Mechanoreceptors Research Articles

Preparation of Conductive Composite Resin Using Metallic and Semiconducting SWCNTs

Carbon nanotube(CNT), which was discovered by Ijima, has been used wisely in various fields of materials due to their high-quality properties such as superior electrical conductivity, chemical stability and so on. Carbon nanotubes could be divided into two kinds, single-walled carbon nanotubes(SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs). This classification is depending on carbon nanotubes' internal structure. Additionally, with further research, single-walled carbon nanotubes could be separate into metallic SWCNTs and semiconducting SWCNTs. One of the separation methods is using agarose gel electrophoresis, which was discovered by Tanaka. Based on the above method, researcher Kataura developed column separation of SWCNTs by using agarose gel without electricity. Although carbon nanotubes have been well-known for their properties, they can not exhibit them under normal conditions due to the agglutination that caused by intermolecular interaction. Therefore, to make carbon nanotubes exhibit their useful properties, technology of dispersing agglutinate carbon nanotubes is required. There are two major methods widely used to disperse CNTs currently. The first one is chemical dispersion. Increase carboxylic acid into strong acid-treated CNTs and use ultrasonic irradiation. However, excessive acid can cause damage to structure of CNTs which will make CNTs lose their original properties. Besides chemical dispersion, physical dispersion is a simple method which use ultrasonic irradiation to loosen agglutinate CNTs directly. However, in this method, re-agglutination is tend to occur, and excessive ultrasonic irradiation will also cause damage to the structure of CNTs. We have succeeded in developing CNTs' conductive composite resin with the method of dispersing CNTs by aromatic compounds.However, these resins developed by us have some shortages, such as lacking in conductivity. Although this degree of conductivity seems to reach the standard of touch screen, liquid crystal display's standard has not been reached yet. In our research, to increase the conductivity of risen, we tried to choose different kinds of CNTs, and consider that the metallic SWCNT would exhibit better conductivity than the CNT which was not separated.To test and verify if composite resin developed by metallic SWCNT could exhibit significant conductivity, we did a comparative experiment among metallic SWCNT, semiconducting SWCNT, and SWCNT without separation. Using these three types of SWCNT to develop composite resin, and then compared their conductivity.The result of the experiment above was unexpected, which showed semiconducting SWCNT's composite resin has the highest conductivity while metallic SWCNT has the worst conductivity. The prediction of this experiment's result was metallic SWCNT will exhibit the most significant conductivity because metal's conductivity is better than semiconductor under the normal condition. Through the inspection，we had a presumption that the effect of electron hopping lead to the highest conductivity of semiconducting SWCNT. Effect of electron hopping can occur in the field of semiconductor, the mechanism is that the electrons might leave their electron orbit because of external energy such as heat. In our experiment, phenylethyl alcohol was used as dispersion medium to disperse SWCNTs. Adding it to agglutinated SWCNTs will cause gaps between SWCNTs' molecules, electrons could change their orbits because of these gaps. During this effect, the movement of electrons will inflect the conductivity of the material. As a result, it was possible that semiconducting SWCNT exhibit high conductivity because of the effect of electron hopping which cause the movement of electron.

ISOFORM-SPECIFIC FUNCTION OF C. ELEGANS TAU, PTL-1

Abstract As life expectancy increases with technological advancements, age-related dementia disorders, such as tauopathies, have become more rampant, impacting over 50 million people worldwide. Tauopathies are neurodegenerative diseases catalyzed by the dysregulation of tau protein in the brain. Alzheimer’s disease, the most common tauopathy, has impacted more than 6 million Americans in 2023. It has been speculated that within tauopathies, dysregulation only occurs in specific tau isoforms. After alternative splicing, two types of tau isoforms (one with three microtubule-binding repeats and one with four microtubule-binding repeats) may cause functional differences within the brain. A protein in C. elegans called PTL-1 was discovered to have similar microtubule-binding repeats in its isoforms. In this project, worms with two types of PTL-1 isoforms (PTL-1A and PTL-1B) and wild type worms were aged and consistently tested for their touch sensitivity and speed to document whether certain microtubule-binding repeats negatively impact function. It was found that PTL-1A worms lost speed and touch sensitivity at an expedited rate compared to the other two samples of worms. It was also found that some PTL-1A worms developed abnormal branches throughout their exons. These findings suggest that PTL-1A overexpression might cause morphological defects. These study results will assist in the development of tauopathy research and can be applied in evaluating how isoforms impact the genetic spread of neurodegenerative diseases.

DEVELOPING A TOUCHSCREEN COMMUNICATION DEVICE TO EMPOWER PEOPLE WITH DEMENTIA AND THEIR CAREGIVERS

Abstract People living with dementia (PLWD) often experience communication deficits that create frustration and challenges to caregiving and clinical care for this population. It also constrains person-centered care. To address communication challenges, an interdisciplinary team developed a mobile communication app that promotes communication by PLWDs about their daily care preferences and experiences. This app, My Person Assisted Touchscreen Interface (My PATI), empowers PLWDs and their caregivers by supporting communication with a fully-customizable platform. This platform allows the PLWD to express preferences for daily activities, such as preferred foods and clothing options. It also enables the PLWD to express their experiences relevant to symptoms of pain, depression, and sleep quality. This presentation will describe a multi-phase Quality Implementation Framework that the research team has applied in developing My PATI to maximize its potential for being adopted into the home and residential care settings and used by multiple caregivers. The presentation will include the My PATI implementation video and foundational research: qualitative interviews with PLWDs, caregivers of PLWD, alpha and beta testing with dyads of caregivers and PLWDs, and extensive assessment and development planning with clinicians, geriatric researchers, computer scientists, and a graphic artist to inform My PATI functions and design. The presentation will also describe the designs of future pilot testing and randomized control trial studies that are planned for 2024.

RimSense

Smart eyewear's interaction mode has attracted significant research attention. While most commercial devices have adopted touch panels situated on the temple front of eyeglasses for interaction, this paper identifies a drawback stemming from the unparalleled plane between the touch panel and the display, which disrupts the direct mapping between gestures and the manipulated objects on display. Therefore, this paper proposes RimSense, a proof-of-concept design for smart eyewear, to introduce an alternative realm for interaction - touch gestures on eyewear rim. RimSense leverages piezoelectric (PZT) transducers to convert the eyeglass rim into a touch-sensitive surface. When users touch the rim, the alteration in the eyeglass's structural signal manifests its effect into a channel frequency response (CFR). This allows RimSense to recognize the executed touch gestures based on the collected CFR patterns. Technically, we employ a buffered chirp as the probe signal to fulfil the sensing granularity and noise resistance requirements. Additionally, we present a deep learning-based gesture recognition framework tailored for fine-grained time sequence prediction and further integrated with a Finite-State Machine (FSM) algorithm for event-level prediction to suit the interaction experience for gestures of varying durations. We implement a functional eyewear prototype with two commercial PZT transducers. RimSense can recognize eight touch gestures on the eyeglass rim and estimate gesture durations simultaneously, allowing gestures of varying lengths to serve as distinct inputs. We evaluate the performance of RimSense on 30 subjects and show that it can sense eight gestures and an additional negative class with an F1-score of 0.95 and a relative duration estimation error of 11%. We further make the system work in real-time and conduct a user study on 14 subjects to assess the practicability of RimSense through interactions with two demo applications. The user study demonstrates RimSense's good performance, high usability, learnability and enjoyability. Additionally, we conduct interviews with the subjects, and their comments provide valuable insight for future eyewear design.

Initial validation of the Mass. General Neuropathy Exam Tool (MAGNET) for evaluation of distal small-fiber neuropathy.

Diagnosis of small-fiber neuropathy (SFN) is hampered by its subjective symptoms and signs. Confirmatory testing is insufficiently available and expensive, so predictive examinations have value. However, few support the 2020 SFN consensus-case-definition requirements or were validated for non-diabetes neuropathies. Thus we developed the Massachusetts General Hospital Neuropathy Exam Tool (MAGNET) and measured diagnostic performance in 160 symptomatic patients evaluated for length-dependent SFN from any cause and 37 healthy volunteers. We compared prevalences of abnormalities (vital signs, pupil responses, lower-limb appearance, pin, light touch, vibration and position sensitivity, great-toe strength, muscle stretch reflexes), and validated diagnostic performance against objective SFN tests: lower-leg skin-biopsy epidermal neurite densities and autonomic function testing (AFT). Sensitivity/specificity, feasibility, test-retest and inter-rater reliability, and convergence with the Utah Early Neuropathy Scale were calculated. Patients' ages averaged 48.5 ± 14.7 years and 70.6% were female. Causes of neuropathy varied, remaining unknown in 59.5%. Among the 46 with abnormal skin biopsies, the most prevalent abnormality was reduced pin sharpness at the toes (71.7%). Inter-rater reliability, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity excelled (range = 91.3-95.6%). Receiver operating characteristics comparing all symptomatic patients versus healthy controls indicated that a MAGNET threshold score of 14 maximized predictive accuracy for skin biopsies (0.74) and a 30 cut-off maximized accuracy for predicting AFT (0.60). Analyzing patients with any abnormal neuropathy-test results identified areas-under-the-curves of 0.87-0.89 for predicting a diagnostic result, accuracy = 0.80-0.89, and Youden's index = 0.62. Overall, MAGNET was 80%-85% accurate for stratifying patients with abnormal versus normal neuropathy test results. MAGNET quickly generates research-quality metrics during clinical examinations.

Longitudinal evaluation of environmental contamination with hazardous drugs by surface wipe sampling.

Exposure of healthcare workers to hazardous drugs can lead to adverse health effects supporting the importance of a continuous monitoring program, for example, by taking surface wipe samples. The objective was to describe the results of repeated monitoring of contamination with hazardous drugs on multiple surfaces in a hospital pharmacy and at two wards using standardized preparation techniques and cleaning procedures. Twelve surfaces in the hospital pharmacy and at two wards were sampled and analyzed for contamination with the hazardous drugs cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, gemcitabine, methotrexate, and paclitaxel. The drugs were prepared with a closed-system drug transfer device (CSTD). Sampling of the drugs was performed in four trials during eight months. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used for the analysis of the drugs. During the four trials, contamination with five of the six hazardous drugs was found on half of the surfaces in the pharmacy and in a ward. Seventeen out of 288 possible outcomes were positive (6%), with the biological safety cabinet grate (n = 6) and scanner (n = 5) most frequently contaminated. The highest level of contamination was observed on the pass-thru window (cyclophosphamide: 2.90 ng/cm2) and the touch screen of the Diana device (5-fluorouracil: 2.38 ng/cm2). Both levels were below the action level of 10 ng/cm2. The long-term use of a CSTD in combination with appropriate cleaning has proven effective in achieving low levels of surface contamination with hazardous drugs.

Working memory in young children: A pilot study on the gender-mediated effect of Touch Screen Device use

ObjectiveTo investigate a possible gender-mediated relation between the use of Touch Screen Devices (TSDs), such as smartphones and tablets, and the performance on a visuospatial working memory task in children aged 5–11. MethodsThirty-eight children from a Dutch primary school participated in the Corsi Block-Tapping Task and were systematically interviewed about their TSD use. Multilevel analyses and linear regression analyses were used to model effects on three outcomes: odds of reproducing a sequence correctly, Corsi Span, and cumulative score. ResultsModerate to high TSD use significantly decreases the odds of reproducing a sequence correctly for girls (OR = 0.21), but significantly increase the odds for boys (OR = 3.50). Additionally, there are strong indications that moderate to high TSD use is related to an increase in the Corsi Span (T = −1.978, p = .057) and the cumulative score (T = −2.985, p = .005) in boys, but not in girls. ConclusionDespite the small study sample, it seems to be justified to conclude that there is a gender-mediated relation between TSD use and working memory in young children. The practical relevance of these findings and the importance of more research in this field are discussed.

Transparent Self-Healing Anti-Freezing Ionogel for Monolayered Triboelectric Nanogenerator and Electromagnetic Energy-Based Touch Panel.

The advent of Internet of Things and artificial intelligence era necessitates the advancement of self-powered electronics. However, prevalent multifunctional electronics still face great challenges in rigid electrodes, stacked layers, and external power sources to restrict the development in flexible electronics. Here, a transparent, self-healing, anti-freezing (TSA) ionogel composed of fluorine-rich ionic liquid and fluorocarbon elastomer, which is engineered for monolayered triboelectric nanogenerators (M-TENG) and electromagnetic energy-based touch panels is developed. Notably, the TSA-ionogel exhibits remarkable features including outstanding transparency (90%), anti-freezing robustness (253 K), impressive stretchability (600%), and repetitive self-healing capacity. The resultant M-TENG achieves a significant output power density (200mW m-2 ) and sustains operational stability beyond 1 year. Leveraging this remarkable performance, the M-TENG is adeptly harnessed for biomechanical energy harvesting, self-powered control interface, electroluminescent devices, and enabling wireless control over electrical appliances. Furthermore, harnessing Faraday's induction law and exploiting human body's intrinsic antenna properties, the TSA-ionogel seamlessly transforms into an autonomous multifunctional epidermal touch panel. This touch panel offers impeccable input capabilities through word inscription and participation in the Chinese game of Go. Consequently, the TSA-ionogel's innovation holds the potential to reshape the trajectory of next-generation electronics and profoundly revolutionize the paradigm of human-machine interaction.

3D dual network effect of alkalinized MXene and hBN in PVA for wearable strain/pressure sensor applications

Next-generation wearable electronic devices rely on electronic skin for its high flexibility, wearability, and ability to monitor vital health signs. Despite these advantages, developing flexible strain sensors for full-range human activity detection remains challenging. A solution involves thread-based motion sensors seamlessly integrated into clothing. This study employs a synergistic dual three-dimensional network using hydroxyl-functionalized MXene (MXOH) and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) to modify poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels, showcasing promising advancements in wearable technology. The hydrogel, incorporating MXOH with its larger lateral size and hBN with its smaller lateral size, forms a robust 3D network that reinforces the percolation network of MXOH nanosheets. This strategic combination ensures stability in the conductive pathway, minimizing electrical hysteresis during mechanical stress. The completion of the 3D network in PVA, facilitated by hBN, significantly enhances electrical conductivity due to the ion conduction properties of hBN. Moreover, the incorporation of non-conductive hBN nanosheets amplifies overall conductivity compared to MXOH alone, contributing to network stability. Rheological tests demonstrate the pronounced impact of increasing hBN weight percentage on the storage modulus, indicating the formation of a 3D network upon percolation. Additionally, MXOH and hBN exhibit self-healing characteristics through hydrogen bonding with the PVA chain, with hBN displaying higher mobility and faster self-healing compared to MXOH. These hydrogel-based flexible sensors exhibit mechanical stability and responsiveness across a wide pressure range (0 to 80 kPa) and find versatile applications in touch screens, thread-based motion sensors, and wearable electronics, promising transformative advances in handwriting-to-digital translation and smart textile technologies.

Three-Dimensional (3D) Microcatheter Shaping Using Touch Screen Devices for Cerebral Aneurysm Coil Embolization

In cerebral aneurysm coil embolization, proper microcatheter shaping is crucial to reduce complications and achieve sufficient embolization. Shaping a microcatheter in 3 dimensions (3D) is often required but can be challenging. We assessed the usefulness of a novel shaping on screen (SOS) method that displays real-size 3D rotational angiography (RA) images on a touch screen device during cerebral aneurysm embolization to facilitate 3D microcatheter shaping. In this study, 18 patients with cerebral aneurysm treated with this technique were included. Real-size 3D-RA images obtained during the embolization procedure were displayed on the touch screen device, which allowed for real-time manipulation. The shape of the microcatheter was adjusted to conform to the curvature of the vessel by swiping the touch screen device and bending the mandrel accordingly. We assessed the clinical and angiographic results, along with the accuracy and stability of the microcatheter. No procedure-related complications were observed. The mean packing density was 41%±12%. In all but 1 case, microcatheters were inserted into the aneurysms without guidewire assistance. After coiling, all microcatheter forms were stable. Three-dimensional (3D) microcatheter shaping using touch screen devices during cerebral aneurysm coil embolization may be simple and safe and can achieve high packing density of aneurysms.

Survey Gamification: Engaging Generation Z

Abstarct This paper is about the development of a gamified application tailored to Generation Z (population born between 1997 and 2012) as an alternative to the text-based LimeSurvey (formerly PHPSurveyor). The study was conducted among students from the Department of Computer Science at University College Dublin. Data were analyzed from the perspectives of college learning, personal interest, and post-COVID hindsight. Engagement with the experimental application was examined in terms of participation rates, total time spent on the survey, and experiences shared by participants. Descriptive statistics were generated using the numerical data, while the textual results were explored semantically. The implementation of the gamified survey consisted of the development of mobile-first and web-based software with 80 integrated questions divided into 5 mini games. Each of the game series used a touch screen for interactivity as a way of providing multiple types of entertainment within the gamified software.

Superior compressive and tensile bi-directional strain sensing capabilities achieved using liquid metal Hybrid-Hydrogels empowered by Machine learning algorithms

Hydrogel-based flexible strain sensors have great potentials for applications in wearable electronics, human–machine interfaces, and soft robotics. Although great efforts have been made on enhancing tensile strain sensing capability of hydrogels, their sensing capabilities under compressive deformation have seldom been explored. Herein, we report a liquid metal-based hybrid hydrogel which achieves high stretchability (2300 %), superior bi-directional responses to both compressive strains (with a gauge factor of 33.43) and tensile strains (with a gauge factor of 9.59), fast response time (190 ms), and excellent durability (>1500 cycles). This conductive hybrid hydrogel with multi-interpenetrating networks is constructed by incorporating liquid metal, graphene oxide, poly-dopamine, and potassium chloride into a polymer double-network of polyacrylamide and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly (styrene sulfonate). By integrating machine-learning algorithm with the hybrid hydrogel sensors, an intelligent dual-mode handwriting recognition system is developed for perceiving finger touch signals (in compressive-strain mode) and finger bending signals (in tensile-strain mode), with high accuracy (>93 %) and fast recognition time (<1s) when recognizing numbers, letters, and signature signals. Furthermore, this handwriting recognition system demonstrates advanced performance for human–machine interactions (e.g., playing music) and virtual reality interactions. This study offers a promising strategy to develop hydrogel electronics with bidirectional sensing capabilities for diversified practical applications.

Performance on a target acquisition task differs between augmented reality and touch screen displays

Target acquisition tasks quantify human motor and perceptual abilities while performing discrete tasks to support interface design and sensorimotor assessments. This study investigated the effects of display, Touchscreen and Augmented Reality (AR), on a standardized 2D multidirectional target acquisition task. Thirty-two participants performed the target acquisition task with both modality types and at two indexes of difficulty. The touchscreen modality yielded improved performance over AR as measured by accuracy, precision, error rates, throughput, and movement time. Throughput using the nominal index of difficulty was 10.12 bits/s for touchscreen and 3.11 bits/s for AR. AR designers can use the results to improve performance when designing AR interfaces by selecting larger buttons when accuracy and efficiency are required and by embedding perception cues to button target surfaces such as depth and proximity cues.

Switching from opaque to transparent

AbstractNear infrared (NIR) light is becoming pervasive within products to improve perception, functionality, and safety. NIR is used in applications ranging from lidar and automotive ADAS to machine vision systems, night vision cameras, IR remotes, touch screens, and various medical and therapeutic uses.

Development of a microcontroller and resistive touchscreen-based speed monitoring and control system for DC motor

&lt;span&gt;Speed control is a key requirement in direct current (DC) motor applications where accuracy, reliability, flexibility, and safety are of high importance. In this study, a microcontroller and resistive touchscreen-based DC motor speed monitoring and control system were developed. The core components employed in the development of the system include Arduino ATMega328P microcontroller, thin film technology (TFT) resistive touch screen, L293D motor driver, and infrared (IR) sensor module. ATMega328P microcontroller is the brain of the system around which the overall circuit design was modeled. TFT resistive touch screen displays the motor speed and also, enables the users to set a desired speed. L293D motor driver regulates the voltage and current supplied to the motor, and a feedback loop comprising an IR sensor module ensures the maintenance of the motor speed at the desired level. A performance test was conducted on the developed system to ascertain its correct functionality. The developed speed monitoring and control system operated satisfactorily during testing; achieving a speed control in the range of 800 to 3000 rpm. The developed device is useful and can be scaled up for various domestic and industrial applications.&lt;/span&gt;

MM-Tap: Adaptive and Scalable Tap Localization on Ubiquitous Surfaces With mm-Level Accuracy

Transforming physical surfaces into virtual interfaces can extend the interaction capability of many exciting metaverse applications in the future. Recent advances in vibration-based tap sensing show promise for this vision using passive vibration signals. However, current approaches based on Time-Difference-of-Arrival (TDoA) triangulation suffer the impact of fluctuant wave velocity due to the dispersive and heterogeneous nature of solid mediums, failing to meet the performance requirement for practical use. In this paper, we present MM-Tap, a vibration-based tap localization system that can transform ubiquitous surfaces into virtual touch screens with low overhead. A novel localization scheme is proposed based on the finding of spatio-temporal mapping between tap locations and TDoA values, which pushes the accuracy limits of vibration-based tap sensing from unstable cm-level to mm-level. We investigate the geometry of the sensor layout and design a model-based method to synthesize tap data, which enables MM-Tap to adapt to various surface materials and respond to arbitrary sensing scales after a few seconds of calibration. We combine MM-Tap with a COTS projector and facilitate a digitally augmented surface where users can play video games with low latency.

Using a digital ‘pocket atelier’ for creative teamwork: What is the impact of digital costume sketching on the professional competence of costume designers?

This practice-led research sheds light on the potential for digital sketching in the field of costume design. This project provides an opportunity to advance our understanding of the impact of ongoing digital transformation on costume design processes and other design processes related to sketching and creative teamwork. The material for the research was collected from interviews with Finnish professional costume designers about their costume sketching practices. Interviews concentrated on designers who preferred using digital sketching methods in their process. This study focuses on costume sketching, which is when a costume designer creates a costumed character using tactile sketching techniques on a tablet touch screen. The portable device acts as a digital sketchbook for the costume designer; this study assesses the effects of this digital ‘pocket atelier’ through the lens of professional competence. Professional competence in this context refers to the ability of designers to perform work-related tasks within a creative team, such as expressing and communicating ideas by generating costume sketches. When asked about the impact of digital costume design methods, most participants commented that they have found their own way of expressing ideas and visions through digital means, which has increased their sense of professionalism. They further described the use of digital tools as making them feel more valued as members of a creative team. The research results indicate that the digital transformation of the design process has changed costume designers’ perception of their own skills as better matching the needs of the work environment.

The use of pediatric behavior management techniques among Syrian dentists - A cross-sectional study

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the attitude toward several behavior management techniques among Syrian pediatric dentists (PDs), general dental practitioners (GDPs), and other dental specialists (ODSs). Dental fear and anxiety are highly prevalent among schoolchildren and pre-school children. Behavior management techniques can be either pharmacological or non-pharmacological. Distraction is a non-pharmacological behavior management technique, which is safe, economical, and effective. Materials and Methods: A self-designed questionnaire was distributed through social networks. Syrian GDPs, PDs, and ODSs participated in the online questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of four sections and required responses regarding participants’ demographic characteristics, work setting, the use of several behavior management techniques, and attitude toward tablet distraction use. Pearson’s Chi-square test was performed at 5% for statistical analysis using SPSS version 23.0. Result: A total of 642 participants responded. Most of the participants reported using tell-show-do (63.08%) and positive reinforcement (65.58%) techniques. Less than half of the participants (45.79%) used virtual reality (VR) eyeglasses for distraction. PDs used cartoons and storytelling techniques significantly more than GDPs and ODSs, with P = 0.023 and P &lt; 0.001, respectively. However, most of the participants never used touch screen video games (74.45%) or joystick video games (92.21%) for distraction. Half of the questionnaire participants (52.34%) were unsure about using a tablet device for distraction. Conclusion: This study concluded that tell-show-do, positive reinforcement techniques, and VR eyeglasses were used the most. However, the vast majority of the participants never used video games for distraction. A good proportion of the study participants were hesitant about using a tablet device as a means of distraction.

Conductive Nanofiber Web Film with Polydimethylsiloxane Sidewalls Selectively Coated through a Plasma Process for High Performance Flexible Transparent Electrodes.

Transparent electrodes are commonly used in various applications, such as solar cells, touch screens, smart windows, wearable electronic devices, and rollable flexible displays. Currently, indium tin oxide (ITO) is widely used as a transparent electrode material. However, ITO is not suitable for next-generation transparent electrodes that require flexibility; therefore, alternative nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes, conductive polymers, and metal nanowires, are being studied. However, these nanomaterials have poor mechanical strength and limited substrate availability. In this study, we developed a high-performance transparent electrode web film fabrication process based on conductive nanofibers, in which metal nanofibers are semiembedded in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The mechanical strength of the conductive nanofibers was improved through the PDMS coating on the entire surface of the film, and the semiembedded structure of the nanofibers was realized using the reactive ion etching (RIE) process. In this study, we confirmed through transparency/conductivity analysis and bending, cycle, and taping tests that the transparent electrode fabricated using our approach has excellent mechanical strength and conductivity. Finally, the transparent electrode fabricated using our method can be widely applied as a next-generation transparent electrode because the process is easy and simple and requires inexpensive equipment and materials.

DETEKSI POLA TANGAN PADA AREA REGION OF INTEREST (ROI) DENGAN FITUR CONVEXITY DEFECTS

The need for human interaction with computers today does not only use a keyboard or mouse, but has used other devices such as touch screens. However, the interaction still uses touch between the device and the user. Interaction without using touch or direct interaction is still not widely used. Like the use of a camera as an interaction tool, it is still very rarely used.&#x0D; The solution offered is to make a system modeling that is able to detect patterns of hand movements with the camera. The detection results can then be used as controls or as a trigger instrument for a process.