Abstract
Citronella residues (CR) have the potential to be used as an alternative to the fiber diet of ruminants. This study reports on the effects of pre-ingestive CR using ammonia (4 % dry matter (DM)) and fermentation (6 % DM) on in vitro rumen fermentation, metabolism, and methane (CH4) production. Four CR levels of 0, 25, 75, and 100 % DM were used. Each level was repeated 3 times and a complete randomized design method was used. The results showed that pre-ingestive CR significantly increased the pH rumen fluid but decreased ammonia-nitrogen concentration, total iso-volatile fatty acid (iso-VFA) production, and protozoa population (p < 0.01). The pre-ingestive CR significantly decreased the acetic acid composition and rumen microbial protein synthesis (p < 0.05), and significantly increased the proportion of propionic acid, n-butyric acid, and iso-valeric acid (p < 0.05). The total VFA production and rumen CH4 production did not significantly change (p > 0.05). In conclusion, pre-ingestive CR was compatible as a basal diet for ruminants.
 HIGHLIGHTS
 
 Pre-ingestive treated citronella residues used as substitute in ruminant fiber diet
 100 % pre-ingestive citronella residues increased rumen fluid pH compared with napier grass
 100 % pre-ingestive citronella residues reduced NH3, VFA, and protozoa
 100 % pre-ingestive citronella residues had no effect on methane production
 Rumen fermentation profile of pre-ingestive residue treatments are suitable alternative diets
 
 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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