heritage. Visits to food markets are among the different possibilities offered by culinary tourism practices. This article analyzes the attractiveness of local food markets from the study of the proximity of their products' offer. In order to achieve this, three different markets in Costa Daurada, sou- th-eastern Catalonia, are studied. A total of 54 interviews are carried out, including all the food selling points in the sites' markets. Thus, a total of 938 food products are collected. Data analysis shows that a third of the products have a local origin. From the study of the different types of foods it is possible to determine the potential offered by local markets as spaces to develop food tourism practices.

The Relationship Between Tourist Typology and Travel Satisfaction: The Case of Ilgaz Ski Center

Bu araştırmada kış turizmi kapsamında seyahate çıkan farklı tipolojilere sahip turistlerin tüketici davranışı kapsamında seyahat memnuniyetlerine odaklanılmış ve turist tipolojisi ile seyahat memnuniyeti ilişkisi incelenmiştir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Ilgaz Kayak Merkezi’ne ziyaret gerçekleştiren 547 yerli turistten anket ile veri toplanmıştır. Anket verilerinin analizi sonucunda kış turizmine katılan turistlerin tipolojileri; araştırmacı, maceracı, organize kitle ve başıboş turist olarak belirlenmiştir. Turistlerin seyahat memnuniyetleri; konaklama, güvenlik, eğitmen, pist, ulaşım ve alışveriş önceliğinde şekillenmiştir. Araştırmada sadece maceracı turist tipolojisi ile seyahat memnuniyeti arasında düşük düzeyde pozitif bir ilişki bulunduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca Ilgaz Kayak Merkezi için öncellikli sorunlar ulaşım alt yapısı ve alışveriş imkanlarının yetersizliği olarak tespit edilmiştir.

The Typology of Gastro Tourists: A Study on Foreign Tourists Visiting Turkey

The Typology of Gastro Tourists: A Study on Foreign Tourists Visiting Turkey

A Personalized Heritage-Oriented Recommender System Based on Extended Cultural Tourist Typologies

Recent developments in digital technologies regarding the cultural heritage domain have driven technological trends in comfortable and convenient traveling, by offering interactive and personalized user experiences. The emergence of big data analytics, recommendation systems and personalization techniques have created a smart research field, augmenting cultural heritage visitor’s experience. In this work, a novel, hybrid recommender system for cultural places is proposed, that combines user preference with cultural tourist typologies. Starting with the McKercher typology as a user classification research base, which extracts five categories of heritage tourists out of two variables (cultural centrality and depth of user experience) and using a questionnaire, an enriched cultural tourist typology is developed, where three additional variables governing cultural visitor types are also proposed (frequency of visits, visiting knowledge and duration of the visit). The extracted categories per user are fused in a robust collaborative filtering, matrix factorization-based recommendation algorithm as extra user features. The obtained results on reference data collected from eight cities exhibit an improvement in system performance, thereby indicating the robustness of the presented approach.

Typology and Models of Cruise Travellers’ Consumption in Coastal Tourist Destinations

Purpose: The aim of this study is to identify the typology of cruise travellers taking into account the consumer behaviour in the coastal destinations related to various functions performed on the cruise tourism market, and also to present models of consumption and mathematical formulas which allow to estimate the total travellers’ spending, The research questions are as follows: 1) What are the types of consumers on the cruising market? 2) What are the types of cruise tourist destinations (CTD)? 3) What functions are performed by cruise travellers in various CTD? 4) How can we calculate the cruise travellers’ total expenditures? Design/Methodology/Approach: The research methods applied are literature review, exploration method of data, desk research and comparative analysis. Findings: The study showed a gap in consumer consumption on cruising market regarding cruise travellers’ expenditures incurred before and after a cruise voyage. This makes it difficult to estimate the total cruise travellers’ expenditures connected with an idea of “cruise voyage”. This also obviously has an impact on the difficulties in estimating revenues from cruise travels not only for travellers’ places of residence but also for the reception areas. Furthermore, there is still insufficient data on cruise travellers’ expenditures on board cruise ships which are not included in a tourist package. Analyses indicate that cruise travellers bear much more higher costs related to their cruise voyage, than they expected or were unaware of it. Practical Implications: The results of the foregoing may constitute an interesting source of information for tour-operators, cruise companies and local authorities in coastal tourist destinations Originality/Value: The review of the most important publications on consumption related to services and consumption modelling, including publications on the tourist market, has showed that there is a gap in literature when it comes to theoretical models of consumption and typology of tourists on the cruise tourism market. The knowledge of consumption models is important in assessment of economic effects generated from tourist service in coastal regions.

Active Sport Tourism in Europe: Applying Market Segmentation Model Based on Human Values

The purpose of this study was to examine if human values sets indicating basic motivational aspects, shared by active sport participants, could be used for the creation of a specific market segmentation model. While the exploration of motivation scales and sport tourist typologies was vast, although limited to small samples, this research constructed a model that tested its applicability and validity on the large general samples. By using data collections from the European Social Survey, the model allowed comparability between surveyed countries by cross-checking multiple psychosocial and demographic factors. The findings identified four main factors that determine active sport tourist values, while at the same time, multiple-discriminant analysis indicated the existence of three active sport clusters, indicating preferences of different sport tourist segments. Furthermore, the study analyzed potential demand markets according to the geographical distribution of active sport segments. The study confirmed that basic human values play an important role in explaining motivation aspects in sport- and tourism-related choices. Overall, the findings may assist marketers in monitoring changes in preferences of sport participants and focus on specific marketing strategies for different segments.

Relationship between Consumer Motivation and the Gastronomic Experience of Olive Oil Tourism in Spain

The rise of new tourist typologies as a result of the change in the motivations of tourists and the increasingly active awareness of the environment are making these new tourist activities more sustainable. The development of typologies such as oleotourism or, more globally, gastronomic tourism is formed as an engine of socio-economic development wherever it is inserted, being even more important and decisive if it develops in rural areas. This study is based on a model of structural equations based on minimum partial squares. A sample size of 414 surveys was used, all of which were collected in the oil mills and museums of the towns of Baena, Cabra, Luque and Montilla, all of which belong to the province of Córdoba, Spain. This study develops a model based on motivations and gastronomic experience resulting from the development of oleotourism in the rural areas of the province of Córdoba (Spain). Among the most noteworthy results it is worth highlighting the positive influence of motivations on the gastronomic experience of tourists. In addition, the predictive relevance of the model is demonstrated.

Thailand's New Approach of Domestic Tourism for The Sustainability of Military Bases: A Critique of Restricted Areas Turned Into Leisure Destinations

Military forces in Thailand have had an important role in national defense, social development, and environmental protection for many years. Military-based tourism is a new form of domestic tourism in Thailand. Within this trend, the article aims to explore the occurrence of "military tourism" in Thailand and propose a military-based tourism development model, adapted from Ritchie and Crouch's model to a case study at Sattahip Naval Base. Specific attention is given to factors determining destination competitiveness and sustainability of the base including the transformation of restricted areas turned into leisure destinations. Triangulation methods are derived through a focus group discussion with 25 naval personnel involved in domestic tourism, document analyses, direct observations, and an in-depth interview with a senior naval officer. The findings show that militarybased tourism at Sattahip is more competitive in destination capability featuring natural, cultural, and created resources, but less competitive in tourism management capability concerning accessibility, transportation for tourism, and staffing shortage in tourism services. The article also discusses critical issues related to military-based tourism development, including leadership, nationalism, domestic tourist typology, and degree of sustainability. A military-based tourism development model is also proposed for future studies, and recommendations are also provided to address the challenges in domestic tourism at military bases.

Turist Tipolojileri ve Bilgi Arama Davranışı Üzerine Bir Araştırma

The importance of the research for tourists who are the subject of tourism and the tourists who are the reason for the existence of the sector is very important. Especially in the context of consumer behavior, researches for tourists are very helpful in increasing the satisfaction of current tourists and gaining potential tourists. This study is aimed to determine whether there is a meaningful relationship between tourist typologies and information research behavior before the travel decisions in the context of consumer behavior of tourists with different typologies. For this purpose, 432 domestic tourists visited the Safranbolu district of Karabuk province in the May-September 2016 period were surveyed. As a result of the analysis of the survey data, it was determined that the typologies of the domestic tourists who visited Safranbolu district were shaped in three dimensions as researchers’ tourists, organized mass tourists and adventurous tourists. It was determined that the tourists were interested in information research in general information about the destination, transportation accommodation facilities, travel routes, health safety facilities and entertainment facilities during the information research process before the travel. As a result of the research, it was determined that there is a low positive relationship (r=0,281) between tourist typology and information research behavior. Priorities of domestic tourists in information research behavior were composed of transportation and accommodation facilities, travel routes, health and safety facilities, recreational facilities and the general characteristics of the destination. It was also found that the researcher tourists do more research than the organized mass tourists and adventurous tourists.

Türkiye de Macera Turisti Tipolojisi

The study was starting to discover the adventure tourists who participate in high-risk activities in Turkey. Research was conducted for adventure tourists participating the most preferred adventure activities which are paragliding, scuba diving, surfing, rafting, canoeing, camping, skiing/snowboarding, rock climbing, trekking and tour biking. It was aimed to create adventure tourist typology by evaluating the demographic characteristics, recreational behavior, personality characteristics and the activities adventure tourists prefer. For this purpose, the allocentric personality scale -which is developed to reveal the tourist personality- was used. Along with this scale, a questionnaire form containing variables on recreational behavior and demographic characteristics of adventure tourists has been created. Within the scope of the research, the data were collected using the survey technique, which is one of the quantitative research methods. Adventure tourists participating in the 10 determined adventure activities were selected using the convenience sampling method and a total of 1246 data were obtained from these tourists. As a result of the research, personality typology of adventure tourists were determined and personality types, recreational behaviors and demographic characteristics were determined according to the adventure activities preferred by adventure tourists.

Multipliers and impacts of active sport tourism in the Greek region of Messinia

Few studies on the economic impact of active sport tourism have been conducted, and these are limited to one sport. Multipliers, moreover, relate only to sport activities and not to sport tourist typologies. This article examines the economic impact of four activities (golf, windsurfing, horse riding and scuba diving) on income and employment generation in Messinia, a region in south-western Greece. Since no input–output tables are available at this local level, the ad hoc model was employed. Golf generated higher income and more employment units than the other activities, displaying all of the characteristics of a propulsive activity, a concept derived from the growth pole theory. Regarding typologies, primary sports tourists exhibit higher multipliers than tourists interested in sport in every case. The article, also, partially validates the general consensus that small tourism firms have higher total multipliers than their larger counterparts. Implications stemming from the results are discussed.

The Cultural Tourism and Flamenco

Flamenco is a living art that excites and awakens the senses of those who witness such a dance, singing and guitar show. It is a way of expressing feelings. Flamenco was considered a world intangible heritage of humanity by UNESCO and is a part of the identity and culture of Andalucía, place where it originated. Flamenco is a symbol of Spanish culture around the world. In addition, it has been discovered that there is a typology of flamenco tourists whose motivation is related to the search of experience and authenticity in the tourist destination. A search of published scientific articles on emotional tourism, motivation and flamenco has been conducted using three databases: Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar. Flamenco is an art that transmits passion in each of its three components: song, dance and music. Therefore, tourism management of the sites where flamenco is part of its identity must bet on its development and potential as a motivating factor to travel, bringing the emotion to the tourist, which consists not only in perceiving it, but also in experiencing it, living it. We conclude that Flamenco as a living art forms an essential part of Spain’s cultural heritage and becomes an important tourist factor to cover the experiential needs of tourists.

The Cultural Tourism and Flamenco

Flamenco is a living art that excites and awakens the senses of those who witness such a dance, singing and guitar show. It is a way of expressing feelings. Flamenco was considered a world intangible heritage of humanity by UNESCO and is a part of the identity and culture of Andalucía, place where it originated. Flamenco is a symbol of Spanish culture around the world. In addition, it has been discovered that there is a typology of flamenco tourists whose motivation is related to the search of experience and authenticity in the tourist destination. A search of published scientific articles on emotional tourism, motivation and flamenco has been conducted using three databases: Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar. Flamenco is an art that transmits passion in each of its three components: song, dance and music. Therefore, tourism management of the sites where flamenco is part of its identity must bet on its development and potential as a motivating factor to travel, bringing the emotion to the tourist, which consists not only in perceiving it, but also in experiencing it, living it. We conclude that Flamenco as a living art forms an essential part of Spain’s cultural heritage and becomes an important tourist factor to cover the experiential needs of tourists.