Total VFA Production Research Articles

Effect of Iodoform in Maize and Clover Grass Silages: An In Vitro Study

Iodoform has been shown to be an enteric methane-reducing agent. This study aimed to investigate if iodoform differentially affected maize (MS) and clover grass silage (GS). These substrates were used in four 22 h in vitro gas production fermentations with and without 0.032 mg/g of dry matter substrate of 0.064% iodoform in zeolite (IZ). The results of organic matter degradation (dOM, g/g), volatile fatty acids (VFAs, mMol/L), partitioning factor (PF, mg/mL), total gas production (TGP, mL/g OM), and periodic hydrogen and methane yield (mL/g OM) were evaluated. The interaction between substrate and IZ for dOM was significant with significantly less in GS. The interaction between substrate and additive was continuously significant for TGP. The additive in GS numerically decreased the TGP, but significantly increased TGP in MS. The interaction between substrate and additive was sporadically significant with methane, increasing the yield when IZ was added to MS, but a consistent, non-significant, decrease in yield was found when IZ was added to GS. Total VFA production and propionate content increased in both substrates with the addition of IZ, but only significantly in GS. Iodoform significantly decreased the efficiency of microbial conversion (PF) in both substates. Differential effects of iodoform on GS and MS were evident. More research is needed to determine the modes of action of iodoform.

Effects of a liquid and dry Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product feeding program on ruminal fermentation, total tract digestibility, and plasma metabolome of Holstein steers receiving a grain-based diet.

The study aimed to determine the effects of a postbiotic feeding program consisting of liquid and dry Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP) on ruminal fermentation, digestibility, and plasma metabolome of Holstein steers receiving a grain-based diet. Eight Holstein steers (body weight, BW, 467 ± 13.9kg) equipped with rumen cannulas were used in a crossover design study, with 21 d per period and a 7-d washout period in between periods. Steers were stratified by initial BW and assigned to 1 of 2 treatments. The treatments were 1) Control, basal finishing diet only (CON); 2) SCFP, 1-d feeding of liquid SCFP (infused into the rumen via the cannula at 11mL/100kg BW) followed by daily feeding of dry SCFP (12g/d, top-dressed). Feed and spot fecal samples were collected during days 17 to 20 for determination of digestibility and fecal excretion of N, P, Cu, and Zn. Digestibility was measured using acid-insoluble ash as an internal marker. Blood samples were collected on day 21 before the morning feeding. Rumen fluid samples were collected on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 21 via rumen cannula. Results were analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4 (SAS, 2023). Treatment did not affect dry matter intake (P = 0.15) and digestibility (P ≥ 0.62). The fecal output and absorption of Zn, Cu, P, and N were not affected (P > 0.22) by treatment. On day 1, the liquid SCFP supplementation tended to reduce (P = 0.07) ruminal VFA concentration and increased (P < 0.01) the molar proportion of valerate. Feeding SCFP tended to increase total ruminal VFA on day 5 (P = 0.08) and significantly increased total VFA on day 21 (P = 0.05). Ruminal NH3-N was reduced (P = 0.02) on day 21 by supplementing SCFP. Treatment did not affect the production of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β (P > 0.19), and IL-6 (P > 0.12) in the whole blood in response to various toll-like receptor stimulants in vitro. Feeding SCFP enriched (P ≤ 0.05) plasma metabolic pathways, including citric acid cycle, pyrimidine metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, retinol metabolism, and inositol phosphate metabolism pathways. In summary, supplementing liquid SCFP with subsequent dry SCFP enhanced ruminal total VFA production and reduced NH3-N concentration in the rumen. Furthermore, feeding SCFP enriched several important pathways in lipid, protein, and glucose metabolism, which may improve feed efficiency of energy and protein in Holstein steers.

Evaluation of a new commercial source of monensin in lactating dairy cows and continuous culture fermenters

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate a new commercial source of monensin (MON) on performance of mid-lactation dairy cows and fermentation parameters of dual-flow continuous culture fermenters. In Experiment 1, 43 Holstein cows (25 multiparous and 18 primiparous; 175 ± 97 DIM; 45.3 ± 10 kg/d milk yield; 692 ± 68 kg BW; mean ± SD) were used in a randomized block design experiment with a 15-d covariate and a 9-wk treatment period. The first 3 wk of the treatment period were considered adaptation and the last 6 wk were used for data collection and analysis. Treatments were: Control (CTR; no MON added), Rumensin® 90 (RUM; 350 mg/d MON from Elanco Animal Health Inc.), and Monovet® 90 (MVet; 350 mg/d MON from Huvepharma® Inc. US). All cows were fed the same base diet throughout the experiment and treatments were top-dressed during the treatment period. Orthogonal contrasts were used to evaluate CTR vs. MON (RUM + MVet) and RUM vs. MVet. Compared with CTR, MON tended to increase milk yield (43.8 vs. 42.3 kg/d) but did not affect DMI or feed efficiency. The MVet treatment improved feed efficiency compared with RUM (1.70 vs. 1.58). Treatments did not affect milk fat content and yield, milk protein yield, MUN concentration, or energy-corrected milk yield. In Experiment 2, nine continuous culture fermenters were used in a randomized block design experiment with two 10-d periods. Fermenters were fed once a day approximately 100 g DM of the same diet fed in Experiment 1. Treatments were: CTR, RUM (2 mg/L MON from Rumensin® 90), and MVet (2 mg/L MON from Monovet® 90). Monensin did not affect DM, OM, NDF, ADF, and CP degradability or total VFA production (mmol/d), but decreased acetate, butyrate, and isobutyrate molar proportions and increased propionate molar proportion compared with CTR. Both sources of MON decreased acetate to propionate ratio compared with CTR (1.61 vs. 2.40). Adding MON increased daily production of propionate (74.1 vs. 108 mmol/d) and decreased that of butyrate and isobutyrate compared with CTR. Monensin supplementation decreased ammonia-N production (433 vs. 545 mg/d) compared with CTR. Overall, results indicate MON tended to increase milk yield and altered VFA profile in the rumen and in vitro, and that MVet is a suitable source of MON for dairy cows.

Effects of cellulase and xylanase on fermentative profile, bacterial diversity, and in vitro degradation of mixed silage of agro-residue and alfalfa

The objective was to determine effects of cellulase, xylanase, and commercial fibrolytic enzymes on fermentation quality, aerobic stability, bacterial community, and in vitro degradation of mixed silages. Mixtures of alfalfa, wheat bran, and rice straw [80:15:5 on a fresh matter (FM) basis] were ensiled for 1, 3, 5, 7, 15, 30, and 45 d after treatment with: distilled water (control, C); cellulase (E); xylanase (X); or commercial fibrolytic enzymes (EX), with all enzyme preparations applied at 100 U/g FM. The 45-day silages were subjected to an in vitro degradation test. Each of the three enzyme-treated groups enriched relative abundance (RA) of Lactobacillus, Weissella, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, increased water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations, and extended aerobic stability over 384 h, but concurrently inhibited growth of undesirable microbes (i.e., Acinetobacter sp, Lelliottia amnigena, and Sphingomonas sp), reducing pH and concentrations of ammonia nitrogen (AN), butyric acid (BA) and propionic acid (PA). Compared to C, adding X or EX increased the RA of L. paralimentarius and L. parabrevis, enhanced accumulation of acetic acid (AA) and crude protein (CP), and reduced hemicellulose content. Furthermore, E group silage had the highest abundance of W. cibaria. In addition, EX enriched RA of Bacillus velezensis, reduced AN concentration, increased DM degradability, total VFA production, and gas production during in vitro incubation. In conclusion, addition of X or EX enhanced ensiling by enhancing concentrations of AA; however, EX was the most promising enzyme, based on reducing AN concentration and increasing DM content and DM degradability.Graphical

PEMANFAATAN PELET KULIT JENGKOL (Pihecellobium Lobatum Benth) DALAM RANSUM DOMBA DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP PH DAN TOTAL VFA

This study aims to evaluate the use of jengkol peel pellets in sheep rations and their effect on pH and total VFA. This research was conducted in May - July 2019 at the Block B Field Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB). This study used a randomized block design (RBD) with 3 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments used were P1 = Concentrate (40%) + Field Grass (60%), P2 = Concentrate (40%) + Field Grass (45%) + Jengkol Peel (15%), P3 = Concentrate (40%) + Grass Field (37.5%) + Jengkol peel (22.5%). The results showed that the addition of 15% and 22.5% jengkol peel pellets containing tannins and saponins had no significant effect (P&gt; 0.05) on pH, it is still under normal conditions, but decreases (P &lt;0.01) at total VFA production. The total VFA production averaged 68.90 - 103.23 mM, decreased in the range of 19.90% - 33.26%. It can be concluded that the use of jengkol peel pellets in sheep rations does not affect pH and can reduce total VFA production, the best level of use is at the level of 15% jengkol peel pellets.&#x0D; Keywords: Jengkol Peel Pellets, Tannins, Saponins, Sheep, pH and Total VFA

Impact of Molasses on Ruminal Volatile Fatty Acid Production and Microbiota Composition In Vitro.

The aim of this study was to assess if molasses could modify VFA production and the rumen microbial community in vitro. Three beet (treatment Beet) and three cane (treatment Cane) molasses preparations were randomly selected from a variety of samples collected worldwide and incubated in vitro with rumen fluid along with a control sample (treatment CTR, in which no molasses was used). Flasks for VFA analysis were sampled at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 24 h of each incubation. For microbiota analysis, samples from each fermentation flask after 12 and 24 h were subjected to microbial DNA extraction and V3-V4 16S rRNA gene sequencing on an Illumina MiSeq platform. Total net VFA production was higher in the beet and cane preparations than in the control (CTR) group at 24 h (33 mmol/L, 34 mmol/L, and 24.8 mmol/L, respectively), and the composition of VFAs was affected by the inclusion of molasses: acetic acid increased in the CTR group (73.5 mol%), while propionic acid increased in the beet and cane molasses (19.6 mol% and 18.6 mol%, respectively), and butyric acid increased, especially in the cane group (23.2 mol%). Molasses even influenced the composition of the rumen microbiota, and particularly the relative abundance of the most dominant family in the rumen, Prevotellaceae, which decreased compared to CTR (37.13%, 28.88%, and 49.6%, respectively). In contrast, Streptococcaceae (19.62% and 28.10% in molasses compared to 6.23% in CTR), Veillonellaceae (6.48% and 8.67% in molasses compared to 4.54% in CTR), and Fibrobacteraceae (0.90% and 0.88% in molasses compared to 0.62% in CTR) increased in the beet and cane groups compared to the CTR group. Another important finding is the lower proportion of Methanobacteriaceae following the addition of molasses compared to CTR (0.26%, 0.28%, and 0.43%, respectively). This study showed the impact of molasses in influencing VFA production and composition as a result of a modified rumen microbial composition.

Preserving Saccharina latissima and Porphyra umbilicalis in Multinutrient Blocks: An In Vitro Evaluation

Seaweeds could be alternative feedstuffs for ruminants, but their utilization in practical feeding is difficult because they deteriorate rapidly. We investigated the possibility of preserving Saccharina latissima and Porphyra umbilicalis in multinutrient blocks (MB), which is a cost-effective preservation method for high-moisture feeds. Three different MB were prepared: without seaweed (control; CMB), with 25% of fresh S. latissima (SLMB), and with 36% of fresh P. umbilicalis (PUMB). Both seaweeds and MB were fermented in vitro with ruminal fluid from sheep. The nitrogen and fiber content of P. umbilicalis was 4- and 4.5-fold greater, respectively, than in S. latissima, but P. umbilicalis produced less gas than S. latissima. Both CMB and PUMB had similar in vitro dry matter degradability (65.8 and 65.1%, respectively), but SLMB had lower values (p &lt; 0.05; 58.2%). There were no differences among MB in methane and total VFA production, but the VFA pattern was shifted to acetate in SLMB and to butyrate in PUMB. The results indicate that multinutrient blocks could be a feasible option to preserve and store seaweeds for ruminant feeding without compromising ruminal fermentation, but in vivo studies are needed to assess the effects on intake and animal performance.

Effect of brown and green seaweeds on diet digestibility, ruminal fermentation patterns and enteric methane emissions using the rumen simulation technique

Inclusion of the red seaweed Asparagopsis taxiformis as a feed additive, has led to significant reductions in methane (CH4) production from ruminants. However, dietary supplementation with this seaweed is negatively associated with health and environmental concerns mainly due to its bromoform content, a compound with potential carcinogenic properties. Thus, there is renewed focus on ascertaining the anti-methanogenic potential of locally grown brown and green seaweeds, which typically do not contain bromoform. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of selected brown and green seaweeds on diet digestibility, ruminal fermentation patterns, total gas (TGP) and CH4 production in vitro, using the rumen simulation technique system. In experiment 1, Pelvetia canaliculata (PEC) was examined. In experiment 2, Cystoseira tamariscifolia (CYT), Bifurcaria bifurcata (BIB), Fucus vesiculosus (FUV), Himanthalia elongata (HIM) and Ulva intestinalis (ULI) were analysed. Ascophyllum nodosum (ASC) was included in both experiments. A diet containing A. taxiformis (ASP1; ASP2) and an unsupplemented diet (CON) were included as positive and negative controls, respectively in both experiments. All seaweeds were included at a rate of 10 g/kg dry matter (DM) into a control diet of 50:50 (w:w) forage:concentrate. The seven brown and green seaweeds assessed failed to affect absolute CH4 emissions or alter fermentation patterns. In experiment 1, seaweed treatment had no effect on diet digestibility, CH4%, CH4 mmol/d or CH4 L/d (P&amp;gt;0.1), however ASP1 reduced CH4 mmol/g DOM by 49% (P&amp;lt;0.01) relative to the control. Both ASC and ASP1 tended to increase TGP (P&amp;lt;0.1) relative to the control. In addition to this, the inclusion of seaweed in experiment 1 reduced the production of NH3-N (P&amp;lt;.0001) compared to the control. In experiment 2, seaweed treatment had no effect on diet digestibility or TGP. Both ASP2 and FUV reduced CH4% (P&amp;lt;0.01) but only ASP2 significantly reduced CH4 mmol/d, CH4 L/d and CH4 mmol/g DOM (P&amp;lt;0.05). Daily mMol butyrate was reduced by ASP2 relative to the control and most other seaweeds (P&amp;lt;.0001). In both experiment 1 and 2, seaweed inclusion had no effect on daily total VFA, acetate or propionate production or the acetate:propionate ratio relative to the control. To conclude, including the bromoform-free brown and green seaweeds at 10g/kg DM has no negative effects on diet digestibility or fermentation patterns but also failed to reduce the production of enteric CH4in vitro.

In vitro rumen fermentation characteristics of fermented complete feed based on rice straw with moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera) addition

The utilization of rice straw as feed must be supplemented with a higher nutritive quality diet such as moringa leaves, formulated as a fermented complete feed to increase its low digestibility. The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro digestibility of fermented complete feed based on rice straw with moringa leaves addition. Complete feed was formulated based on 40% rice straw, mixed with other ingredients, and then fermented with Suplemen Organik Cair (SOC). This study was designed by a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments, P0 (control without moringa leaves), P1 (addition of 10% moringa leaves), P2 (addition of 20% moringa leaves), and P3 (addition of 30% moringa leaves) with 3 replications in each treatment. Parameters measured in this study were in vitro pH value, dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), total VFA, and methane production. The result indicated that different levels of moringa leave addition into a fermented complete feed based on rice straw had significant effects (P<0,01) on in vitro pH value, IVDMD, IVOMD, and total VFA. However, all treatments did not significantly decrease methane production (P>0,05). It was concluded that the addition of moringa leaves into a fermented complete feed based on rice straw effectively increases rumen fermentation.

PHYSICAL QUALITY, IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY, AND FERMENTATION PRODUCTS OF SILAGE RICE STRAW ADDED VARIOUS TYPES OF LEGUMINOSE

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; This study aims to determine the physical quality, dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, N-NH3, and total VFA of rice straw silage added with various legumes. This research was conducted at Farm Sesetan and at the Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Forage Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Husbandry Udayana University from No- vember to December 2020. The design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and four replications were P0 (90% rice straw + 5% pollard + 5% mollases), P1 (60% rice straw + 30% Calliandra calothyrsus + 5% pollard + 5% mollases), P2 (60% rice straw + 30% Gliricidia sepium + 5% pollard + 5% mollases), P3 (60% rice straw + 30% Indigofera zollingeriana + 5% pollard + 5% mollases), P4 (60% rice straw + 30% Sesbania grandiflora + 5% pollard + 5% mollases). The results showed that the best values for color, odor, and fungus were obtained in tre- atment P0, P1, and P4. Texture variable got the best value in treatment P0, P1, P2, and P3. The highest of dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility values were in the P4. The highest production of total VFA and N-NH3 was produced in treatment P1 and P2. Based on the research results, the addition of various types of legumes added to the rice straw silage can improve the physical quality, dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, N-NH3 and total VFA of the silage.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Grazing cotton crop residue to reduce winter supplementation cost in late-gestation beef cows and assessment of the negative effects of gossypol on fermentation of mixed ruminal microorganisms

This research aimed to evaluate the use of standing cotton crop residue as a winter supplementation source for gestating beef cows and the effects of gossypol, a naturally occurring pigment with potential anti-quality characteristics, on in vitro mixed ruminal microorganism fermentations. Experiment 1 used a 3-yr completely randomized study with 108 Angus cross cows (BW 559 ± 7.9 kg) enrolled in a 30-d grazing trial. Cows were weighed, stratified by weight, and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: dormant bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon ) pasture + bermudagrass hay (GR) or cotton ( Gossypium ) crop residue + bermudagrass hay (CT). Experiment 2 used a completely randomized in vitro mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation with 3 × 5 factorial arrangements of treatments. This included 3 substrates: corn ( Zea mays ; CC), average relative forage quality (RFQ 100) coastal bermudagrass (ABG), and high relative forage quality (RFQ 120) coastal bermudagrass (HBG), along with 5 concentrations of gossypol: 0, 0.0615, 0.123, 0.1845, or 0.246 mg of gossypol/mL. Total hay offered and hay per head per day were greater ( P ≤ 0.02) in the GR group compared with the CT group. Economic analysis indicated that total hay cost, cost per head per day, and cost of gain were all significantly decreased for cows in the CT treatment compared with cows in the GR treatment ( P < 0.002). In vitro DM digestibility and total VFA production were lower ( P < 0.002) as gossypol concentration reached the highest concentration. Results suggest that grazing cotton crop residue is a partial replacement for hay supplementation during the winter months. Increased levels of gossypol have negative effects on DM disappearance and VFA production. The gossypol amount found in crop residue is approximately the same as the lowest concentration evaluated in the in vitro experiment. These results indicate that grazing cotton crop residue should not influence ruminal fermentation.

Inhibitory Effect Mediated by Deoxynivalenol on Rumen Fermentation under High-Forage Substrate

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a type B trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium fungi. To investigate its ruminal degradability and its effect on rumen fermentation, a 2 × 5 factorial experiment was conducted in vitro with two feed substrates with different forage levels (high forage (HF), forage-to-concentrate = 4:1; low forage (LF), forage-to-concentrate = 1:4) and five DON additions per substrate (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg of dry matter). After 48 h incubation, the DON degradability in the HF group was higher than in the LF group (p &lt; 0.01), and it decreased along with the increase in DON concentrations (p &lt; 0.01), which varied from 57.18% to 29.01% at 48 h. In addition, the gas production rate, total VFA production and microbial crude protein decreased linearly against the increase in DON additions (p &lt; 0.05). Meanwhile, the proportion of CH4 in the fermentation gas end-products increased linearly, especially in the HF group (p &lt; 0.01). In brief, rumen microorganisms presented 29–57% of the DON degradation ability and were particularly significant under a high-forage substrate. Along with the increasing DON addition, the toxin degradability decreased, showing a dose-dependent response. However, DON inhibited rumen fermentation and increased methane production when it exceeded 5 mg/kg of dry matter.

Evaluation of Pre-ingestive Citronella Residues using Ruminal In Vitro Techniques

Citronella residues (CR) have the potential to be used as an alternative to the fiber diet of ruminants. This study reports on the effects of pre-ingestive CR using ammonia (4 % dry matter (DM)) and fermentation (6 % DM) on in vitro rumen fermentation, metabolism, and methane (CH4) production. Four CR levels of 0, 25, 75, and 100 % DM were used. Each level was repeated 3 times and a complete randomized design method was used. The results showed that pre-ingestive CR significantly increased the pH rumen fluid but decreased ammonia-nitrogen concentration, total iso-volatile fatty acid (iso-VFA) production, and protozoa population (p &lt; 0.01). The pre-ingestive CR significantly decreased the acetic acid composition and rumen microbial protein synthesis (p &lt; 0.05), and significantly increased the proportion of propionic acid, n-butyric acid, and iso-valeric acid (p &lt; 0.05). The total VFA production and rumen CH4 production did not significantly change (p &gt; 0.05). In conclusion, pre-ingestive CR was compatible as a basal diet for ruminants.&#x0D; HIGHLIGHTS&#x0D; &#x0D; Pre-ingestive treated citronella residues used as substitute in ruminant fiber diet&#x0D; 100 % pre-ingestive citronella residues increased rumen fluid pH compared with napier grass&#x0D; 100 % pre-ingestive citronella residues reduced NH3, VFA, and protozoa&#x0D; 100 % pre-ingestive citronella residues had no effect on methane production&#x0D; Rumen fermentation profile of pre-ingestive residue treatments are suitable alternative diets&#x0D; &#x0D; GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Pengaruh Imbangan Pennisetum purpureum cv.Mott dan Indigofera zolligeriana dalam Ransum terhadap Total VFA, NH3 dan Populasi Protozoa Rumen in vitro.

This study aims to evaluate the level of Indigofera zollingeriana with Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott in ration on rumen fermentation characteristics (total VFA, NH3 and protozoa population) in vitro. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD), consisting of 5 treatments and 4 replications. P1 = 60% Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott, P2 = 45% Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott + 15% Indigofera zollingeriana, P3 = 30% Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott + 30% Indigofera zollingeriana, P4 = 15% Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott + 45% Indigofera zollingeriana, P5 = 60% Indigofera zollingeriana. All treatments received an additional 40% fine ricebran. The results showed that the level of Indigofera zollingeriana flour with Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott had no significant effect on total VFA and NH3. Total VFA and NH3 ranged from 131.65 mM-143.24 mM and 12.61 mM-13.74 mM, respectively. Meanwhile, the population of protozoa had a significant effect (P&lt;0.05). DMRT further test results showed that P3 was significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower than P1, P2, P4 and P5. The average population of the protozoa ranged from 53.125 cells/ml to 90,625 cells/ml. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the administration of Indigofera zollingeriana leaves by 30% was able to reduce the protozoan population in the rumen of FH cattle but had no significant effect on total VFA production and ammonia (NH3) concentration. Keywords: Rumen Fermentation Characteristics, Indigofera zollingeriana, In Vitro

Characterization of various wheat types and processing methods using in vitro ruminal batch cultures

This study investigated the effect of kernel hardness, processing method, and their interaction on particle size, dry matter (DM) disappearance (DMD), and fermentation characteristics of wheat grain in batch cultures. The study was a completely randomized design with 3 wheat classifications (soft, medium, hard) × 3 processing methods (grinding, dry- and temper-rolling). Fifty-five wheat samples were characterized for chemical traits and classified for kernel hardness. Samples were either ground through 1-mm screen, dry-rolled or temper-rolled to a constant processing index (PI) of 0.80. In vitro gas production (GP) kinetics, fermentation characteristics and DMD at 6, 24 and 48 h of incubation were measured. Crude protein (CP) (g/kg) was lower and starch (g/kg) was higher for soft than medium and hard wheat. The PSD of rolled wheat was affected (P < 0.01) by a wheat hardness × processing interaction. With dry-rolling, soft wheat had more particles retained on the 2.36-mm sieve and less on the 1.18-mm sieve, while, with temper-rolling, soft wheat had more particles retained on the 3.35-mm sieve and less on the 2.36-mm sieve than those for dry- or temper-rolled medium and hard wheat. Kernel hardness × processing was observed (P < 0.01) for DMD and CPD after 24 h and 48 h of incubation; the DMD and CPD were higher (P < 0.01) with dry- than temper-rolled hard or medium wheat, but no differences in DMD and CPD were observed between dry- and temper-rolled soft wheat. A kernel hardness × processing interaction was also noted for total VFA production and molar proportions of propionate after 24 h of incubation (P < 0.05). Dry-rolled soft wheat had a higher (P = 0.04) total VFA concentration and molar proportion of propionate after 24 h of incubation as compared to dry-rolled hard wheat. Compared to grinding, VFA concentrations and proportion of propionate were all reduced by both dry- and temper rolling with the magnitude of these differences generally being greater for soft as compared to medium and hard wheat. In conclusion, regardless of kernel hardness, PSD of dry- and temper-rolled wheat had a significant impact on DMD. Tempering was more effective at reducing the generation of fine particles than dry-rolling, particularly with hard wheat, a factor that may reduce the risk of digestive disturbances in ruminants fed wheat.

Effects of Eimeria tenella Infection on Key Parameters for Feed Efficiency in Broiler Chickens

Simple SummaryCoccidiosis, which can be induced by Eimeria spp., causes tremendous economic losses in the poultry production. Eimeria tenella (E. tenella) is one of the poultry Eimeria spp. that damage cecal tissue. Broilers infected with E. tenella can have reduced body weight, feed efficiency, and gut health because ceca are the main site for producing volatile fatty acids (VFA; important energy sources) and ceca accommodate diverse pathogens. To find appropriate strategies to cope with E. tenella infection, modes of actions of E. tenella infection on broiler growth and health should be investigated, and experimental infection model should be established. In the study, different levels of sporulated E. tenella oocysts were inoculated to the broilers, and the inoculation dosages induced mild infection in the ceca of broilers. The current study showed that E. tenella infection damaged feed efficiency and small intestinal health in broilers, mainly by reducing cecal volatile fatty acids (VFA) production. Different inoculation levels modulated the tendency of fecal moisture content and fecal oocyst shedding at different time points. Based on the results, energy supplementation and/or modulation of cecal microbiota potentially ameliorates negative effects of E. tenella infection in broilers.The purpose of the study was to investigate effects of different inoculation dosages of E. tenella on growth performance, gastrointestinal permeability, oocyst shedding, intestinal morphology, fecal consistency, ileal apparent digestibility, antioxidant capacity, and cecal VFA profile in broiler chickens. Five different dosages (T0: 0, T1: 6250, T2: 12,500, T3: 25,000, and T4: 50,000) of E. tenella oocysts were inoculated via oral gavage to fourteen-day-old broilers. Inoculation of E. tenella linearly increased FCR (p < 0.05), and feed intake was quadratically increased on 6 days post-infection (dpi; p = 0.08) and 7 dpi (p = 0.09). Cecal lesion score of each treatment was T0: 0; T1: 0.39 ± 0.14; T2: 0.93 ± 0.21; T3: 1.25 ± 0.16; and T4: 1.58 ± 0.2. Cecal total VFA production was linearly reduced due to E. tenella infection on 6 dpi (p < 0.01). E. tenella infection deepened cecal crypts depth on 6 dpi (CD; p < 0.05). Gastrointestinal permeability tended to be linearly increased (p = 0.07). E. tenella infection tended to linearly reduce duodenal VH (p = 0.1) and jejunal VH on 9 dpi (p = 0.09). Different dosages of E. tenella modulated the tendency of fecal moisture content and oocyst shedding. Therefore, E. tenella infection impaired feed efficiency and small intestinal health mainly by reducing cecal VFA production and deepening cecal CD in broilers.

PSX-B-8 Effect of supplementing red osier dogwood extract on in vitro gas production, feed digestibility and fermentation characteristics of high-forage diet

Abstract Red osier dogwood (ROD) is native shrub plant in Canada and rich in bioactive compounds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ROD extract supplementation in a high-forage (HF) diet on gas production (GP), dry matter (DM) disappearance (DMD) and fermentation characteristics in batch cultures with varying media pH. The study was a completely randomized design with 4 levels of ROD extract (0, 1, 3 and 5% of substrate) × 2 media pH (5.8 and 6.5) factorial arrangement. The study was conducted in three replicate experiments. Substrate contained 60% barley silage and 40% barley concentrate (DM basis). Inoculum was obtained from 2 ruminally fistulated beef heifers offered the HF diet. Substrate (0.5 g DM) ground (1 mm) was incubated for 48 h in a culture bottle. Data were analyzed using Mixed procedure of SAS with fixed effects of treatments and random effect of experiment. There was no interaction between media pH and level of ROD on GP, DMD and fermentation characteristics. Increased media pH (5.8 vs. 6.5) increased (P &amp;lt; 0.01) GP (averaged 164 vs. 275 ml/g substrate), DMD (50.6 vs. 60.6%), and total VFA production (63 vs. 71 mM). Increasing ROD extract levels did not affect GP but linearly (P = 0.05) decreased DMD from 62.1 to 58.9% at pH 6.5. Although total VFA production was not affected, increasing ROD extract linearly (P &amp;lt; 0.01) increased the proportion of acetate (47.9 to 49.7%) and propionate (20.5 to 22.3%) at pH 5.8; whereas at pH 6.5, acetate to propionate ratio quadratically (P = 0.04) changed to be lower with 3% ROD extract (2.08) than other treatments (2.21). These results indicated that supplementation of HF diet with ROD extract may improve fibre digestion at low media pH, and improve fermentation efficiency at high media pH.

PSXIII-8 Effects of different sources of Zn on in vitro ruminal fermentation and digestibility of a lactation diet

Abstract Vistore® minerals are hydroxychloride minerals that feature high metal content and improved bioavailability. This study was conducted to compare different sources of zinc (Zn) on in vitro rumen fermentation parameters. Three ruminally-cannulated Jersey heifers were adapted to a lactation diet for two weeks before used as donors. Three sources of Zn were tested at 20 ppm: No supplemental Zn (CON), ZnSO4, Vistore Zn, and another Zn hydroxychloride (Vistore-competitor). The concentration of Zn in this study was selected from a titration study (0 to 40 ppm ZnSO4) to identify the minimum concentration of ZnSo4 affecting rumen fermentation. The lactation diet (TMR) was dried and ground to 1mm and used as substrate. Rumen fluid was collected two hours after feeding. Substrate (0.5 g) was inoculated with 100 mL of 3:1 McDougall’s buffer: ruminal flued mixture at 39ºC for 24 h. Each treatment was run in triplicate and in three runs. Data were analyzed with R 3.0. The model included fixed effect of treatment and random effect of run. ZnSO4 reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) maximum gas production, DMD (54 vs. 55.9%) and cellulose (27.5 and 40.7%) digestibility. acetate to propionate ration (2.20 vs. 2.24) and NH3-N concentration (6.0 vs. 7.0 mg/dL), increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) propionate % (27.2 vs 26.7%) compared to control. Vistore had higher pH than control (6.44 vs. 6.40, P = 0.02) but did not affect other parameters compared to CON. Vistore-competitor reduced total VFA production compared to control, ZnSO4, and Vistore (94 vs. 102, 106 and 107 mM, respectively, P = 0.01) but did not affect other parameters. In general, Vistore Zn maintained in vitro ruminal fermentation and digestibility, while ZnSO4 had negative effects on both fermentation and digestibility and Vistore-competitor reduced total VFAs. Results indicate hydroxychloride minerals may stabilize rumen parameters versus sulfate sources but different hydroxychloride sources appear to influence rumen parameters differently.

Fermentability of complete feed supplemented with different level of buffalo rumen contents as probiotic in balibul local sheep

The aim of the research was to study the effect of complete feed contained different level of buffalo rumen content as probiotic on feed fermentability of Balibul local sheep. Materials used in this study were 16 heads male local sheep under 5 months of age (Balibul), average body weight 11.58 + 0.77 kg. Experimental design used was completely randomized design (CRD), consisting 4 treatments and 4 replications. Treatments used were T0 (complete feed without buffalo rumen content supplementation), T1 (complete feed supplemented with 5% buffalo rumen content), T2 (complete feed supplemented with 10% buffalo rumen content) and T3 (complete feed supplemented with 15% buffalo rumen content). Parameters observed were VFA, NH3 and total proten production. Collected data were tested statistically using analysis of variance at 95% confidence interval. Result of the research showed that complete feed supplemented with different level of buffalo rumen content had significant difference (P<0.05) on total VFA and total protein production, but no significant difference (P>0.05) on NH3 production. Total VFA production of T0, T1, T2 and T3 treatments were 80.00; 112.50; 105.00 and 107.50 mM, respectively. NH3production of T0, T1, T2 and T3 treatments were 5.35; 6.29; 5.76 and 6.47 mM, respectively. Total protein production of T0, T1, T2 and T3 were 403.70; 471.44; 419.76 and 464.00 mg/g, respectively. It was concluded that 5% buffalo rumen content supplementation in complete feed resulting the best feed fermentability.

Paddy Straw Pelletization with other Feedstuffs and its In Vitro Evaluation as Livestock Feed

This study was taken up to pelletize paddy straw with other feedstuffs and to assess up to what extent paddy straw can be incorporated in such pellets and their nutritional evaluation by in vitro gas production technique. The sundried paddy straw and alfalfa hay were ground in a hammer mill and lifted in a bucket elevator to the mixer where these feedstuffs were mixed with rice bran and molasses and pellets were prepared in pellet mill fitted with 8mm stationary die. Pellets containing paddy straw up to 90% were prepared successfully, but beyond 60% paddy straw there was excessive load on the machine and supporting motor. Therefore, pellets containing paddy straw up to 60% were evaluated by in vitro gas production technique. With the increase in the level of paddy straw in pellets, the ash and ADF content increased linearly (P<0.01), while OM, CP, and EE contents decreased (P<0.01). The NDF, hemicellulose and cellulose contents remained similar up to 30% paddy straw in the pellets; thereafter these constituents increased (P<0.01) linearly. Compared to pellets without paddy straw (control), the total ash, NDF, ADF and cellulose content increased by 19.5, 29.5, 31.6 and 35.8% in pellets containing 60% paddy straw. The bulk density of paddy straw-based pellets varied between 560.33 to 655.35 kg/m3, and it increased with the increase in paddy straw level and was highest (P<0.01) in pellets containing 60% rice straw. The in vitro fermentation of pellets resulted in a linear decrease (P<0.01) in net gas production (NGP), true OM digestibility and availability of ME with the increase in the level of paddy straw in the pellets. However, the partitioning factor and ammonia concentration increased (P<0.01). The results revealed that total VFA production in control pellets was comparable to those containing paddy straw up to 30%, but decreased (P<0.05) in pellets containing paddy straw at 45 and 60% levels. The individual VFA production was not affected by the level of paddy straw, except that of acetate, which was depressed (P<0.05) in pellets containing more than 15% paddy straw. The microbial biomass synthesis decreased (P<0.05) with the increase in the level of paddy straw in pellets. The pellets containing 70, 80 or 90% paddy straw cannot be fed exclusively to any category of ruminants because of very low CP and EE content and do not meet the recommended levels of these nutrients in the complete feed of low yielders. It was concluded that paddy straw could be pelletized successfully; best results on net gas production, digestibility of nutrients, VFA production, microbial biomass production and ME were obtained in pellets containing paddy straw up to 30%.