Total Export Value Research Articles

Brexsea Trade and Uncertainty: Impact of Brexit on Seafood Exports

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the effect of the Brexit referendum on Norwegian firms' exports of fresh seafood to the United Kingdom. We exploit the referendum as a quasi‐natural experiment to investigate the effect of an uncertainty shock in trade on export values, volumes, and prices, as well as market entry and exit. First, we find that Norwegian firms experienced an average 2% decrease in total export value resulting from the referendum, suggesting a limited aggregate effect. Second, we examine the role of duration in firm‐to‐firm relationships in response to the shock, finding that more established relationships responded relatively more along the intensive margin to the shock. Third, the market dynamic post‐referendum reveals a nuanced impact; while new market entries were limited, a slight increase in exit probabilities was observed. This reflects a strategic response by Norwegian exporters to the shock, particularly amongst firms with an established export history, indicating a reassessment of market presence. Overall, Norwegian exporters have demonstrated resilience and adaptability, effectively adjusting to the challenges of the Brexit referendum with minimal disruptions while maintaining their international trade relations amidst short‐term uncertainties.

Co-composting to close the cycle of resources during rose cultivation in Kenya: An agronomic and pesticide residue assessment

Recycling green waste through composting is a promising practice for the transition towards a bio-based circular economy in the floricultural sector of Africa, especially for Kenya where cut flower export accounts for nearly 14 % of its total export value in 2017. Rose waste is a large waste stream, but its intrinsic properties make it challenging to recycle. Composting on commercial scale was studied on a rose farm near Lake Naivasha, (Kenya). Three mixtures were examined: (1) rose waste (RW) only, (2) 80 % RW + 20 % tomato waste and (3) 90 % RW + 10 % mature rose compost. Trapezoidal piles of approximately 4000 kg green waste were composted following the turned windrow approach, samples were taken at six occasions. The nine-month composting study, including pesticide fate assessment, showed consistent performance across tested mixtures. All mixtures resulted in mature and stable compost with C/N ratios below 10 and a high fertilizing potential, meeting international sanitation requirements. Final average volume reduction was 82 %, total N values ranged between 8.1 and 8.9 mg g−1 compost and pH values were alkaline (8.0–8.3). Out of the approximately 50 pesticides commonly used in rose cultivation only 8–12 pesticides could be detected in the matured composts with the highest contribution of flubendiamide and fluopyram. Scenario analysis showed the feasibility of closing the resource cycle in the African floricultural sector via continuous crop rotation over eight years with an amendment rate of 11.5 kg per m2. Overall, this study provided straightforward implementable practices for rose waste management, which facilitates the re-use of valuable green waste in Africa and thereby contributes to the transition towards a global circular economy.

Uncertainty of the Export VAT Rebate Policy: Measurement and Its Effects

Abstract Based on the export VAT rebate rate data from 2004 to 2015, this paper measures the uncertainty of Chinese export VAT rebate policy by using unexpected fluctuation of export VAT rebate rate, and finds that the index varies across products, years and industries. Then, the paper studies the influence of the uncertainty of export VAT rebate policy on China’s export growth from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. The research results show that this uncertainty reduces the expected profit of export enterprises and their optimal output, and significantly reduces the growth rate of the ordinary export that applies the export VAT rebate method, but it has no impact on the processing export. By decomposing total value of exports, it is found that the growth in the number of ordinary export relationship and average sales decrease with the increase of uncertainty, while the average price growth rate increases slightly, and these effects are only reflected in the newly entered export relations. The findings suggest that when the uncertainty of export VAT rebate policy is high, enterprises are more cautious about entering the ordinary export market and more likely to adopt a low-quantity-high-price strategy.

Comparison of K-Means and K-Medoids Clustering Algorithms for Export and Import Grouping of Goods in Indonesia

International relations affect the economic growth of each country, which can affect the economic growth of each country. As a result, global economic growth is necessary, which means that the global economy has a greater capacity to produce goods and services. Exports and imports are very important to drive economic growth. but if exports and imports are not balanced, it will have a bad impact if the value of imports is greater than exports, export prices abroad will definitely fall. An analysis comparing export and import categories is needed to determine which goods are most imported and exported in Indonesia in 2021-2023. This study uses a quantitative methodology and machine learning methods, namely k-means and k-medoids algorithms. These two methods will be compared to determine which is the most effective for export and import data of goods in Indonesia in 2021-2023. The results of the study were obtained by K-Means more effectively in handling data on the grouping of exports and imports of goods in Indonesia in 2021-2023. The dataset shows the results of the evaluation of K-Means using DBI of 0.59, while the results of the evaluation using K-Medoids show a result of 1.7868. Because the evaluation value of K-Means has low computing performance compared to K-Medoids. The largest amount of the value and weight of exports and imports of goods in Indonesia is in C1 where in the HS code [27], namely Mineral fuels with a total export value of goods in 2021 to 2023 of 134,999,470,522 US$ and a total import value of 113,714,568,740 US$. Meanwhile, the total export weight of goods from 2021 to 2023 in mineral fuel goods is 1,505,006,250,327 Kg or around 1,658,985,413 tons and the total import weight is 186,446,782,134 Kg or around 205,522,397 tons.

Assessing the Current Status of Vietnam's Coffee Exports in the Period 2014-2023 in the Global Coffee Value Chain

Vietnam has favorable geographical location and weather to grow and develop robusta coffee varieties. Vietnam's production area is more than 95% of robusta coffee output out of a total planting area of 600,000 hectares. In 2022, coffee productivity will reach about 28.2 tons/1 hectare, reaching the highest level since 2005, according to Department of Crop Production data. The robusta coffee variety in Vietnam is also considered the best coffee variety in the world. Therefore, according to statistics from the Vietnam Commodity Exchange, in 2023, Vietnam will be the country with the world's highest robusta coffee export value, accounting for 36% of the total global coffee export value, followed second by Brazil with 28%. In 2021, Vietnam ranks 5th globally, with coffee exports reaching 2.35 billion USD. In 2022, Vietnam exported 1.68 million tons of coffee, but the turnover reached only about 3.9 billion USD. Of these, 82% of Vietnam's coffee is exported raw (mainly Robusta), valued at 2.9 billion USD. In contrast, the export turnover of Arabica coffee is only 260 million USD for decaffeinated coffee. 76.9 million USD and roasted, ground-illat coffee worth 598 million USD. Colombia and Switzerland have a small amount of coffee exported, but the value is high thanks to the quality and coffee brands that the country has built. Vietnam's coffee exports set a new record with a turnover of 4.24 billion USD in 2023. Just past the beginning of the new year, Robusta coffee prices continue to record many new peaks. With this advantage, the coffee industry has a solid foundation for its export goal in 2024.

The Role of Clusters in Managing Technological Challenges and Achieving Resilient Agri-Food Systems at the Global Level

Abstract There is a strong need to transform agriculture from its heavy dependence on staple crops to an increased production that can, on the one hand, address the needs and quality requirements of domestic and export markets, but also grow into a resilient agri-food system. The paper acknowledges the emergence of agro-clusters as an essential element in promoting sustainable agriculture practices and in supporting export performance. The main objective of our research is to investigate the role of clusters in promoting knowledge transfer, improve competitiveness and boost technological investments through the example of selected relevant agri-clusters. To extend the existing literature, our research aims to evaluate the link between export performance - measured considering the volume of trade – and the existence of agri-clusters. We have assumed that there is a strong direct relationship between the existence and stage of development of agricultural clusters, the performance of agricultural exports – expressed in terms of total value of agricultural exports - and resilient agri-food systems. To test our hypothesis, we use data from the United Nations Comtrade Database on changes in export share and value of agricultural products over the last decade, complementary with qualitative analysis based on more than 100 sources (government documents, webpages, presentations, projects) of the top five global agricultural exporters to evaluate the existence of agricultural clusters, the government support and implication, and the integration of other actors such as universities, research centers, financial institutions. The results indicate a positive correlation between the development stage of analysed agricultural clusters, the resilience of agri-food systems and the performance of agricultural exports of the country of origin.

Determinant of indonesian commodity coffee export In the era of covid-19 pandemic

This study aims to analyze the factors of gross domestic product, total consumption, exchange rate, and export goods price index on export performance of coffee beans after pandemic Covid-19. This study uses secondary data and (Generalized Method of Moment). The study shows that the variable total consumption and value of exports show a positive and insignificant relationship and the variables of GDP and exchange rates show a negative and significant relationship with coffee commodity exports with exports of coffee commodities.

Analisis Dampak Kebijakan Non-Tarif Measures Terhadap Kinerja Ekspor Udang Beku Indonesia di Pasar Tujuan Utama

The shrimp commodity significantly contributes to the total export value of the fisheries sub-sector in Indonesia. In 2021, Indonesia will become the fourth largest exporter of frozen shrimp on the world market. However, the value of Indonesia's frozen shrimp exports continues to fluctuate every year. Indonesia's frozen shrimp exports also face various challenges from non-tariff measures (NTM) policies, incredibly sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) and technical barriers to trade (TBT) imposed by importing countries. This study aims to analyze the performance of Indonesia's frozen shrimp trade in destination markets and the impact of NTM policies and other factors on Indonesian shrimp exports in destination markets. This research uses panel data model regression. The results showed there was still rejection of fishery products including frozen shrimp from Indonesia in importing countries due to excess chemical content. But the number of rejections is less than one percent compared to the total received. This is in line with the panel data regression results for the SPS variable which is not significant and the TBT variable which has a significant and positive effect. The non-significant results indicate that exporters in Indonesia can adjust the policies imposed by the importing country relating to product certification criteria, sampling procedures, packaging requirements, distribution requirements, and labeling requirements. For this reason, the Indonesian government needs to improve regarding rejection is the need for accurate and thorough sample testing of Indonesian frozen shrimp before export, as well as increasing assistance regarding threshold limits for chemical use for shrimp cultivators at the upstream level.

Fruit and vegetable consumer preferences of Japanese and Vietnam’s export potential

This study analyses consumer preferences of the Japanese for vegetables and fruits using secondary data. Additionally, to analyse Vietnam’s potential export of fruits and vegetables, this study interviewed 53 Japanese consumers. The Japanese have long embraced a healthy lifestyle. Eighty percent of the Japanese participants in the survey consume fruit and vegetable products daily or 2-3 times a week. They have a wide range of places from which to purchase vegetables and fruits. From the perspective of Japanese consumers, Vietnamese fruit and vegetable products are more diverse and cheaper than those from the US, China, Thailand, etc. However, their quality is perceived to be inferior to that of these countries. The total value of Vietnamese fruit and vegetable exports to the Japanese market is quite modest, representing less than 2%. Therefore, to promote the export of Vietnamese vegetables and fruits to the Japanese market, Vietnamese enterprises should undertake the following activities simultaneously: (i) Establish an import market assessment room/centre in each Vietnamese exporting enterprise; (ii) Conduct an in-depth market study of fruit and vegetables in Japan; (iii) Improve understanding of consumer culture in Japan; (iv) Ensure quality of exported fruits and vegetables; and (v) Enhance trade promotion activities.

A Study on Income and Expenditure Pattern of Fishermen During Fishing Holiday Period in Kakinada Harbour, Andhra Pradesh

India is the second leading fish producing country in the world accounting for 7.56 per cent of global production. Fisheries sector plays an important role in the Indian economy through contributing national income, employment creation; promote exports, provides food and nutritional security. Andhra Pradesh has favorable agro-climatic conditions for the growth of fisheries and aquaculture sector. The State is contributing about 29.7% of national fish production and is a major exporter of shrimp in India with share of 40.4% in total value of sea food exports of the country during 2019-20. The sector is providing employment to nearly 26.5 lakhs. Andhra Pradesh has 26 coastal districts. The present study analyzing the socio-economic status of fishermen and various problems encountered by the fishermen during fishing holiday period in the study area. To analyze the income and expenditure pattern and asset structure of fisher households. This study is confined to Kakinada Harbour Area. A major proportion of the sample respondents were joined in fishing due to poverty i.e. 45 per cent, a higher proportion of the respondents (67%) are living in nuclear family, Major proportion of respondents had 11-20 years of fishing experience (42%), followed by 21-30 years (24%), 1-10 years (17%) and more than 30 years (16%), 97 per cent of respondents are living in the pucca and semi-pucca houses

The structure of Norwegian seafood trade

While seafood is a highly traded commodity, lack of data has largely prevented examination of the firms and industries that are conducting the actual transactions. In this paper we use highly disaggregated data to provide an overview of the seafood exports from Norway, the world’s 2nd largest seafood exporting country, and a country where fisheries as well as aquaculture are important industries. The industry has a global reach with Norwegian seafood reaching 172 different countries in the period 2016–2020. While there are as many as 437 different exporting firms, this is relatively few firms compared to the 11,024 different buyers that import Norwegian seafood. There is significant heterogeneity in the export sector from very small firms handling only a few products to very large firms handling a large variety of products. The average firm is quite specialized and serves only 9 markets. However, there are also a handful of large exporters who ship products from all three main sectors in the Norwegian seafood industry to a large number of markets. The 10% largest companies make up 39% of the total export value and provide significant synergies between the aquaculture, pelagic and whitefish sectors.

The Effect of Maximum Residue Limits on Agri-Food Trade: Evidence from Chinese Exports to the EU

There is debate about whether maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticides act as a catalyst or barrier to trade. By constructing a trade model based on heterogeneous firm quality and productivity, we show that MRLs’ net effects on total export value, the number of exporting firms, and the average export value per firm depend on the interplay between the effect on import demand and that on variable and fixed compliance costs. We employ firm-level transaction data for agri-food products exported from China to the European Union (EU). We use heterogeneity indices that combine the number and level of MRLs to measure MRL stringency between China and the EU; a Poisson pseudo-maximum-likelihood estimator with fixed effects is used for estimation. We find that stricter MRLs, whether imposed by China or the EU, promote China’s agri-food exports to the EU. However, such promotion effects are heterogeneous across agri-food-exporting firms. In China, updates to MRL standards improve agri-food-exporting firms’ ability to comply with stricter MRLs. Public investment and services help reduce compliance costs. Our findings provide new evidence that MRLs are not new non-tariff measures adopted to replace reduced import tariffs.

Analysis of Indonesian Tea Export Competitiveness on the International Market

This research aims to determine the competitiveness of tea in the international market. The research method used the case study method (Case Study) by applying quantitative methods. The data used is secondary data from the Directorate General of Plantations, BPS, and UN Comtrade, namely data on tea exports, tea imports, total export value, total world export value for tea, and total world export value. The analysis used is RCA (Revealed Comparative Advantage) Analysis and Trading Specialization Index (TSI). The research results show that Indonesia's RCA value is between 1.24 – 1.74, so it can be concluded that Indonesia has comparative competitiveness. However, when compared with other countries, Indonesia is in third place, after India and China. The average TSI for Indonesia was 0.56 in the five years (2016 - 2020), which shows Indonesia's position as a tea-exporting country and is at a growth stage.

Oman's trade achievements with Singapore given the Gulf–Singapore Free Trade Agreement

AbstractOman's trade performance achievements with Singapore are assessed within the Gulf–Singapore Free Trade Agreement (GSFTA) framework. Since coming into force in January 2015, Oman's total export value to Singapore has plunged significantly. The number of imported products from Singapore remained significantly higher than the number of Oman's exports to Singapore, confirming that Omani exports have a weaker presence in the Singaporean market. In the post‐2015 period, Oman's export partner share in trade remained below its import partner share. Although Oman's comparative advantage strengthened in consumer goods, intermediate goods, chemicals and metals since 2015, animals, food, vegetables and wood consistently revealed their comparative disadvantage since 2000. Between 2015 and 2018, Oman's export share of capital and intermediate goods to Singapore fell from 45.23% to 33.57%, while it rose for consumer goods, chemicals, fuels, machinery and electrical products. Oman's trade reforms have resulted in weighted average tariffs on all products falling from around 5% in 2005 to below 0.60% in 2018. While GSFTA has delivered on expanding trade between Oman and Singapore (though with different magnitudes), it has fallen short of delivering the ‘level playing field’ as expected of Oman's bilateral trade.

Selling under other skies when energy prices skyrocket: How do the companies adapt their export strategy when energy prices rise?

The prospect of higher carbon taxation raises concerns that these policies could hinder the ability of domestic industry to compete in export markets, especially for energy-intensive sectors. The recent jump in energy prices leads to even greater worries. This paper investigates the impact of a change in energy prices on export patterns of manufacturing firms using a large panel of French firms observed from 2001 to 2015. The identification strategy uses a fixed weight energy price index as a shift-share instrumental variable for the average energy cost. For the average firm we find that a 10% increase in the energy cost is associated with a 3.6% decrease in total export value, a 1.3% decrease in the number of export destinations, and a 2.3% increase in export prices. But there are substantial heterogeneities between firms facing a similar increase in energy costs and the impact of an energy cost increase differs from one destination export to another.

International Trade in the Era of Globalization

The research purposes is to determine the effect of international trade in the era of globalization in Indonesia. This research used an approach that involves descriptive and qualitative analysis. International trade is the exchange of goods and services involving economic subjects between economic subjects from a country and economic subjects from other countries. Globalization has resulted in significant growth in international trade by reducing tariff and non-tariff barriers, thereby facilitating the free flow of goods and services around the world. This led to a rapid increase in the total value of exports and imports, making international trade larger and more complex. In the era of globalization, international trade plays an important role in the economic growth of Indonesia and the world.

ANALISIS POTENSI EKSPOR INDONESIA TERHADAP NEGARA ASEAN DENGAN PEMANFAATAN PERJANJIAN MASYARAKAT EKONOMI ASEAN (MEA)

Indonesia is a country that has the largest population and the largest area in ASEAN. This advantage can be a potential for Indonesia to move the wheels of the economy through international trade. The purpose of this study is to analyze Indonesia's export potential to ASEAN countries with the existence of the Asean Economic Community (AEC) agreement. Research using literature study method. This method focuses on using valid and reliable data. Based on the results of data analysis, there is no significant difference regarding the total value of Indonesia's exports to ASEAN countries either before or after the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) agreement was enforced. It is felt that there is a need for diversification of trade products, due to the minimal trade rotation between ASEAN members allegedly because they have similar commodities and even tend to be similar.

Business Intelligence Framework for Mapping Analysis of Crafts Creative Industry Products Exports in West Java, Indonesia

This paper aims to develop a framework model of a business intelligence system for mapping exports of the creative craft industry in West Java. The main problem is the lagging of the craft industry exports due to the lack of responsiveness in capturing export opportunities. In addition, the absence of a business intelligence system in the craft industry to analyze export mapping in the global market is why this study is important. The research methods used in this literature are data collection and consolidation, identification of information needs, and business intelligence framework design. The data studied in this study are primary data related to export sales of handicrafts in West Java in the form of exporter data, export commodity data (HS code), export trade transactions, export destination country data, and the total value and volume of exports. The proposed model is a BI framework for mapping the creative craft industry exports and the stages of the BI implementation process. Based on the results and discussion, the proposed BI framework design can provide a framework for implementing a business intelligence system to analyze the export mapping of handicraft products in West Java, Indonesia.
 Keywords: Business Intelligence System (BIS), decision support system, mapping analysis of craft product exports, craft business indicators

СТРУКТУРА ТОВАРНОГО ЕКСПОРТУ УКРАЇНИ: ОЦІНКА ЕЛАСТИЧНОСТІ ДИНАМІКИ ТОВАРНИХ ГРУП

The article is devoted to the analysis of the structure of Ukrainian exports based on the use of the ABC method. Its purpose is to assess the prospects of various product groups in the future model of Ukraine’s foreign trade based on the use of microeconomic analysis methods. The article substantiates methodical approaches to the division of individual goods of positions A, B and C depending on their specific weight in the total income from exports. Based on the data for 2021 (the last pre-war year of export growth), 5 commodity items that provide more than 75% of export income (group A) and 10 commodity items that make up more than 90% of exports (A+B) were selected. It is these positions that should be the focus of the state’s attention on the formation of export policy. The performed grouping was used to analyze the trends of changes in the export structure over the last 10 years. It was found that in group A, two product positions (chapters XV and XVI according to the Ukrainian classification of goods of foreign economic activity - UCG FEA) have a steady tendency to weaken positions, as well as two other positions (chapters II and III), on the contrary, constantly increase their specific weight in total exports. This phenomenon is qualified as deindustrialization of Ukrainian exports. In order to identify the growth potential of Ukrainian exports and justify the basic principles of the formation of the post-war foreign economic strategy, the ABC analysis was supplemented by the calculation of the elasticity coefficient for individual commodity items, which is defined as the ratio of the percentage change in income from the corresponding commodity item to the percentage change in the total value of commodity exports for the corresponding year. The analysis of the obtained results showed that goods from section XV (Precious metals and products thereof) are characterized by high elasticity both in periods of growth of total exports and its reduction. This gave reason to assume that the main factors of the dynamics of this part of exports lie outside the country’s borders, and therefore it should not form the basis of foreign trade strategy in post-war Ukraine. On the contrary, goods from sections I, II, III and IV (goods related to agro-industrial complexes) have low elasticity, their export is characterized by stability. However, due to these reasons, they also do not have significant growth potential, and therefore should be considered not as a driver, but as a stabilizer of foreign trade. The goods of group XVI (Machines, equipment and mechanisms; electrical equipment) have the greatest potential. Therefore, in the post-war strategy of foreign economic activity, a special place should be given to the stimulation of both the production and export of these goods, as well as the creation of special conditions for investors (domestic and foreign) who are ready to invest in export-oriented machine-building enterprises.

Determinants and Potential of Trade Using the Gravity Model Approach: Empirical Evidence of Egyptian Rice Crop

The aim of this study is to examine the determinants of Egyptian trade in general and Egyptian rice trade in particular with 11 rice-importing partner countries (Libya, Lebanon, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Jordan, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Ukraine, Belgium, and Romania). To reach the main goals of the study, the gravity model was used to figure out which factors had the most impact on Egypt’s exports and imports. Using annual data on Egypt’s foreign and agricultural trade during the period 2001–2020 and data on the period 2001–2016 of rice crops with the 11 trading partners, the study reached several important conclusions. Among these conclusions, the Egyptian GDP variable had a negative effect on the total value of Egyptian imports and agriculture by increasing the value of total exports, agricultural exports, and rice exports to Egypt. Egyptian imports, exports, and population growth were all hurt by the Egyptian population variable. The study also shows that a 1% increase in export prices leads to a 3.97% increase in shipments of Egyptian rice to partner countries. According to economic theory, higher transportation expenses reduce trade volumes for both exports and imports. The variable distance between capitals has a negative effect on Egyptian exports. The study was designed based on the results of the main investigation. Based on the main investigation, the study made several important recommendations, including the need to take several measures to deflect the pace of economic growth of both the Egyptian total and agricultural export variables and rice export value, focusing on countries with high monetary and real GDP and a close geographical distribution. Improve economic relations between Egypt and its trading partners and shift from import-export cooperation to strategic food security cooperation.