Tourism Resilience Research Articles

Post-COVID-19 Spatial Resilience in Community-based Tourism: A Case Study on Ayutthaya

There are challenges to community-based tourism (CBT) post-COVID-19, and some health measures still need to be taken to prevent the risk of people spreading the disease and remaining safe from infection. It is especially important for those in rural areas, who may have limited access to healthcare and other resources, and certain health measures can be taken to protect themselves and others. Nineteen tourism community cases from rural Ayutthaya were selected for study since their CBT recovered faster from the pandemic than in other provinces. Data were recorded and collected on the physical and actual conditions of the properties surveyed. Principal component analysis was then implemented to the dataset to clarify the major spatial management attributes contributing to decisions on the operation of the tourism community during a crisis. The study results revealed that multi-center tourism communities with several activity bases were more able to fully operate and quickly return to tourism. This pattern of community spatiality is a key factor in promoting resilience in the tourism community during and after the pandemic. The findings are expected to benefit the development of post-COVID-19 community tourism to suggest appropriate approaches for managing a geospatial tourism community.

DETERMINANTS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN THE ASPECT OF THE CHALLENGES OF THE 21ST CENTURY

The paper aims to present the determinants of tourism development in the context of the challenges of today’s economy, i.e. the impact of the coronavirus pandemic and the war in Ukraine, the need for the tourism sector to prepare for climate change and the digital transformation of the economy. The study is scoping. To achieve the research objective, a study of domestic and foreign literature, induction, deduction, generalisation and synthesis, and research results of other authors were used. The research used studies from UNWTO, World Travel & Tourism Council, Statista, Travel Trends 2023 (Simon-Kuchner), a European Commission report and other author’ research. The research showed that in the third decade of the 21st century, the tourism sector is affected by health (COVID-19 pandemic), military and geopolitical threats, inflation, climate change and digital technologies. These phenomena influence the behaviour and attitudes of tourists worldwide and shape the opportunities for developing the tourism sector in each country at the macro-, meso- and micro levels. The challenges identified have created, and some will continue to create, crisis risks in tourism. It calls for building a more robust, more sustainable and resilient tourism economy for the future. It will require appropriate economic, climate, and energy policies from governments in many countries.

The impact of COVID-19 on the tourism sector in Italy: A regional spatial perspective

The recent COVID-19 pandemic crisis affected all economic sectors, but tourism was hit the hardest. However, the resilience of tourism has also been recognized. In this context, the aim of the paper is (i) to analyze the impact of COVID-19 on tourism flows in Italy, by looking at NUTS-3 level data on national and international tourism arrivals and (ii) to understand whether, and to what extent, some “alternative” destinations benefited during the pandemic. Spatial autocorrelation analysis (global and local) and spatial regression models are used to capture the determinants of the variation in tourism flows in 2020 and 2021. Results demonstrate that tourism demand has different patterns across Italian provinces after COVID-19; both types of tourism have a significant path of spatial dependence that was stronger in 2020; international tourism has a more evident North/South divide and, the short-term resilience depends on the characteristics of the destination.

Community-based tourism resilience in response to COVID-19 in Brazil’s Kalunga Territory

The Kalunga Territory, located in the Brazilian Cerrado in the state of Goias, is rich in biodiversity, and is home to 39 quilombola communities providing a unique opportunity for community-based tourism (CBT) that integrates the unique Kalunga history and culture with sustainable livelihoods. Yet, there is limited research in the resilience of CBT to disturbances, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in a remote Territory that closed its borders. This study aims to better understand how the Kalunga responded and navigated challenges of COVID-19 and the key factors that influence the resilience of CBT. We conducted a series of workshops prior to the pandemic and qualitative semi-structured interviews with community leaders and community members involved in tourism after the pandemic had occurred. Through the application of Berkes and Seixas (2005) framework, this study’s findings highlight the importance of diversifying livelihoods and tourism experiences, community values and solidarity, integration of local knowledge and culture, and having a strong foundation for shared governance and decision-making. The paper concludes with key insights for enhancing the resilience of CBT in the Kalunga Territory and beyond such as learning from neighboring communities, the role of bridging organizations between local and national stakeholders, supporting a shared identity and vision, integrating traditional ecological knowledge and diverse perspectives, and reducing the dependency on only tourism for livelihoods.

Aruba’s Tourism Resilience: Navigating Through Crises and Building a Diverse and Adaptive Industry

Summary The case study of Aruba’s tourism industry showcases how the island quickly bounces back from different crises, thanks to its varied tourist attractions, successful marketing as “One Happy Island,” and solid collaborations between the government and private sector. Aruba’s ability to adapt demonstrates its strength in facing challenges, making it a prime example for other economies heavily relying on tourism. The study details Aruba’s strategies in responding to tough times, such as economic slumps and the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the critical role played by offering a wide range of tourist activities, maintaining a solid brand identity, and working closely with partners to build a resilient tourism sector that can withstand hardships. Information © The Author 2024

The path to resilience in sport event tourism: South African stakeholder responses to a crisis

ABSTRACT This study sought to determine how South African sport tourism stakeholders responded to the COVID-19 pandemic, looking at sustainable pathways to building a resilient sport event tourism sector. In-depth semi-structured interviews with 28 sport event tourism stakeholders revealed that, in response to the pandemic, there was unprecedented collaboration between stakeholders, particularly concerning joint funding initiatives, collective marketing strategies and reviewing of contractual partnerships. Furthermore, there is a lack of relevant policy to guide stakeholders through recovery and the mitigation of long-term negative impacts. The current study is the first of its kind globally and in South Africa, viewing sport event tourism through the lens of resilience and stakeholder management, and providing recommendations on stakeholder collaboration and policy development for sustainable practices and management, ensuring the future resilience of the sector.

How information and communication technologies contribute to rural tourism resilience: evidence from China

How information and communication technologies contribute to rural tourism resilience: evidence from China

Analyzing Destination Resilience From A Spatiotemporal Perspective

The tourism industry is vulnerable to external shocks. Various crises inevitably impact the tourism industry and tourist destinations negatively but at the same time bring opportunities to examine destination resilience in response to a real shock that is hard to simulate. To manage a crisis more effectively, two critical issues should be addressed: the duration of the impact of the crisis (i.e., temporal perspective) and the affected geographical scale (i.e., spatial perspective), which have been neglected in previous studies on destination resilience. To address the above gaps, this research develops a comprehensive, multi-stage, dynamic spatiotemporal analytical framework to firstly measure two aspects of tourism resilience (i.e., resistance and recovery), and secondly analyze the influencing factors of tourism resilience. The empirical context of international tourism in Europe during the COVID-19 pandemic is used to demonstrate the applicability of the developed framework and relevant policy implications.

Covid-19 Adaptive Tourism Attraction: Tourism Resilience Through CHSE Certification For Visiting Decision

CHSE (Cleanliness, Health, Safety, and Environment) certification is implemented by the Indonesian government to restore tourism conditions post-pandemic. The research aim is to analyze tourists' visiting decisions to visit COVID-19 adaptive tourist attractions after the implementation of the CHSE certification policy as a strategy to restore tourism conditions post-pandemic. There were no studies that investigated the effect of CHSE implementation on West Sumatra tourist attractions such as Taman Margasatwa dan Budaya Kinantan (TMBK) and Taman Panorama Lobang Jepang (TPLJ). The descriptive research was carried out with a causal-associative quantitative approach using 100 respondents. The result revealed that: (1) The implementation of CHSE in COVID-19 is in the quite good category with a percentage of 50%. (2) Visiting decisions are in the quite good category with a percentage of 37.8%. (3) CHSE as a strategy to restore tourism conditions has an impact of 13.4% on visiting decisions. So, it is concluded that tourists decide to visit a COVID-19 adaptive tourist attraction, not solely because the tourist attraction has been CHSE certified. But 86.8% are influenced by other factors.

Community Engagement and Resilience in Indonesian Tourism: Lessons from the COVID-19 Crisis

This study investigates the dynamics of community engagement and resilience within Indonesia's tourism sector during the COVID-19 pandemic. It adopts a qualitative methodology, with document analysis as the primary technique. Publicly accessible documents, including news reports, journal articles, and policy briefs, are compiled and systematically analyzed using content analysis. The study extracts key themes and strategies local communities use to sustain involvement and enhance resilience during the crisis. Data from multiple sources are triangulated to validate findings and provide a comprehensive perspective. The research uncovers innovative approaches such as digital transformation, collaborative networks, health protocols, and public-private partnerships employed by communities to adapt to pandemic challenges. It highlights efforts to engage communities, preserve culture, promote eco-tourism, and foster social entrepreneurship to aid tourism recovery. The study offers insights that can inform strategies for strengthening community participation, resilience, and sustainability in Indonesian and global tourism as the world emerges from the pandemic. Elucidating community engagement and resilience dynamics contributes critical perspectives to guide policymakers and practitioners in future-proofing tourism against crises.

Nostalgic tourists acquiring resilience and emotional solidarity through self-congruity and functional congruity

From the perspective of stimulus–organism–response theory (S-O-R), this study explores whether self-congruity and functional congruity cause tourists to form positive nostalgic emotions toward heritage destinations and whether the nostalgic emotions elicited by tourists’ experiences at heritage destinations promote their physical and mental health resilience, as well as their emotional solidarity with local residents. Data were collected from Daxi Old Street, Lukang Old Street, and Anping Old Street, located in northern, central, and southern Taiwan, respectively. A total of 959 respondents were collected. The research results reveal that self-congruity and functional congruity positively impact tourists’ nostalgic emotions in heritage destinations. Product involvement does not moderate self-congruity's effect on nostalgia, but it does moderate functional congruity's impact. The study also supports the positive influence of nostalgic emotions on both tourist resilience and emotional solidarity in heritage tourism. These findings are crucial for governments and stakeholders planning and managing heritage tourist destinations.

An Application of the Stakeholder Theory and Proactive-Reactive Disaster Management Principles to Study Climate Trends, Disaster Impacts, and Strategies for the Resilient Tourism Industry in Pokhara, Nepal

An Application of the Stakeholder Theory and Proactive-Reactive Disaster Management Principles to Study Climate Trends, Disaster Impacts, and Strategies for the Resilient Tourism Industry in Pokhara, Nepal

Need Assessment for Coastal Tourism Area in the Face of Tsunami Risk: The Case of Pangandaran

As the fourth world's longest coastline, coastal tourism has become a significant component of Indonesia’s economy. Approximately 57% of this coastline is prone to the deadliest coastal hazard, i.e., tsunami. The progressive development of the tourism industry has created a massive increase in built infrastructure, hotels, roads, electrical and water distribution systems, and an increased number of people, including tourists and tourism workers, in rural coastal tourism areas. Due to the tsunami threat, rural coastal tourism regions' economic and social development faces enormous potential losses in lives and infrastructure and disruption of economic activity, especially for small and medium business enterprises. However, this coastal tourism industry has failed to engage in proper disaster risk reduction strategy and tourism business resilient building in most tourist destination regions in Indonesia. To address these complex problems, this study explores the adaptation of the concept of Business Continuity Plan of a single enterprise to upscale to an area or zone, i.e., the Area Business Continuity Planning, to enhance the holistic disaster-resilient tourism industry in Indonesia, with Pangandaran as the study location. As a newly formed regency, Pangadaran is an emerging super-destination tourism area designated by national and provincial governments. This region experienced a devastating tsunami in 2006, and even today, its coastal communities live under the threat of tsunamis that South Java Megathrust can generate. Based on an in-depth and holistic study, this study finds the Pangandaran coastal tourism resilience level, recognizing critical stakeholders and identifying the collaborative BCP strategies in Pangandaran.

Tourism Resilience in CALABARZON Region Philippines

This research explores the tourism resilience of Resort Hotels in Region IV – A or CALABARZON which comprises 6 provinces namely, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal and Quezon. This region is one of the tourism hot spots in Philippines and it is also susceptible to disasters like volcanic eruption, earthquake, flooding of its coastal areas and one of the most affected areas in Philippines next to National Capital Region by COVID-19 pandemic. According to the CALABARZON Regional Development Plan 2023-2028 prepared by the National Economic Development Authority (NEDA), the escalating losses and damages incurred because of disasters underscore the imperative of fostering resilience within this region. It is important to measure the resilience of tourism enterprises as it is vital in determining their capability and capacity to cope up and recover from the socio-economic impacts caused by these disasters. A total of 101 Department of Tourism (DOT) accredited accommodation establishments have participated in the study which were represented by their respective managers. The researcher measured the tourism resilience index of resort hotel industry of Region IV A (CALABARZON) using six (6) indicators namely, business operational resilience, disaster preparedness, marketing, workforce, use of national and local resources, and resource access and knowledge adopted from Tourism Resilience Index developed by Mississippi Alabama Sea Grand (MASGP) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of US Department of Commerce (NOAA). Moreover, comparison on the tourism resilience assessment of resort hotels when grouped according to their enterprise profile and managers profile was further analyzed.

A new way of designing places and experiences: Re-engineering DMOs considering tourism resilience – AIEST 2022 Consensus

The study aims to summarise the findings of the 71st conference of the Association Internationale D’Experts Scientifiques Du Tourisme ([AIEST] International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism) 2022 Consensus held in Cologne, Germany. The experience-based interrelationships of sport, culture, and resilience in a destination ecosystem were assessed. Conference delegates evaluated new ways of designing places and experiences – intertwining sport, destination, and living spaces. Applying consensus discourse methodology, 27 research propositions at the crossroads of sport space, destination space, and living space were identified and summarised.

Building tourism SMEs' business resilience through adaptive capability, supply chain collaboration and strategic human resource

AbstractSmall‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) play a significant role in the global economy, particularly, in tourism and hospitality. However, they face challenges due to their vulnerability to external disruptions. A research model was proposed to enhance SME resilience in tourism through supply chain collaboration, strategic human resource and adaptive capability. Drawing on Dynamic Capability Theory, a total of seven hypotheses were presented. The data collection were conducted in Malaysia. There were 210 SME owners/managers participated in the survey. Data were analysed using Smart PLS software version 4. Results suggest that addressing business collaboration and human resource development are critical factors in developing capabilities that foster business resilience in tourism SMEs. The study addresses the dearth of theoretical and practical research on tourism SMEs. While calling SMEs for more attention to developing resilient businesses, this study serves as insights for disaster planning to withstand potential future shocks.

Tourism resilience and challenges in Limpopo, South Africa: A post-COVID-19 analysis

ABSTRACT This study investigates the impact, recovery and resilience of COVID-19 on South Africa's Limpopo Province's tourism industry. The study utilises surveys (n = 115) and interviews (n = 50) to examine the impact, recovery, resilience, success and challenges of various tourism-related businesses, including national parks, restaurants, and hotels. Despite minimal government support and significant challenges like erratic utilities, high inflation, and a global economic downturn, the sector showed resilience, with few business failures. While some businesses in the accommodation sector diversified into areas like student accommodation, some survived by cutting the number of staff, tapping into savings, borrowing and adopting various cost containment measures to survive the pandemic. Post the pandemic, the sector faces issues like decreased demand due to technological changes in meetings and conferences and employee mental health concerns. The study underscores the need for strategic management and specific policy interventions to ensure the sector's resilience and survival post-pandemic.

Measuring the resilience of rural tourism in Indonesia using the Adjusted Mazziotta-Pareto index

Rural tourism plays a crucial role in rural development in Indonesia by providing employment opportunities, livelihood, infrastructure, cultural preservation, and environmental preservation. However, it is prone to external shocks such as natural disasters, public health events, and volatility in the national and global economy. This study measures the resilience of rural tourism to external shocks caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in 24 rural tourism destinations in Indonesia covering four years from 2019 to 2022. A synthetic composite index of the Adjusted Mazziotta-Pareto index (AMPI) is used to measure rural tourism resilience followed by clustering analysis to determine the typology of the resilience. The AMPI measure is also compared with the conventional Mazziotta-Pareto index (MPI) method. The resilience index is composed of capacity and performance components related to resilience. The results show that in the first year of COVID-19, most tourism villages in Indonesia were severely affected by the pandemic, yet they were able to recover afterward, as indicated by positive differences in the AMPI index before and after COVID-19. Thus, rural tourism villages in Indonesia have a strong capacity and performance to recover from pandemic shock. Lessons learned from this analysis can be applied to policies related to rural tourism resilience in developing countries.

The Resilience of Travel Demand: The Case of Europeans’ Travel Sentiment During the Covid-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic had a fundamental effect on travel and tourism in general, and travel sentiment in particular. Travel sentiment is an emotional expression that evaluates customer willingness to travel and is shaped by numerous factors. The current study explores the effects of COVID-19, vaccine rollout, and travel-related factors on the travel sentiment of Europeans from September 2020 to September 2021. Employing a quantitative approach, the study analyzed 54,000 questionnaires collected in 10 European countries, measuring Europeans??? travel sentiment. In accordance with the study’s main assertion, it has been found that travel sentiment is highly adaptive and corresponds with both the disabling factor of COVID-19 cases and the enabling factor of vaccine rollout, demonstrating the adaptive and resilient nature of travel sentiment. In this view, travel sentiment demonstrates a high level of adaptive capacity, as can be found in complex systems with high levels of resilience. The study contributes to the emerging discussion on tourism resilience and the resilience of travel demand, placing travel sentiment in the context of tourism resilience theory.

Building resilience in primate tourism: insights from the COVID-19 pandemic and future directions.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic revealed the vulnerability of the tourism industry, triggering a call for a structural shift. This study focuses on COVID-19 impacts on primate tourism sites using the resilience-based wildlife tourism study of Jones etal. (2023) as an interpretive framework. Using an online survey, we collected data on impacts, changes, and challenges experienced at primate tourism destinations in various parts of the world. Based on 33 responses, the study found that the most profound impacts were financial, compromising the ability to run facilities and facilitate tourism due mainly to limitation of access to sites for tourists and/or staff/researchers. Seventeen respondents reported that their sites did not make substantial changes in response to the pandemic. This warrants further study to elicit the reasons for the lack of response. It may indicate difficulties in adaptation or implementation due to limited resources or other factors amid COVID-19 pandemic. We suggest that the framework proposed by Jones etal. (2023) has limitations in effectively addressing rapid and extensive repercussions of a disruption such as the COVID-19 pandemic.