Diverse Tourism Research Articles

Музеи народного зодчества под открытым небом: обзор создания и развития в России

The paper provides an overview of the domestic experience of creating ethnographic museums in the open air. It traces stages and chronological periodization of the foundation of such museums in the world and studies historical conditions for the creation of open-air museums in Russia. The first experience of creating such a museum was demonstrated at the All-Russian Agricultural and Artisanal-Industrial Exhibition in Moscow in 1923. In the park-museum of Kolomenskoye village near Moscow, monuments of wooden architecture of the 17th–18th centuries were placed. For the first time, this paper comes up with a comprehensive classification of the open-air museums according to various grounds: the status of the museum complex (federal, regional, local), the specificity of the exposition, the architectural and urban planning principle of the organization; the principle of organizing the exposition and others. The study determined that most of the open-air museums are concentrated in the central part of Russia. The authors also explored potential for developing an open-air museum in the Tyumen region. The experience and examples of the functioning of museums allow for developing give “ground” for the development of ethnographic museums in all regions of the country. The creation of this complex is interesting not only from the point of view of implementing educational function for the population, but also in terms of developing the region's economy — the creation of the most diverse tourist product (landscape — architecture — ethnography).

Community-based tourism: Opportunities and challenges a case study in Thanh Ha pottery village, Hoi An city, Vietnam

Hoi An is located in Vietnam’s central Quang Nam province and is considered a cultural melting pot as the city reflects a fusion of indigenous and foreign cultures. Many parts of these cultures have been preserved and displayed in the form of traditional crafts and craft villages. In recent years, community-based tourism (CBT) in craft villages in Hoi An has been developing following the prevailing trend of natural and cultural-oriented tourism. To achieve sustainable development, CBT in craft villages is required to be carefully managed, and its opportunities and challenges should be assessed with the aim of enhancing positive values and tackling existing problems. This study aimed to identify the opportunities and challenges of community-based tourism development in Thanh Ha pottery village. The study employed observations and a survey of local residents in the village. The results indicate that it is the diverse tourism potentials in Thanh Ha pottery village that can attract tourists. Additionally, the government’s support and international organizations in conjunction with the hospitality of the locals have promoted the development of CBT. However, a lack of human resources, production space and raw material resources in conjunction with the competition from industrial products impede progress of CBT in Thanh Ha pottery village. As a result, some recommendations are given in order to sustainably develop CBT there.

Augmenting the Role of Tourism Governance in Addressing Destination Justice, Ethics, and Equity for Sustainable Community-Based Tourism

Sustainable tourism development (STD) serves as a founding and guiding concept that can be applied to all forms of tourism, whereas community-based tourism (CBT) has been largely practiced as an alternative form of tourism development. Past research has suggested critical theoretical and practical omissions in both STD and CBT related to issues of community well-being, justice, ethics, and equity. With an objective of bridging these gaps, this research developed an integrated framework of sustainable community-based tourism (SCBT) based on a comprehensive literature review, which identified that there was a significant under-representation of key elements such as justice, ethics, and equity in the domain of governance both in the STD and CBT literatures. The qualitative research mixed emergent data with theory driven data and conducted semi-structured interviews with 40 diverse tourism stakeholders in the twin cities of Bryan–College Station (BCS) in Texas. Results revealed that tourism helped to promote cultural preservation and community pride and promoted the sense of mutual respect and understanding among visitors and stakeholders. However, some ethnic minorities felt they were not receiving full benefits of tourism. The study concluded that a more proactive, inclusive, ethic of care oriented tourism governance to help ensure sustainable tourism development is needed.

Pengaruh promosi dan harga terhadap keputusan pembelian pada hotel berbintang tiga di kota palembang


 Abstract
 Palembang City is the capital of South Sumatra Province which has diverse tourism potential in attracting tourists. It cannot be denied that the Asian Games will be held in 2018, contributing to the increasing number of accommodations in the city of Palembang. With the promotion activities carried out by hotel managers as well as offering the best prices for consumers, the determination of purchasing decisions will be easier. This research is a descriptive verification study using explanatory survey methods and the analysis technique used is path analysis. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of promotions and prices both simultaneously and partially on purchasing decisions at three Three-Star Hotels, namely Santika Radial Palembang, Batiqa Hotel Palembang, and Swarna Dipa Hotels. The relationship between promotion variables on purchasing decisions has a value of 0.988. The relationship between price variables on purchasing decisions has a price value of 0.756. The relationship between promotion and price on purchasing decisions based on the results of this study states have a significant influence on purchasing decisions.
 Key words: Promotion, Price and Purchasing Decisions

Indigenous Heritage Tourism Development in a (Post-)COVID World: Towards Social Justice at Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, USA

While a growing body of literature explores tourism impacts in search of sustainable outcomes, research on justice in diverse tourism settings is nascent. Theoretically informed studies drawing from interdisciplinary perspectives are just beginning to emerge to help examine contestations and injustices such as addressed in the case study presented here. The Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument (or “Custer’s Last Stand” as some know it; LBH) is a protected heritage tourism site that commemorates a battle between Native American tribes and the U.S. military in 1876. Indigenous stakeholders have struggled for decades with the National Park Service to overturn a long legacy of misrepresentation and exclusion from the commemoration and development of the site for heritage tourism. Site closures and other effects of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic present additional challenges for Native American stakeholders like the Crow Tribe. Guided by Nancy Fraser’s principles of trivalent justice (redistribution, recognition, and representation), this qualitative study traces the conflict over heritage commemoration, and explores the potential for praxis through ethical tourism development and marketing. Fraser’s trivalent approach to justice demonstrates the importance of interdisciplinary research to examine historically entrenched discrimination, redress injustices, and facilitate healing and well-being of diverse groups at sites like LBH.

Tourism Development and Border Asymmetries: An Exploratory Analysis of Market-Driven Cross-Border Shopping Tourism

ABSTRACT This paper explores whether shopping tourism in the context of cross-border regions may trigger more viable, and long-term, tourism despite persistent border asymmetries (e.g. price and tax differences) which are typically key to luring tourists to short-term shopping visits. While tourism development is often an explicit goal of cross-border policy initiatives, this paper is devoted to the market-driven processes that might drive tourism beyond short-term shopping in borderlands. Based upon a case study from the Norwegian-Swedish border region of Østfold-Fyrbodal, it finds that asymmetric cross-border shopping tourism supports the development of a diversified tourism sector with a variety of tourist attractions and services organised around shopping, longer overnight stays and second-home tourism. Despite persistent border asymmetries, market processes may balance off the short-term shopping visits towards supporting long-term tourism, which provides economic value to the cross-border region.

Solid Waste Management in Hotels, Lodging Houses and Restaurants in Sabang Wharf: Gateway to Puerto Princesa Underground River-Philippines

The 7,107 islands of Philippines offer diverse tourist destinations. Puerto Princesa Underground River (PPUR), one of the 7 wonders of nature is a natural park and the longest navigable underground river, rich in historical, unique karst environment and listed as UNESCO as world heritage site. Sabang Wharf, the entry point to PPUR is vulnerable to environmental pollution. It is where tourist facilities like restaurants/eateries, lodging houses and hotels are located. This study determine the type of solid wastes, percentage produced on a daily basis; methods of waste disposal and the problems encountered in the methods used; suggestions offered by the respondents in the enhancement of solid waste management in the area, and presence of E. coli and coliform contaminants in Sabang Wharf. Pertinent data gathered through field interviews, with the use of an interview schedule. The use of portable E. coli and coliform analyser, determined the absence of E. coli and coliform in beach areas of Sabang Wharf. Results disclosed that, waste disposals of tourism establishments in Sabang Wharf has supported proper implementation of Sustainable Waste Management Program-the project of PPUR management. Absence of E. coli and coliform in waters along the beaches of Sabang Wharf, attested to the eco-friendly environment in Sabang Wharf, despite its vulnerability as gateway to tourism site. Respondents’ suggestions on the enhancement of Solid Waste Management Program of PPUR, are the; the provision of satellite junk shop for non-biodegradables, and continues strict enforcement of waste segregation and disposal.

The Hayat Cave Karst System (Samsun, TURKEY)

In this study, Hayat Cave karst system was investigated. The study area is located within the borders of Başaran village of Bafra district in Samsun province. The system has original shapes belonging to surface and depth karst. The aim of the study is to investigate the ecological, morphological and speleological features of the Hayat Cave karst system which has not been subject of any scientific research up to now. The study is mainly based on field observations and measurements. The knowledge obtained from the area and literature was processed in Geographical Information Systems and they were converted into visual materials. The region has a humid and temperate climate suitable for karstification. The bedrock is generally composed of volcano-sedimentary rocks. However, limestones suitable for karstification are encountered in some places as around of Basaran village. Brown forest soils are widespread in the area. Flat and slightly sloping lands were generally opened to agriculture in the region. In high sloping areas, wide-leaved forests consisting of species such as beech, hornbeam , chestnut and oak dominate the view. In the area, there are wolf, fox, jackal, marten, hedgehog, squirrel and roe deer as wild animals. In addition, you can see flies, spider and bat in the caves. Hayat Cave karst system starts with a fluviokarstic depression which is in the east of Başaran village. Kavaklıgöl Creek which drains the water of the system goes into underground from the swallow holes at the north end of depression. The stream has respectively created two caves while flowing into underground. The Başaran Cave above is dry whereas the Hayat Cave below is active. The creek pours in the Hayat Cave as two little waterfalls, and flows 35 m along the main gallery and then sinks in a swallow holes and disappears. Therefore, the entrance side of the cave is dry. However, the mud levels, the pebbles and blocks in the bed show that the stream empties from the mouth of the cave into the valley during the floods. Inside the caves there are speleothems with high visual appeal. If the caves are opened to tourism, they can contribute to the development and diversification of local tourism.

Tourism Geography of the MENA Region: Potential, Challenges and Risks

Abstract The countries of the MENA region cover an area with a diverse geography and a diverse tourist capital. The natural and cultural assets of the region appeal to different target groups, but have not yet been fully exploited, are not usable or have been irrevocably destroyed by unrest, uprisings, and wars. In many countries in the region, structural problems in tourism policy and the economy aggravate the situation. As a result, international tourist arrivals and income from tourist expenditures have developed differently in the various countries of the region. Using selected examples, this special issue provides a deeper but necessarily selective insight into the many facets of tourism in the countries of the MENA region and highlights at least some of the broad spectrum of phenomena associated with tourism geography. This editorial provides a framework to position the selected case studies within broader aspects of tourism development in the MENA region. It assesses the spatial differentiation of tourism supply and demand and looks at the political situation, especially since the so-called ‘Arab Spring’ and the related challenges for the tourism industry. The current effects of the so-called coronavirus crisis are not considered, as the special issue was conceived before the crisis began.

Impact of Sustainable Tourism Development on the Economy

Abstract Today, tourism is becoming more and more the main sector of the economy by generating financial income and creating opportunities for new jobs. However, as one of the sectors where the economic growth of the country is expected to be concentrated in the future, tourism has still not found itself in genuine sectoral development. One of the many problems that Kosovo's tourism economy faces today is the identification of a genuine tourism product development strategy, as well as the use of marketing strategies, which will orient towards the sustainable development of tourism. In times of market economy, unfavorable fiscal policies in Kosovo often become an obstacle to the development of tour operators, even when they have the capacity and potential for development. Kosovo's tourism economy, in particular, and the economic sector in general are dominated by small and medium economic operators, while large economic operators are still in the process of privatization, therefore it is required to find a favorable sector strategy which in long-term period will ensure the sustainability of tour operators, offering a diversified tourism product.

Online Tourist Portals of St. Petersburg and Leningrad Region: Current Status and Prospects

Digitalization of tourism in the Russian Federation is primarily associated with the increasing importance of tourism, not only as a way to spend leisure time, but also as a branch of the economy that can generate a significant income and ensure territorial development. Despite a large number of diverse tourism resources in the country, tourism development was highly uneven, concentrating in a limited number of regions.Information technology and especially the Internet has greatly toughened global competition over tourist flows. In today’s world, tourists would rather visit a place about which they can get sufficient information and where a trip can be easily arranged. The role of national and regional tourist web portals, supported by relevant government agencies, is significantly increasing in this context. The tourist information infrastructure should not only provide up-to-date and complete information, but also ensure usability for the tourist (including independent). Tourism within St. Petersburg and Leningrad Region is featured by rather close links between the regions and unification of tourist flows between them. Both regions have a significant quantity of tourist resources, which ensures development of various types of tourism. Creation of the ‘silver Necklace’ interregional route consolidated further integration between tourist resources of the neighboring regions. Tourist portals of these regions, nevertheless, significantly differ in their content and interactive capabilities. As part of the study, the information presented on tourist portals of Russia, St. Petersburg and Leningrad Region in terms of implementing interactive services was reviewed.

사회관계망 분석을 활용한 방한 중 · 일 관광객 관광행동 패턴에 대한 연구

The purpose of this study is to compare tourism behavior patterns between Chinese and Japanese tourists visiting Korea. The study used the “2017 International visitor Survey” by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism for analysis. Netminer 4, a social network analysis program, was used to analyze the data. The following are the results. First, the analysis of network attributes confirmed that Chinese tourists visit more diverse tourist attractions than Japanese tourists, and that they have very close connection between tourist attractions visited by tourists from both countries. Second, the analysis of visiting patterns showed that Chinese tourists visit many places that are easy to shop, and Japanese tourists visit places that are easy to eat and shop. Third, according to the betweenness centrality analysis, both Chinese and Japanese tourists had the highest centrality in Myeong-dong. Fourth, as a result of the cluster analysis of visiting tourist attractions, Chinese tourists were divided into shopping/eating, tourism, culture/history, play and nature, while Japanese tourists were observed as shopping/eating, tourism, culture/history, play and nature.

Evaluating watershed health in Costa Rican national parks and protected areas

Although the biodiversity of Costa Rican national parks, forests, and wetlands has been extensively surveyed, there has not been a watershed assessment that reflects their baseline water quality. Undoubtedly, the influx of 3.1 million visitors annually can lead to deterioration. Additionally, the country’s movement toward 100% carbon neutral energy means reliance on capturing water for the production of hydroelectricity. The missing hydrologic data set is of immediate concern, as watershed health predicts total ecosystem health. This field-based project measures eight parameters (pH, temperature, fecal coliform, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, nitrates, total phosphates, turbidity) needed to assign a watershed quality index (WQI) value at nine national parks or protected areas. Overall, the WQI for the systems surveyed reflect good water quality. Results compared with US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standards indicate limited levels of contamination at most sites, with elevated signatures of nitrates, phosphates, turbidity, and/or fecal coliforms at few. The parks selected include coastal lowlands and central highlands; they also experience diverse tourist activities, degrees of use, and forest type that are challenges when managing land sustainably.

Farmers' markets and tourism: Identifying tensions that arise from balancing dual roles as community events and tourist attractions

An increasing interest in food tourism, and the need to provide diverse tourism experiences, has provided an opportunity for some farmers' markets to evolve from community events into tourist attractions. While this presents opportunities to develop a larger customer base, it also creates challenges. The aim of this paper is to identify the tensions that may arise when farmers' markets attempt to service their local communities as well as attract tourists. An inductive, explorative approach was adopted and thematic content analysis used to extract qualitative data from 14 semi-structured interviews. The results identified tensions between market stakeholders and consumers, including: stall holders' understanding of tourism; the market experience; mix of stall holders and products available; and the different purchasing habits of local and tourist consumers. Highlighting the significance of target marketing and the range of produce offered, a conceptual model was developed that shows how farmers' markets may transition from community events into tourist attractions. This research contributes to our understanding of how a farmers' market may transition into a tourist attraction and identifies indicators that managers should consider when combining tourism with farmers' markets.

How Las Vegas' tourism could survive an economic crisis?

During the global recession of 2008, the demand for international tourism decreased. However, even during the recession, some tourism destinations benefitted from stabilized or even increasing international tourism demands. This paper analyzes factors which contribute to the growing international tourism demand in a destination. The empirical results identified three factors that helped Las Vegas survive the recession with the growing international demand: (1) the combined effect of the greater income elasticity of the visitors from Asia and Oceania due to fast income growth in the region, (2) Las Vegas' tourism product diversification through its high adaptive capacity which intensified its unique attractiveness and resulted in inelastic demand response to tourism price change, (3) “word-of-mouth” effect from the international visitors with a higher satisfaction level from diversified tourism products. Above all, diversification of tourism products and visitor origins was key to distribute the risk during an economic crisis with growing uncertainty and to stimulate a faster recovery thanks to the within-sector diversification in the tourism industry. Las Vegas' successful recovery was possible due to its adaptive capability in complex adaptive system (CAS). Highly specialized service-oriented regional economies can enhance regional resilience by improving adaptive capacity towards within-sector related variety.

The Grand Egyptian Museum and its Role in Achieving Sustainable Tourism in the Memphite Necropolis

Egypt is considered as one of the weighty touristic countries in the world. It possesses a cultural and natural heritage that attracts millions of tourists every year. The Egyptian government decided to create a new cultural and heritage attraction which is the Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM) that will house more than 100,000 artifacts from the Pharaonic, Greek and Roman eras and will give a major boost to the tourism sector in Egypt. Announced in 2002, the GEM is believed to be the national Egyptian project of the century as it is one the largest museums in the World displaying the heritage of a single civilization. The Memphite necropolis is a historical place near the GEM and has many archaeological and environmental tourism attractions as well as many traditional handicrafts that form a diversified tourism product. However, there are clearly still shortcomings in this area to be put on the map of sustainable tourism. The existence of the GEM could be a strong motivator for achieving tourism development and finding solutions for the tourism sustainability in the region. The objectives of the study are to indicate the role of the GEM as a global museum on the Egyptian tourism sector. The paper would find effective tools, with the GEM facilities, for revival and touristic development of important heritage sites in the Memphite Necropolis (specifically the strip from Abu Rawash to Dahshur). It shows the historical relationship between the artifacts of GEM that were discovered at the Memphite necropolis and their places of discovery. In displaying these artifacts and in demonstrating the story behind them, a connection would be created to attract the tourists for visiting their places of discovery (mostly including important pyramids). This would be a tool of upgrading and enhancing the archaeological map of the site for increasing the number of tourists by using the Tourism Routes and Trails starting by the GEM. Besides, the study sheds the light on the other factors of tourist attraction and identifies the problems facing the marketing and the tourism sustainability of the region to develop solution and proposals for it. It also indicates the main principles of tourism sustainability and proposes some means for creating a sustainable tourism in the region that serve the local community without damaging the region’s cultural heritage as well as its natural and environmental wealth. The study relied on a descriptive analytical methodology based on a field study analysis. It describes and analyse the significance of GEM and the historical and archaeological importance of the Memphite Necropolis. It also sheds light on the problems facing the Sustainable Development and the needed Projects: A survey was made by distributing a random sample for tour guides, academic members in faculties and institutes of tourism and hotels, tourist experts, workers in ministry of tourism and antiquities as well as secondary data. The study concluded the necessity of sustaining these world heritage sites, completing and improving its services, making a good marketing plan for it, and including it in the tourist itineraries as main places for visits. Finally, it recommends some additional cultural, educational, entertaining, touristic, building, and economic projects for creating new motivations for the tourist attraction and more chances for a sustainable tourism.

Impact of word of mouth via social media on consumer intention to purchase cruise travel products

ABSTRACT Social media has changed how tourists source and assess information about tourist products and destinations. Tourists can now easily share their travel experiences through text-based posts, photographs, and real-time videos on social media. Such word of mouth (WOM) allows tourists to focus on and develop an interest in diverse tourism experiences and efficiently interact with other travelers as reliable information sources. However, studies on the cruise industry remains scarce in this issue. Thus, this study examines the impact of travel information sourced from social media on consumers’ purchase intentions with WOM (WOM praise and WOM activities) as a mediating factor. The analysis employs a value-based adoption model derived from prospect theory and mental accounting theory from the perspective of benefit maximization (information reliability and enjoyment). Empirical data are collected (n = 305) using a survey. Structural equation modeling reveals that social media users’ WOM significantly influences consumers’ purchase intentions. That is, WOM increases the benefits of sourcing information on cruise travels from social media. Further, experience sharing through WOM significantly impacts consumers’ decision making. The study concludes with theoretical and practical implications.

Penta-Helix and Quintuple-Helix in the Management of Tourism Villages in Yogyakarta City

Each country is currently focusing on developing tourism, considering its impact on economic growth and people’s welfare. Yogyakarta is one of the regions with diverse tourist destinations. The majority of tourist destinations in Yogyakarta city promote arts and culture as tourism icons, including tourism village destinations. However, tourism villages in the city have not fully received tourist attention. Therefore, solutions are required to be found to optimize tourism management and significantly increase the number of tourist visits. This paper aimed to describe the interaction between the government, the tourism industry, higher education institution, media, society, and environment in the tourism village management in Yogyakarta city. The discussion results describe that tourism village management requires synergistic interaction from some elements covering the government, tourism industry, higher education institution, media, society, and environment. The interaction can at least be a solution in improving the quality of tourism village management. Triple-Helix focuses on interactions among higher education institution, industry, and government on innovation. Quadruple-Helix adds the fourth helix, namely culture and media-based public. Quintuple-Helix is a collaboration of elements contained in the Quadruple-Helix with the addition of the natural environment of society. Penta-Helix adds the media element. With the presence of the government, tourism industry, higher education institution, media, society, and environment that interact with each other, the management of tourism villages in Yogyakarta city becomes more optimal and attract more tourists to visit.

Modeling Nature-Based and Cultural Recreation Preferences in Mediterranean Regions as Opportunities for Smart Tourism and Diversification

The tourism and recreational offer of Mediterranean destinations involves, essentially, the promotion of mass tourism, based on the appeal of the sun and beach, and the quality of its coastal assets. Alongside the impacts of climate change, poor tourism diversification represents a threat to the resilience of the territory. Thus, heterogenization of noncoastal tourism products presents an opportunity to strengthen regional resilience to present and future challenges, hence the need to study, comparatively, the complementary preferences of tourists and residents of these regions in order to unveil their willingness to diversify their recreational experience, not only in coastal spaces, but also—and especially—in interior territories with low urban density. Consequently, this strategic option may represent a way of strengthening resilience and sustainability through diversification. In this context, a survey was conducted among 400 beach tourists and 400 residents of a case study—namely, three municipalities of the Algarve region in southern Portugal—in order to analyze their degree of preference for activities besides the sun and beach, such as nature-based and cultural tourism activities, and to probe the enhancement potential of each tourism and recreational activity through the various landscape units considered by experts, stakeholders, and tour operators. The respective degree of preference and enhancement potential were indexed to the area of each landscape unit. Subsequently, respecting the existing recreational structure and constraints, a suitability map for territory enhancement and the implementation of smart tourism practices for each tourism activity and landscape unit is presented. Results show a significant preference for noncoastal outdoor recreational activities.

The Rise of a New Tourism Dawn in the Middle East

This paper reports about the transformational changes that are taking place in the Middle East travel and tourism industries. Though some Middle Eastern countries are no longer dependent on religious tourism as their main driver; across the region, new diversified tourism portfolios are being developed. This paper reports about the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s (KSA) existing and new tourism products, introduces the tourism offerings of selected neighboring Middle Eastern countries and identifies the challenges confronting the Middle East travel and tourism industries.