Toulmin's Argument Research Articles

Argumentos de professores de química e física sobre modelos de ensino: aspectos estruturais, dialéticos e retóricos

Neste artigo, apresentamos uma discussão sobre a estrutura e a qualidade dos argumentos elaborados por professores de Química e Física sobre temas da Educação em Ciências. O protocolo de obtenção dos dados da pesquisa correspondeu a asserções sobre as quais os sujeitos tiveram que expressar seus pontos de vista, justificando-os. Os dados escritos foram analisados de acordo com o Padrão de Argumento de Toulmin, porém recolocando-o na densidade de um discurso situado. Os argumentos produzidos foram comparados entre si e caracterizados em sua qualidade tendo em vista os aspectos estruturais dialéticos bem como os retóricos. Além de uma estrutura básica de argumento, foram encontrados argumentos com refutadores, os quais originavam outra estrutura argumentativa com apresentações detalhadas de dados e conhecimentos de base. Foram verificados, ainda, elementos que puderam ser percebidos como característicos da dimensão do pathos e do ethos, na perspectiva da argumentação enquanto persuasão.

Analysis of Current Scientific News According to Toulmin Argument Model and Determination of Students’ Argument Levels

Analysis of Current Scientific News According to Toulmin Argument Model and Determination of Students’ Argument Levels

Argumentation Skills Profile on 8th Grade Students using Toulmin’s Argument Pattern on Controversial Topic

Arguments are very important for students and a lot of research has been done to identify the best approach to integrating argumentation into the learning process. The purpose of this research is to find out the profile of students’ argumentation skills and find out how to measure the quality of argumentation. The qualitative design was used in this study. The sample consisted of a total of 90 eighth graders consisting of two different schools in the junior high school. The findings show that more than half students do not have complete quality argumentation. The quality of student argumentation is only dominated by basic argumentation skills which consist of claim, warrant, and data. Analysis of argumentation skills using Toulmin Argument Pattern (TAP) with a controversial topic. The results of the student work were analyzed for the quality of their arguments with TAP which consisted of claim, warrant, data, backing, rebuttal, and qualifier.

Developing students’ scientific argumentation skill in hydrolysis salt learning

This study was aimed at investigating students’ scientific argumentation skills (SAS) in hydrolysis salt learning. It applied classroom research with the design of a one-shot case study. It collected data by measuring students’ SAS after they studied hydrolysis salt. SAS in this study was assessed through the scale of argumentation quality referring to the framework of TAP (Toulmin Argument Pattern). This study found that students’ SAS were at level 4, that is they could argue with clear objections in hydrolysis salt learning because they could relate indicators of claims, evidence, reasoning and rebuttal. They achieved this after they had gone through inquiry process and practicum program to develop their SAS. They performed SAS well in learning hydrolysis salts.

POLA ARGUMENTASI PADA GENRE TEKS EKSPOSISI KARANGAN SISWA SMA

Argumentation Pattern on Genres of Exposition Texts by High School Students. This article aims to describe the pattern of argumentation in the essays of student expositions based on the theoretical study of Toulmin's Argumentation Pattern (TAP). The documentation technique was used in data collection in sources in the form of expositions of class X students from five schools in Makassar City, namely Makassar 14 High School (24 data), Makassar 4 Public High School, Makassar 9 Public High School, Athirah Makassar Islamic High School, and SMA Tri Tunggal 45 Makassar. The results of the analysis show nine argumentation patterns produced in the exposition essay, ranging from the most basic and simple patterns to the most complex patterns, namely (1) C-D, (2) C-D-W, (3) C-D-Q, (4) C-D-R, (5) C-D-W-B, (6) C-D-W-Q, (7) C-D-W-R, (8) C-D-Q-R, and (9) C-D-W-B-Q.

Analysis on senior high school’s reasoning skill

This research aims to get analyzation of reasoning skill in Senior High School level. Defined as ability in drawing conclusion expressed in logical argument, the analyzation on reasoning skill is measured by student argument in answering essay question involving respiratory system topic. The arguments are categorized into five levels based on Toulmin Argumentation Pattern (TAP) consists of Claim, Data, Warrant, Qualifier, Backing, and Rebuttals. The subjects are students of Senior High School chosen by purposive sampling. The method used in this research is descriptive. The results shows that level of students argumentation lies 29.17% on level one and 70.83% on level two This results indicates that most of Senior high school students are having difficulty in giving explanation on their claim using the data related to fact or theory they have acknowledged.

Analyzing scientific argumentation skills of biology education students in general biology courses

Scientific argumentation is one of the most important components of scientific literacy. This was a descriptive research that aimed to describe the prior skill about quality of argumentation of 60 biology students who take the subjects of General Biology at Sriwijaya University. Assessment has been done through visual audio transcripts and written arguments. The argument quality assessment is determined Toulmin Argumentation Pattern (TAP) and based on Eduran categories of argument quality. The results showed that the quality of argumentation of students both written and oral were low, it can be seen from the highest aspect achived by students was claim aspect about 80% while the warrant, backing and rebuttal aspects did’nt reach 50%. This is also reinforced by the level of argument obtained by students who did not reach the fifth level. The most achievement of the level argumentation in the first and second level, that students still have difficulty to convey the results of his analysis both orally and writing. These findings can serve as a basis for further research on the use of strategies and development of teaching materials based on innovative teaching strategies that facilitate students to develop their scientific argumentation skills.

The Technology Pedagogy Knowledge (TPK) Teacher Using Worksheet 3D Pageflip Professional for Promoting Argumentation Skills High-Schools Students in Physics Learning

The demands of 21st-century skills highlighted the importance of cooperation between teachers and students to achieve the expected skill. The Pedagogical knowledge of teachers in teaching and technology into things that need to be developed. The pedagogic ability of teachers in the use of technology can be a potential to develop students' abilities argument. This study aims to develop students' ability argumentation through pedagogical knowledge of teachers in using technology. The technology used is the result of the development of student worksheets 3D PageFlip Impulse and Momentum topics. The purpose of this study to look at the ability of students through the application of scientific argumentation (Technological Pedagogic Knowledge) TPK teachers in the classroom. This research is descriptive research. The data collection capability student argumentation performed by administering a written test. The subjects were students of class X at SMAN 1 Yogyakarta Prambanan. Rate scientific argumentation ability of students refers to Toulmin Argumentation Pattern (TAP). The results showed that the complexity of argumentation ability of students still at low level. These results suggest that the ability of the student arguments need to be improved.

Argumentation and Reasoning Skills In Socioscientific Issues

Education is facing big challenges so that it can create qualify individuals in problem solving. Application of knowledge and or scientific concepts in the public is a realization of knowledge obtained by students at school. There are several ways to develop science education, one of which is through argumentation skill towards socioscientific issues. The socioscientific issue is scientific concept and problem-based issue, controversy, public discussion greatly influenced by socio-politics. This writing by literature study method aims to explore on argumentation skill for students so that they can face any problem solving challenges in daily life by studying; application of argumentation skill for socio scientific issue in daily life, argumentation and reasoning as well as Toulmin Argumentation Patter as the pattern used in student argumentation skill access.

Profil Keterampilan Argumentasi Siswa Kelas X dan XI MIPA di SMA Batik 1 Surakarta pada Materi Keanekaragaman Hayati

The research aims to know the argumentation skill profile and the difference of students' argumentation skill between 10th MS (Match and Science) and 11th MS in Batik 1 Senior High School of Surakarta on Biodiversity material. The type of research is descriptive quantitative using survey method. Population research is all students or 400 students of class 10th and 11th MS in SMA Batik 1 Surakarta. Sampling technique using stratified proportional random sampling. The instrument to measure the skills of the user is using essay handbooks. Analysis of argumentability was using Toulmin's Argumentation Pattern (TAP). The data were analyzed using quantitative descriptive. The results showed the quality of the students' argumentation in one of the Private High School Surakarta in sufficient category. Percentage of achievement of each indicator is 68% claim, 60% warrant, 53% data, 45% s backing and 0% rebuttal. The result of t-test got sig. (2-tailed) about 0.002. therefore we can conclude that argumentation skill of 10th and 11th MS in SMA Batik 1 Surakarta have significant differences of class X and XI argumentation skill shows a significant differences, although the argumentation skill quality of both cluster class is enough.

The Proportion of Problem Solving and Scientific Reasoning Skills in Biology References

Problem-solving is a vital component under the cognitive standard of the 21st century skills for preparing students to face global competition. Problem-solving supported by another skill, one of which is scientific reasoning. Research objective is to analysis profile content and context of Biology references by interaction of problem-solving and scientific reasoning aspects. Research procedure applied Toulmin Argument Pattern (TAP) as a basic framework to identify the scientific reasoning aspects. Data obtained from the questionnaire, survey, and analyzed descriptively. Result indicates that the majority of Biology references does not required of balance proportion between problem-solving and scientific reasoning aspects. The lower aspect both of content and context was located in explore and Look back for Ground and Rebuttal aspects. In addition, this result can be used to inform future development of instruction and assessment problem solving and scientific reasoning skills.

Scientific Argumentation in Chemistry Education: Implications and Suggestions

The Malaysia Education Blueprint 2012-2025 reveals the aspiration of government to prepare Malaysian children to meet the challenges of a 21st century economy. Nonetheless, Malaysia has a long way to go to achieve this target. PISA (2015) result indicates that Malaysian students have problems in reasoning skills. To achieve the target, Educational Blueprint advocates infusion of inquiry-based instruction in classrooms for students to acquire critical thinking skill. Critical thinking skill is a 21st century learning skill the students need to possess in today’s global economy. This skill includes the ability of individual to reason effectively. Scientific argumentation is a skill to promote critical thinking of students. Being the essential element of scientific inquiry and important activity in scientific reasoning, scientific argumentation helps students to develop and refine scientific knowledge. It is imperative to implement scientific argumentation in science classrooms. The purpose of this paper aims to raise some issues, including the results of previous studies about the impact of scientific argumentation on science achievement, the rationale for focusing on monological models in the three classification of argumentation models, and address the issues about the appropriateness of Toulmin argument model (an example of monologoical models), which is prevailed in science education to promote students’ scientific argumentation skills. Finally, this paper will outline some suggestions regarding implementation of Toulmin argument model to promote scientific argumentation in chemistry education.

Analisis Argumentasi dalam Isu Sosiosaintifik Siswa SMP

<strong>Analysis of Argumentation in Socio-Scientific Issues of junior High School Students.</strong> The 21st Century Education focuses on the development of the competence in creativity, critical-thinking, communication, and collaboration. Based on that reason, the argumentation can be one of the solutions to answer this issue since it facilitates the critical-thinking and communication competences. Arguments can be used in socio-scientific issues that present open problems and debatable. The aims of research is to find out the quality of the argumentation on the socio-scientific issue through the plastic theme of the topic of pollution. Argumentation analysis using TAP (Toulmin's Argument Pattern) consisting of 6 components, namely claims, data, warrant, backing, qualifier, and rebuttals. Based on the results of the research, it was found that the quality of the argumentation in the socio-scientific issues of junior high school students was still low. The low quality of argumentation is caused by the poor of students' concept understanding.

Analysis of the Students’ Argumentation based on the level of Ability: Study on the Process of Mathematical Proof

Argumentation is one important component in building an understanding of mathematics students. Argumentation is concerned with a person’s ability to give reasons based on the facts to make a conclusion and is frequently used in mathematical proofs. Argumentation produce arguments that cannot be categorized right or wrong but it is valid or not, so a person’s ability does not guarantee the validity of arguments, depending on his thinking process. This research aims to analyze the arguments using the Toulmin argumentation consists of: data, claim, warrant, backing, qualifier and rebuttal. The researchers grouped students based on skill level high and low then analyze the sixth component of argumentation used students and validitasnya in the process of proof. Qualitative Research methods are used to collect data in the form of the results of the work of students, think aloud, field notes, and the results of the interview. The results showed that students with low ability can make valid arguments with true claims whereas students with high ability can also produce a valid argument with wrong claims. Each component of the argument has different characteristics based on the student’s ability level.

Kompleksitas Argumentasi Berbasis Isu Sosiosaintifik pada Jenjang SD, SMP, dan SMA

The Student’s argument can be raised and developed using socioscientific issues. Socio-scientific issues about health is one of the social problems that the subject of public debate. This study aims to describe the complexity of the arguments in elementary school, middle school, and high school. The three level of education is a school which is shaded by one of the Foundation in Bandung. Participants involved in the study consisted of 31 elementary students, 14 middle school students, and 23 high school students. Data taken using a quisioner consist of five items concerning socioscientific issues as well as individual interviews based on the answers to the test written description. Data identified using Toulmin Argumentation Adaptation Pattern (TAP), which consists of four levels, namely, level 1 (claim), level 2 (claims, data and / or warrants), level 3 (claims, data / warrant, backing), and level 4 (claims, data / warrant, backing, qualifier). The results showed that the development of increasingly rising complexity of arguments according to their level. The complexity of the arguments on elementary students reached level 2-3, middle school and high school reached level 3. Percentage of level 3 more ascending towards the middle school to high school. Meanwhile, if viewed from the dominates of the arguments category level, level 2 emerged as the dominant category in elementary school, middle school, and high school.

Argumentation skill profile using “Toulmin Argumentation Pattern” analysis of high school student at Subang on topic hydrostatic pressure

This study aims to know profile of argumentation skill high school student at Kabupaten Subang. To achieve this goal, researcher conducted a descriptive study to analysis student test results of argumentation skill of 35 students XII SMAN. Data collection using argumentation test which has validation by expert and then it is analyzed using TAP (Toulmin Argumentation Pattern) which consist of some components such a data, claim, warrant, backing, and rebuttal on the topic of hydrostatic pressure. The method used in this research is descriptive method. The result of this research show the student’s scientific argumentation skill is still low, this is proven by 54% average claim score, 38% data, 29% warrant, 35% backing and 35% rebuttal. These findings will serve as a basis for further research on innovative learning models that can improve students’ argumentation skill.

PRE SERVICE BIOLOGY TEACHERS’ ARGUMENTATION SKILLS IN ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY

Empowering argumentation skills is very important to improve the quality and complexity of students’ knowledge. An individual’s conceptual understanding and reasoning can be evaluated from his/her ability to provide either written or spoken arguments. This study was conducted to examine the pre-service biology teachers’ argumentation skills with 142 pre-service biology teachers from South Sulawesi as research subjects. Based on Toulmin Argumentation Pattern rubric, pre-service biology teachers’ argumentation skills were categorized as low. It is necessary to improve the quality of the pre-service biology teachers’ argumentation skills such as by implementing a particular learning model or strategy.

The scientific argumentation profile of physics teacher candidate in Surabaya

The ability of scientific argumentation is an essential factor that must be mastered by physics teacher candidate as a requirement in explaining good and accurate scientific concepts. In the process of arguing, students develop explanations or persuade colleagues to support their hypotheses, express doubts, ask questions, relate alternative answers, and confirm what is unknown to develop the ability to provide rational and scientific explanations. The design of this research is descriptive qualitative with the subject of research is 20 undergraduate students of Physics Education Department in Surabaya. The research instrument consists of four casuistic questions related to the concept of kinematics. The argumentation pattern of physics teacher candidate is coded using Toulmin's argumentation pattern. The results show that the student’s ability in providing scientific argument is at the level of providing claims with the support of a weak warrant. The students are not able to provide excellent rebuttals. In each case given, the student can give a good claim statement in answering the questions. However, the concept used to support the claim is not correct. This case causes the warrant used to support the claim is weak. Students also do not analyse other facts that affect the system. Students have not reached a higher level because the understanding of physics is not deep enough.

The changing of oral argumentation process of grade XI students through Socratic dialogue

<p class="Abstract">Arguments are one of the important purposes in the modern era of learning because it is the basic step to promote student’s critical thinking process and science literacy. Argumentation process can be trained through interactive dialogue that provides opportunities for students to argue. This research aims to change oral argumentation process in biology class of high school through the application of the Socratic Dialogue. The participants were students of grade XI science in one high school located in Surakarta, selected purposively. A classroom action research was done collaboratively between student teacher, lecturers, and teacher, follow the spiral cycles of research by Stephen Kemmis. During the implementation of research, the audio recorder has prepared to record the dialogue and arguments of the students. Next, data recorded that was converted to a dialogue transcript analyzed qualitatively using the Toulmin Argumentation Patterns (TAP). Another data source is teacher’s reflective diaries that contained notes during the learning process. The result shows that student’s oral argumentation process found were only claiming supported by weak warrants. Implementation of the Socratic Dialogue brings positive changes in oral argumentation process of the students, proven by the complete argumentation pattern include claims, data, warrants, backings, and rebuttals at the end of the research cycle. A classroom action research which is developed collaboratively and implement interactive dialogue also inquiry learning is highly recommended to change student’s oral argumentation process.</p>

Socioscientific Argumentation of Pre-Service Teachers about Genetically Modified Organisms

This study aims to investigate socioscientific argumentation of pre-service teachers of science and non-science major regarding Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) issue. We used descriptive study and involved second-year pre-service teachers from two major, 28 pre-service science teachers (PSTs) and 28 pre-service non-science teachers (PNSTs) as participants. Paper and pencil test was administered in order to obtain the data of PSTs’ and PNSTs’ argument about GMOs. All of the data were analyzed by descriptive analysis. We applied Toulmin Argumentation Pattern (TAP) as a basic framework to identify the argumentation component. The result showed that both PSTs and PNSTs were able to propose an argument with a claim, data, and/or warrant.. Most of their argument contain data which provided in the text, without any further reasoning or relevant scientific knowledge. So, the coherency between argumentation component in both PSTs and PNSTs was limited. However, PSTs are more able to propose coherent arguments than PNSTs. These findings indicated that educational background and learning experiences may influence to pre-service teacher argumentation in the context of GMOs. Beside that, teaching and learning process which focused on the socioscientific issues is necessary to develop pre-service teachers’ argumentation