Total Urine Volume Research Articles

Adipsia-polydipsia induced by simultaneous lesion of the medioventral septum and anteroventral third ventricle area in the rat

The medioventral septal area (MVS) and also the tissue surrounding the periventricular preoptic-hypothalamic region (AV3V) of male rats, were destroyed by mean of electrolytic lesions. Before and after the lesions, daily water and food intakes, diuresis, body weight, urine osmolarity, and sodium and potassium excretion were determined. Rats with simultaneous AV3V-MVS lesions showed a biphasic pattern of drinking behaviour characterized by a first period of adipsia followed by another period of polydipsia. During the first period of adipsia and except for the first two days, postlesion rats were able to reduce total urine volume but failed to produce an appropriate concentrated urine. During the polydipsia period, on the contrary, rats increased urine output and decreased urine osmolarity in a parallel fashion. Immediately after the lesion, food intake was decreased but recovered to pre-lesion levels gradually. By contrast, body weight was decreased during the entire period of the experiment. Sodium but not potassium excretion showed a significant increase from the 9th to the 20th day postlesion. The results suggest that the AV3V and MVS are part of a circuitry subserving the control of water intake and electrolyte balance.

Experimental chelation therapy in chromium, lead, and boron intoxication with N-acetylcysteine and other compounds

The usefulness of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as a chelating agent was studied for the toxin potassium dichromate, lead tetraacetate, and boric acid. Mature Sprague-Dawley rats were intoxicated with these substances and placed in metabolic cages. Urinary excretion rates of intoxicant and total urine volume were determined during treatment with N-acetylcysteine, calcium EDTA, and/or dimercaptosuccinic acid, N-acetylcysteine proved to be the most effective agent at increasing the excretion of chromium and boron and was also able to reverse the oliguria associated with these toxins. Dimercaptosuccinic acid was most effective at the chelation of lead. NAC did not increase the excretion of lead. We conclude that NAC may be useful in intoxications due to chromate and borate and is effective at reversing the oliguria associated with these intoxicants.

The effect of dietary caffeine on urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium in healthy young females

Twelve female college students drank decaffeinated coffee or tea to which 0, 150 or 300 mg caffeine had been added. Each subject had fasted at least ten hours before drinking each of the three test beverages. Urine samples were collected at one, two and three hours after caffeine consumption. Total urinary three hour excretion of calcium, magnesium and sodium, but not potassium, increased significantly after caffeine intake. The increased output of calcium and sodium was mainly due to significantly increased urinary calcium and sodium concentrations, while the increased output of magnesium appeared to be due to the combination of both a slightly increased urinary magnesium concentration and volume. Total urine volume correlated significantly with dose of caffeine per body weight when 300 mg of caffeine was consumed. The effects of caffeine on mineral excretion were primarily due to changes in mineral concentration and increased urinary volume at one and two hours.

Diuresis with continuous infusion of furosemide after cardiac surgery

We prospectively evaluated the diuretic effect of furosemide administered by bolus injection and by continuous infusion in 18 cardiac surgery patients. Nine patients were randomly assigned to receive 0.3 mg/kg of furosemide as a bolus injection at time 0 and again 6 hours later (nine patients) or 0.05 mg/kg per hour of furosemide as a constant infusion for 12 hours (nine patients). There were no significant differences between groups with respect to age, weight, creatinine clearance, changes in serum sodium and potassium levels, total urinary concentrations of sodium and potassium, or total urine volume for 12 hours. Diuresis during continuous infusion of furosemide was less variable from hour to hour than after bolus injection of furosemide and was sustained throughout the infusion period. Although the continuous infusion of furosemide will not provide the rapid and vigorous diuresis that is necessary in some clinical situations, it may be useful whenever a gentle, sustained diuresis is desired.

Distension of the urinary bladder in rats fed saccharin containing diet

The administration of a diet containing 7.5% saccharin ad libitum to rats for 1 month caused an increase in the daily water intake and total urine volume. The greater urine volume was associated with an increase in both the frequency of urination and the average volume per urination. In saccharin-fed rats the total number of urinations per 24 h which exceeded 1.0 ml was increased 3-fold whilst the maximum urination volume detected was almost doubled. These results show that the short-term administration of the high dietary levels used in previous 2-generation cancer bioassays produces functional changes in the urinary bladder, the organ showing an increased incidence of tumours.

Clinical effects of intravenous nifedipine on renal function.

Nifedipine, a calcium antagonist, was administered intravenously (13.3 micrograms/min) for 45 min, and the changes in blood pressure, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal blood flow (RBF), total renal resistance, urinary volume, urinary sodium and potassium excretion, plasma renin activity, and plasma aldosterone concentration were studied. GFR and RBF were measured by intravenous infusion of sodium thiosulfate and sodium para-aminohippurate, respectively. The subjects included 12 cases of essential hypertension, nine of chronic glomerular nephritis with hypertension, 14 of chronic glomerular nephritis without hypertension, and 12 normotensive controls. In patients with essential hypertension, GFR and RBF increased markedly (by 45.6% and 44.8%, respectively), but in normotensive and hypertensive patients with chronic glomerular nephritis, these indices did not change significantly. The urinary volume and urinary sodium excretion increased in all groups. The natriuresis induced by nifedipine is probably due to the increase of GFR and RBF. The results of this study suggest a difference in renal vascular pathophysiology between essential hypertension and chronic glomerular nephritis. The results also suggest a functional change of the renal vascular system in essential hypertension, i.e., the increased vascular tone and the particular sensitivity of renal arterioles to nifedipine.

A mass fragmentographic method for the determination of the bendiocarb metabolite 2, 2‐dimethylbenzo‐1,3‐dioxol‐4‐ol in human urine

AbstractA sensitive and specific method for the determination of the bendiocarb metabolite 2, 2‐dimethylbenzo‐1, 3‐dioxol‐4‐ol (I) in human urine has been developed. The method can be used to estimate the amount of bendiocarb absorbed by personnel if they become exposed to the insecticide during manufacture and spraying. Urine is collected for 16 h after the period of exposure to bendiocarb and the total volume of urine voided is measured. The urinary metabolite I occurs in conjugated form and is released by enzymic hydrolysis. The free I is extracted from the urine and analysed by gas chromatography/mass fragmentography. Deuterated I is used as an internal standard and is added to the urine sample prior to the hydrolysis procedure. Determination is possible at levels of 1 μg of I ml−1 of urine. Knowing the total volume of urine voided, the amount of bendiocarb absorbed can be calculated. The method can determine the absorption of 1 mg of bendiocarb and will detect absorption below that amount.

Intramuscular bumetanide and furosemide in congestive heart failure.

Bumetanide is a potent loop diuretic that acts at the ascending loop of Henle and proximal renal tubule blocking sodium reabsorption. In a study of 20 patient with congestive heart failure, using the intramuscular route, 40 mg furosemide was compared with 1 mg bumetanide. Both diuretics induced prompt diuresis and solute loss of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride. In the dosages used in this protocol, furosemide was somewhat more effective than bumetanide with respect to total urine volume and the amounts of solutes excreted into the urine, and acted more rapidly. No serious side effects were observed in either group.

The kinetics of the urinary excretion of the N-oxide and glucuronides of methaqualone in man

The urinary excretion of the N-oxide and the glucuronides of five C-monohydroxy metabolites of methaqualone has been studied following the oral administration of a single dose of the drug. The apparent first order rate constants for the excretion of each metabolite (kme) were shown to be numerically smaller than the overall elimination rate constant for methaqualone (k10). The Kme values tended to be greater than or equal to the corresponding apparent first order rate constants for the formation of the metabolite (km) but corresponding kme and km values were always of the same order magnitude. The kme values for the glucuronides were much smaller than the literature kme value for paracetemol glucuronide. The rate of renal elimination of the metabolites was variably sensitive to urine flow but over a period of time of 8 hours or greater the total amount of metabolite recovered in the urine was was independent of the total urine volume.

Antihypertensive effects of the novel converting-enzyme inhibitor YS 980 in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

AbstractThe converting-enzyme inhibitor (CEI) YS 980 (50 mg/kg/day) was administered orally to 7 week old stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-sp) and to age and sex-matched normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats over a period of three months.The development of hypertension was markedly delayed in SHR-sp. Systolic but not diastolic blood pressure was lowered in WKY rats. Heart rate remained unchanged in both strains. Plasma renin and angiotensin I (ANG I) were elevated in both strains, but plasma angiotensin II (ANG II) was not decreased. Plasma norepinephrine levels rose in SHR-sp but not in WKY rats. Urinary aldosterone decreased in both strains. Body weight, total fluid intake, urine volume, urinary sodium and potassium excretion and urinary kallikrein activity were unaltered.At the end of the treatment period, the animals were challenged with intravenous (i.v.) and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of ANG I and bradykinin. The pressor responses to i.v. ANG I were diminished and the depressor effects of i.v. bradykinin were potentiated in SHR-sp and WKY rats. The pressor responses to injections of ANG I and bradykinin into the lateral brain ventricle were unchanged in SHR-sp. In WKY rats, however, chronic oral treatment with YS 980 significantly diminished the pressor responses to i.c.v. ANG I.It is concluded that the orally active CEI YS 980 is a potent blood pressure-lowering compound in SHR-sp. Inhibition of the plasma renin-angiotensin system or of the sympathetic nervous system cannot fully explain its antihypertensive actions. Central antihypertensive effects cannot be ruled out and local tissue actions, which are not reflected in plasma and urinary hormones, need to be investigated.

ヒト尿中α‐１，４‐グルコシダーゼ活性の変動とその意義

Activities of α-1, 4-glucosidase of urine collected over 24 hr were investigated with reference to various diseases. The enzyme activity per ml urine varied according to individuals from whom the urine were sampled. :However, as far as the healty adults are concerned, their total enzyme activities estimated for total volume of urine collected over 24 hr were less variable as 24.32±12. 15 units per day (one unit was the enzyme activity that produced 1 pmole of glucose from maltotriitol as substrate per min at 60°C). The total a-1, 4-glucosidase activities of urine from patients with disorder of liver function and malignat tumor were 20.77±12.97 and 22.37±12.81 units per day, respectively. But, those of urine from acute pancreatitis and postoperative pancreatitis were 46.25±21.07 units per day. Also, those of urine of the patients subjected to major operative aggression were 49.22±19.00 units per day. No corelations between the activities of α-1, 4-glucosidase and a- .amylase were observed in any case described above. Of the organs examined, kidney tissue showed the highest activity of α-1, 4-glucosidase and it was suggested that a part of the increase in α-1, 4-glucosidase activity of urine from paitients of acute pancreatitis and postoperative pancreatitis might be attributed to renal disorders accompanied thereby.

Urodynamic study of lower urinary tract. II. Computer analysis of micturition parameters (author's transl)

Thirty-five micturition parameters of urinary flow curves have been statistically evaluated by computer analysis. The flow rate and urinary volume voided were calculated every second by the analysis of flow curve. Parameters involve the correlation found among flow rate, total urinary volume, volume voided each second, voiding time and sex. A flow curve, obtained through Mictiograph (DISA, 14F43), was photographed and mounted on a slide. Enlarged curve by a slide projector was plotted every second with Graph pen, which was simultaneously recorded on teletype printer. 249 flow curves out of 500 obtained in 150 healthy male and female volunteers aged from 18 to 45 were fed into a digital computer.Experimental study of the accuracy of Mictiograph demonstrated that the change in urinary stream velocity and centripetal force on the rotating disk had yielded a significant error upon its flow rate and the subsequent total urinary volume computed in the present study. The response to change in urinary volume alone was quite satisfactory. The volume coefficient (computed urinary volume/real urinary volume) was found spread between 0.5 and 1.3. Reliability of data to be utilized for computer analysis was defined to be ±15 percent of volume coefficient, which further reduced the number of flow curves from 249 to 176.1) Total urinary volume, average flow rate and maximum flow rate: they are all proportional to the total urinary volume in both sexes. Significant difference between sexes was found only at the maximum flow rate; the values are higher in females than in males.2) Time and time percent at maximum flow rate: the time at maximum flow rate is correlated with the total urinary volume in males, but not in females. Flow rate reaches the maximum in one third of total voiding time.3) Volume and volume percent until time of maximum flow rate: the former is proportinal to the total urinary volume in both sexes. Approximately 40 percent of total urinary volume is voided within this period.4) Volume and volume percent for the first 1 to 5 seconds: the former is correlated with the total urinary volume. During the first 5 seconds 70 percent of total volume is evacuated in the group of 50 to 99ml, while only 25 percent in the group of 400 to 499ml.5) Correlation between voiding time and volume voided: Regardless of sex and total urinary volume, 25 percent of total volume is voided in one fifth of total voiding time, 50 percent in one third and 75 percent in one half.6) In general females have a stronger urinary stream force than males.7) A drop is observed in the flow rate curve at 1 to 5 seconds in males and at 2 and 3 seconds in females. No significant meaning can be drawn from this phenomenon.8) Mictiograph is one of the valuable clinical tools to evaluate the mode of micturition qualitatively. However it possesses a certain intrinsic limitation as a method for the quantitative analysis of micturition parameters.

Urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoles as an indicator of in vivo growth of P815X2 mastocytoma

The extent of P 815X 2 growth in DBA mice is correlated with increases in urinary concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoles. Animals hosting two other mouse tumors, T 1699 and S- 180, did not demonstrate such increases in urinary hydroxyindoles. The concentration of 5-hydroxyindoles in the urine was not modified by immunosuppressive whole body or cytotoxic tumor-directed irradiation of hosts. Total daily urine volumes in all tumor bearing mice were variable and tended to decrease as disease advanced. This volume decrease, however, was not enough to account for the increased urinary hydroxyindole concentrations of mice bearing P 815X 2 tumors. Histochemical studies indicate that the P 815X 2 tumor cells growing in vivo themselves are the most probable source of the hydroxyindoles.

Effect of intravenous furosemide on the renal excretion of digoxin.

The effect of an 80-mg intravenous dose of furosemide on the urinary excretion of digoxin was determined in three adult men with normal renal function, each of whom was taking 0.25 mg digoxin daily on a chronic basis. On two separate days, serum samples were taken and urine was collected every 2 hours over an 8-hour period for determination of digoxin, creatinine, calcium, and sodium concentrations. On the first day of study, a saline bolus was given intravenously, and on the second day, furosemide was given. In all subjects, urinary digoxin excretion increased after furosemide in direct proportion to the increase in urine volume. No consistent correlation was seen between digoxin excretion and creatinine, calcium, or sodium output. No significant changes in serum digoxin were found in this active study. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that increasing glomerular filtration rate or total urine volume increases the renal excretion of digoxin and may result in increased total urinary output of this glycoside.

Evaluation in man of bumetanide, a new diuretic agent.

Bumetanide, a new diuretic, has been studied in ten healthy volunteers, who received single oral doses of 0.125 to 1.50 mg. It was potent and had, a rapid action; the maximum effect occurred within 60 to 90 min and lasted for 5 to 6 h. Within 60–90 min of a 1 mg dose the urine volume increased from 1 to about 10 ml/min and sodium excretion from about 100 µEq/min to about 1000 µEq/min. There was only a slight increase in potassium excretion. The mean total urinary volume during the first six hours after 1 mg of bumetanide was approximately 1500 ml. The increase of diuresis and saluresis after 0.125 mg was slight. In the dosage range of 0.125 to 1.0 mg there was a linear relationship between dose and increase in urinary volume and sodium excretion. Increasing the dose from 1.0 to 1.5 mg did not produce a correspondingly larger diuresis. The optimal range of doses of bumetanide appears to lie between 0.25 to 1.00 mg, according to the present results obtained in ten healthy volunteers.

The effect of diet upon the excretion of parahydroxy-phenylacetic acid and creatinine in MA

The daily para-hydroxyphenylacetic acid ( p-HPAA) excretion was examined in four adults under varying dietary intake. The diet varied considerably in the content of precursor amino acid, tyrosine and other phenolic acids. When the subjects were on a complete fast but for water, the total volume of urine almost doubled, the creatinine excretion doubled but the p-HPAA excretion remained approximately the same for each individual. These experiments indicate that the daily excretion of p-HPAA may be independent of dietary intake and rather constant from one day to the next in individuals. Differences occur between individuals in the daily excretion of p-HPAA while receiving the same diet, but they are within a relatively narrow range. The 24-h excretion of p-HPAA was examined in 53 people of all ages. The p-HPAA excretion begins to increase around the age of puberty. However, there were several children and adults in the study who excreted no detectable amount of p-HPAA. Tyrosine loads were given to 2 people and the urinary p-HPAA was determined over several hours. While only a small percentage of the fed tyrosine was converted to p-HPAA it is apparently a large contributor to this pool.

Circadian rhythms inMacacamonkeys (physical activity, temperature, urine and microfilarial levels)

Abstract Investigations were made on the 24 hr cycles of two Macaca irus monkeys under conditions of 12 hrs light/12 hrs dark, of continuous darkness and of continuous light. Under 12 hrs light/12 hrs dark, the physical activity of one of the monkeys lasted only 8–9 hrs. In both monkeys the body temperature began to start to rise before light (and activity) came on and it began to fall when they stopped. The urinary excretion of water, K+, Na+ and Cl‐ showed high rates during the light period with a maximum in the middle period. Under continuous light, the activity was as great as before but it was progressively postponed by 0.2 ‐ 0.6 hr/day. The temperature cycle and the urinary cycles were slightly postponed but otherwise amplitude of the temperature cycle was much diminished and the total volume of urine excreted and the range of the urinary cycles were diminished. One of the monkeys contained infections with two species of microfilariae. The cycles of these continued without gross or consistent change during continuous light and even during continuous darkness showing that there was persistence of the circadian rhythms to which the microfilarial cycles were oriented.

Serial rapid assay of total urinary estrogens in pregnancy

The results of serial 24 hour urine total estrogen determinations in a group of normal pregnancies with a previously reported rapid assay for total estrogen are presented. This method provides clinicians with a means of serially assessing fetoplacental function at reasonable expense and with rapid availability of results. The significance of routine serial estrogen determinations with simultaneous reporting of total urine volume and creatinine content is emphasized.

MODIFICATION OF SUCROSE ADAPTATION IN THE RAT.

Rats injected intraperitoneally (IP) with hypertonic sucrose solutions adapt to subsequent reexposures to the disaccharide by increasing 1) volume output of urine, 2) sucrose concentration of urine and 3) fraction of the injected load excreted within a 6-hour test period(1). Similar experiments employing intraarterial (IA) loading of the sugar demonstrated that the adaptation generated under these circumstances is qualitatively different from that induced by IP administration. Under conditions of IA infusion, re-exposure to sucrose causes a reduction in both total urine volume and the fraction of the load excreted in 6 hours, with no demonstrable difference in sucrose concentrations of urine(2). To determine whether the reductions in urine volume and sucrose excretion after a second IA infusion persist beyond the 6-hour period, experiments were conducted to examine the completeness of sucrose excretion over 24 hours. In addition a series of repeated IA loadings was performed to determine if the adaptive r...

Studies on the relationship between nutrition and wool production of merino sheep. I. The technique employed for determining the utilisation of foodstuffs and for estimating the wool produced over short periods by Merino sheep

Feeding stalls of the Lehmann type, which are generally employed when sheep are used for digestibility trials, are useful if wethers act as experimental animals. The wether, however, is not an ideal subject for investigations in which it is desired to estimate the utilisation of individual nutriments, for the portion of the ration which is retained usually constitutes but a small part of that ingested and, in consequence, when attempts are made to draw up a true balance considerable errors are often encountered through the difficulty of ascertaining the total volume of urine excreted during the feeding period. This uncertainty may be overcome, for if the ewe is used a catheter may be passed into the bladder and the urine completely drained at the will of the experimenter.