Total Trans Research Articles

One Pot Synthesis of Spirocycles and Cyclopropa[b]pyrans by Alkenylation-Rearrangement of Cyclopropenes.

A one pot alkenylation followed by a stereoselective Alder-ene cycloisomerization of cyclopropenes give (aza)spiro[2.4]heptanes and spiro[2.5]octanes in high yields. Total trans diastereoselectivity is achieved for spiro[2.4]heptanes if the cyclopropene is monosubstituted in C3. When an α,β-unsaturatedcarbonyl-containing bromide is used, an alternative cyclization takes place giving cyclopenta[c]cyclopropa[b]pyrans.

Dietary and Plasma Phospholipid Profiles in Vegans and Omnivores-Results from the RBVD Study.

Over the last few years, the vegan diet has become increasingly popular in Germany. It has been proposed that this diet is generally lower in fat, but less is known about the impact on fatty acid (FA) profiles. Therefore, the cross-sectional “Risks and Benefits of a Vegan Diet” (RBVD) study (n = 72) was used to investigate dietary FA intake as well as plasma phospholipid FA in vegans (n = 36) compared to omnivores (n = 36). Vegans had a significantly lower dietary intake of total fat (median 86 g/day, IQR 64–111) in comparison to omnivores (median 104 g/day, IQR 88–143, p = 0.004). Further, vegans had a lower intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA) (p < 0.0001) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (p = 0.001) compared to omnivores. Vegans had a higher intake in total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA compared to omnivores, but without statistical significance after Bonferroni correction. According to plasma phospholipid profiles, relatively lower proportions of SFA (p < 0.0001), total trans fatty acids (TFA) (p = 0.0004) and omega-3-FA (p < 0.0001), but higher proportions of omega-6-FA (p < 0.0001) were observed in vegans. With the exception of omega-3 PUFA, a vegan diet is associated with a more favorable dietary fat intake and more favorable plasma FA profiles and therefore may reduce cardiovascular risk.

Impact of Romanov breed lamb gender on carcass traits and meat quality parameters including biogenic amines and malondialdehyde changes during storage.

The present study aims to evaluate the effect of Romanov breed lamb gender on carcass traits and meat quality parameters, as well as on the formation of biogenic amines (BAs) and malondialdehyde during meat storage. Obtained results revealed that lamb gender had a significant influence on sternum/breastbone, ribs, right shoulder, and bones of the back leg. Significantly higher lightness (by 3%) was found for male meat; however, higher redness of female meat was observed (by 7.7%). In all cases, a lower pH was obtained for female meat. Significantly higher cooking loss (by 38%) was found for male meat. However, gender was not a significant factor in lamb meat proximate composition, or for BAs and cholesterol content. The gender of animals had a significant influence on 10‐heptadecenoic (C17:1), linoleic (C18:2n – 6), total polyunsaturated FA, and total trans isomers content in meat. A significantly higher concentration of malondialdehyde was found in female lamb meat (by 43.4% and 56.8% in fresh and after 3 months of storage at −18°C, respectively) compared to males. Finally, the obtained results supplement the scarce database about the characteristics of Romanov breed meat of different gender and this is beneficial for lamb breeders and meat industry in order to obtain a better quality production.

Effect of fat-reformulated dairy food consumption on postprandial flow-mediated dilatation and cardiometabolic risk biomarkers compared with conventional dairy: a randomized controlled trial

ABSTRACTBackgroundLonger-term consumption of SFA-reduced, MUFA-enriched dairy products has been reported to improve fasting flow-mediated dilatation (FMD). Yet, their impact on endothelial function in the postprandial state warrants investigation.ObjectivesThe aim was to compare the impact of a fatty acid (FA) modified with a conventional (control) dairy diet on the postprandial %FMD (primary outcome) and systemic cardiometabolic responses to representative meals, and retrospectively explore whether treatment effects differ by apolipoprotein E (APOE) or endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) Glu298Asp gene polymorphisms.MethodsIn a crossover-design randomized controlled study, 52 adults with moderate cardiovascular disease risk consumed dairy products [38% of total energy intake (%TE) from fat: FA-modified (target: 16%TE SFAs; 14%TE MUFAs) or control (19%TE SFAs; 11%TE MUFAs)] for 12 wk, separated by an 8-wk washout. Blood sampling and FMD measurements (0–480 min) were performed pre- and postintervention after sequential mixed meals that were representative of the assigned dairy diets (0 min, ∼50 g fat; 330 min, ∼30 g fat).ResultsRelative to preintervention (∆), the FA-modified dairy diet and meals (treatment) attenuated the increase in the incremental AUC (iAUC), but not AUC, for the %FMD response observed with the conventional treatment (–135 ± 69% vs. +199 ± 82% × min; P = 0.005). The ∆ iAUC, but not AUC, for the apoB response decreased after the FA-modified treatment yet increased after the conventional treatment (–4 ± 3 vs. +3 ± 3 mg/mL × min; P = 0.004). The ∆ iAUC decreased for plasma total SFAs (P = 0.003) and trans 18:1 (P < 0.0001) and increased for cis-MUFAs (P < 0.0001) following the conventional relative to the FA-modified treatment. No treatment × APOE or eNOS genotype interactions were evident for any outcome.ConclusionsThis study provides novel insights into the longer-term effects of FA-modified dairy food consumption on postprandial cardiometabolic responses.

THE BOUILLON TABLES FROM TURKEY: DETERMINATON OF CIS-TRANS FATTY ACID PROFILES BY CAPILLARY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY

Nowadays, commmercial bouillon tablets are mostly used as a flavor enhancer substant or an instant product in Turkish cuisine. As chemical structure, Trans FAs are unsaturated fatty acids having at least one double bond in its trans geometric configuration. Trans FA are occured by the partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils in the manufacturing of margarine and vegetable shortening. In this study, industrially produced commmercial bouillon tablet (n=14) samples from Turkey were analyzed by capillary (DB 23 column) gas chromatography method and an under controlled temperature oven programm with particular emphasis on cis–trans fatty acid profiles. The bouillon samples were collected as two goups (first group containing animal additives [AAB n=12] and second group including vegatable additives [VAB n=2]). There is no detailed information on fatty acid (FA) compounds, including trans fatty acids (TFAs), of consumed several commercial boullions in Turkey. There is no “trans fatty acid-free” declaration on various bouillon labels in Turkey. Large variations were observed among the cis–trans FA profiles of the boullion samples from Turkey,despite the fact that the samples are produced in the same production conditions.The palmitic (PAM) levels (predominant cis saturated FAs for all samples) of AAB samples (32.63–44.44%) were more high rather than the VAB samples (47.62–50.64%). Other major saturated FAs for AAB and VAB samples were determined stearic ( (5.28–9.90% AAB and 6.33–6.73% VAB), lauric (0.19– 5.84% AAB and 1.13–1.30% VAB) and myristic acids (0.86–2.61% AAB and 1.39–1.45% VAB).The changes of oleic (OLA) acid (from other predominant cis monounsaturated FA) of VAB samples (30.75–33.45%) were high than those of AABs (12.64–29.35%). The ranges of LO, an essential /nutritional fatty acid and the predominant FA of PUFAs, and PUFAs of AAB – except two samples– commercial bouillon samples (0.45–9.82% and 0.45–9.97% ) were low rather than VAA samples (7.97–8.14% and 8.14–8.35 %). Conjugated Linoleic (CLA) FAs, having nutritional FAs having anti-carcinogenic, antioxidative and anti-atherosclerotic effects, were determined in small amounts for only six samples (0.03% to 0.06% ). Elaidic acid (C18:1 trans acid) content, the mainly trans FA in all boullion, was within the range of 20.00–27.32% in the AAB samples, and it was significantly higher than the range in VAB samples (0.08–0.14%). Total trans fatty acids (TFAs) were another important major (second) FAs for all bouillon samples. The changes of Trans/Cis ratio ranged between 0.26 and 0.50 for AAB samples but VB samples has a little values from 0.002 to 0.003. Turkish vegetable boullion. samples have low total trans FA contents (0.19–0.26%) than the animal boullion samples (20.19–28.78%).There are a large variation and significant (P&lt;0.05) differences were statistically determined among major cis FAs (PAM, SA, OLA, LO and LN) and their involved parameters (SFAs, MUFAs and PUFAs). The consumed several commercial boullions in Turkey were classified and characterized chemometric method (Principal Component Analysis, PCA) based on some fatty acid profiles and their parameters. Applying PCA to the all bouillon samples data determined the percentage of total variance explained by the first two PCs were 49.3% and 21.8% (totally 71.1%), respectively.

Alterations in health-related fatty acids in buffalo milk after processing to traditional dairy products

Abstract Milk provides some beneficial fatty acids which in dairy processing are subjected to pasteurization and fermentation. With the aim to assess such changes, aliquot parts of milk from 12 buffaloes were pooled and processed to germinated yoghurt and brined cheese, and to non-germinated curd – the respective samples of raw and dairy material subjected to lipid analysis. The results show that in cheese positive and negative changes are generally balanced, rumenic acid decreasing and other CLAs altered but not total CLA and PUFA; omega ratio and atherogenicity index worsened to little extent, due to adverse change in n-3, myristic and lauric acid. In yoghurt and curd CLA dramatically decreased, excluding rumenic acid; but vaccenic acid increased, though total trans isomers decreased; the worsened n-6/n-3 ratio and atherogenicity index is mostly because of the adverse effect on PUFAn-3 but also on myristic and lauric acid. In all products SFA and MUFA did not change, including palmitic, stearic, and oleic acid. It can be concluded that the decrease of CLA in yoghurt and curd is partially compensated by the increase in the vaccenic acid, while cheese making altered individual isomers but not groups of beneficial acids.

Examination of the nutritional composition of alternative beef burgers available in the United States

Alternative meat products provide help to reduce the consumption of meat; however, consumers are concerned with the nutritional quality of the novel and traditional plant-based burgers. The objective is to analyse the nutritional profile of commercially available burgers in the U.S. in the categories of beef, imitation, and veggie. We generated a database of burger products by investigating Mintel and company websites, which resulted in the inclusion of imitation (n = 28), veggie (n = 89), and conventional beef (n = 41) burgers. We analysed the nutritional composition (serving size, kcal, macro and micronutrients, vitamins, and minerals) across the three burger types. Beef burgers provided significantly more calories, fat (total fat, saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol), and protein while providing less sodium and fibre compared to alternative burgers. As consumers begin to make conscious decisions to reduce meat consumption, either for health or sustainability reasons, they need to be aware that these products are not nutritionally equivalent.

A healthy dietary pattern with a low inflammatory potential reduces the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus

PurposeAn optimal diet for lowering the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is still to be defined, but may comprise of nutrient intakes, dietary patterns, diet quality, and eating frequency. This study was designed to investigate the contribution of diet in developing GDM in a comprehensive way.MethodsThe dietary intake of overweight or obese women, a risk group for GDM (n = 351), was assessed using 3-day food diaries and diet quality questionnaires in early pregnancy. Eating frequency and nutrient intakes were calculated, and dietary patterns identified using principal component analysis. The inflammatory potential of the diet was determined by calculating the dietary inflammatory index (DII®) and energy-adjusted DII (E-DII™). GDM was diagnosed with an oral glucose tolerance test at 24–28 gestational weeks.ResultsHigher adherence to ‘healthier dietary pattern’ characterized by consumptions of vegetables and rye bread associated with a reduced risk of GDM (adjusted OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.11–0.70). Higher E-DII score, indicating pro-inflammatory diet, was associated with a 27% higher risk of GDM (adjusted OR 1.27; 95% CI 1.08–1.49) for each E-DII point. In the evaluation of nutrient intakes, total fat, saturated fatty acids (SFAs), and trans fatty acids were higher and fiber lower in women developing GDM compared to women not developing GDM (all p < 0.05). Intakes of total fat, SFAs, and trans fatty acids were also significant predictors for GDM (all p < 0.05).ConclusionsThe results emphasize the importance of an overall healthy diet and limitation of foods with SFAs, and other nutrients with a high inflammatory potential in reducing the risk of GDM.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01922791, August 14, 2013.

Trans Fatty Acids in Human Milk in Latvia: Association with Dietary Habits during the Lactation Period.

The human milk fatty acid, including trans fatty acid, composition is predominantly affected by the maternal diet. The aim of this research was to determine the trans fatty acid level in human milk among lactating women in Latvia, and to evaluate how maternal dietary habits affect the trans fatty acid composition of human milk. In total, 70 lactating women participated in this cross-sectional study. A 72-hour food diary and food frequency questionnaire were used to evaluate maternal dietary habits. Different trans fatty acids in human milk samples were determined using gas chromatography (Agilent 6890N, Agilent Technologies Incorporated, the United States). Overall, the dietary intake of trans fatty acids among the participants was 0.54 ± 0.79 g per day. The total trans fatty acid level in the human milk samples was 2.30% ± 0.60%. The composition of trans fatty acids found in human milk was associated with maternal dietary habits. Higher elaidic acid, vaccenic acid and total trans fatty acid levels in human milk were found among participants with a higher milk and dairy product intake. Meat and meat product intake were associated with a higher vaccenic acid and total trans fatty acid levels in human milk. A moderate association was also established between maternal trans fatty acid intake and the total trans fatty acid level in human milk. The obtained correlations indicate that maternal dietary habits during lactation can impact the composition of trans fatty acids found in human milk.

Effect of Chemical Refining Steps on the Some Micro and Macro Element Content and Quality Parameters in Corn Oil

In this study, it was aimed to determine some element contents and some quality properties and to compare these parameters at each stage in the chemically refining process of crude corn oil. Color (lovibond tintometer), free fatty acidity, peroxide values and fatty acid compositions were determined in the samples of corn oil taken from consecutive stages of chemically refining. Also, the content of elements (Na, Mg, K, Ca, Fe, Pb, Cd, Ni, Mn, Zn, Co, Cr, P, Cu) was analyzed, by using inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively-coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) after microwave digestion. The color (Lovibond tintometer), free fatty acidity and peroxide values in the chemically refining process varied between 2.7-16, %0.09-2.12, 10.95-1.08 mEqO2/kg, respectively. Oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid contents changed between 30.486-30.580%, 54.339-54.703% and 0.972-0.993%, respectively, in the chemically refining stages. While no trans fatty acids detected in crude corn oil and after degumming-neutralization step, very low amount of trans oleic acid (0.040%) and total trans linoleic acid (0.132%) was detected in bleached corn oil. The total trans fatty acid content little more increased in the last stage of the chemically refining. However, total trans fatty acid content of refined corn oil was &lt; 0.3%. It was clearly seen that Na, Mg, K, P, Ca, Mn, Fe, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cu element contents decreased significantly at the end of the chemically refining process. Although Cd, Co and Zn elements were determined in crude corn oil, these elements were not detected in the refined corn oil. The results obtained showed that the chemically refining process effected some of the quality properties of corn oil and especially the changes in the element contents.

Effect of monensin on milk fatty acid profile in dairy cows and on the use of fatty acids for early diagnosis of elevated blood plasma concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids and hyperketonemia

This work examined the effects of precalving administration of continuous-release monensin capsule on postcalving milk fatty acid (FA) profile and on the accuracy of FA as a biomarker in the early identification of cows with elevated blood plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations. Approximately 3 wk before expected calving, 203 multiparous Estonian Holstein cows were randomly divided into control (CO; n = 116) and experimental (MO; n = 87) groups, and a continuous-release capsule of monensin was administered to the MO cows. Blood samples were taken daily in the first 4 d postpartum, then on the sixth or seventh day in milk, twice in the second week, and thenceforth once per week until the end of the sixth week. Milk samples were taken once from 4 to 7 d in milk, twice in the second week, and thenceforth once per week. Blood samples were analyzed for NEFA and BHB, and milk was analyzed for FA concentrations. Cows with postpartum BHB concentrations ≥1.2 mmol/L at least once during the 6 wk were classified as hyperketonemic (HYK), and cows with NEFA concentrations ≥1.0 mmol/L as having elevated concentration of NEFA (NEFAH). The ability of FA to predict NEFAH and HYK cows was studied with logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and the identification accuracy was estimated by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. For these analyses, we used FA measured on the ninth day after calving. Monensin administration affected FA mobilization and metabolism of the animals as blood NEFA were lower in the MO group on wk 1 and wk 3, and BHB values were considerably lower from wk 1 to wk 4 compared with the CO group. The FA dynamics were generally similar for MO and CO groups. Monensin administration resulted in higher concentrations of C15:0, C16:0, iso C17:0, anteiso C15:0, anteiso C17:0, total trans monounsaturated FA, and C18:2 cis-9,trans-11, and lower proportions of C18:0, C18:1 cis-9, and most of the iso FA. The identification accuracy of NEFAH and HYK cows was higher in the CO compared with the MO group and for the identification of HYK compared with NEFAH cows (0.75-0.77 vs. 0.78-0.80 in the CO group, and 0.61-0.66 vs. 0.68-0.75 in the MO group for NEFAH vs. HYK, respectively). For all FA, the threshold values to identify NEFAH and HYK cows were different in the CO and MO groups. Results suggest that specific threshold values for the identification of NEFAH and HYK cows could be applicable only within similar feeding conditions and rumen environment.

Spillover Effects of a Family-Based Childhood Obesity Intervention on Parental Nutrient Biomarkers and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors

ObjectivesTo evaluate the impact of a family-based weight management intervention for children with overweight/obesity on parental nutrient biomarker concentrations and cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF). MethodsSecondary analysis from a randomized-controlled, parallel-arm clinical trial. Families were recruited from a largely Hispanic population and assigned to either Standard Care (SC; American Academy of Pediatrics overweight/obesity recommendations) or Standard Care + Enhanced Program (SC + EP; eight skill-building cores, subsequent monthly support sessions, targeted diet/physical activity strategies). Nutrient biomarkers (plasma carotenoids and fat soluble vitamins; red blood cell [RBC] fatty acid profiles) and CMRF (BMI, blood pressure, plasma glucose, insulin, lipid profile, inflammatory markers and adipokine concentrations) were measured in archived samples collected from the parents at baseline and at the end of the 1-year intervention. ResultsParents of children in both groups (SC = 106; SC + EP = 99) had significantly lower total SFA (–3%) and trans fatty acid (–14%), and higher MUFA (2%), PUFAn-6 (2%), PUFAn-3 (7%) and beta-carotene (20%) concentrations, indicative of decreased partially-hydrogenated fat and increased vegetable oil, fish and fruit/vegetable intake, respectively. In both groups, there were significant reductions in inflammatory markers (hsCRP [–21%], TNFα [–19%] and IL-6 [–19%]), but not in BMI, blood pressure or lipid profile. Parents with children assigned to the SC + EP group had additional improvements in serum insulin (–6%) and leptin (–1.3%) concentrations. Using multiple linear regression models adjusted for sex, age, group, baseline BMI, and baseline CMRF values, improvements in circulating inflammatory and glucose metabolism markers, and adipokine concentrations were associated with higher carotenoid and PUFAn-3 (specifically 20:5n-3), and lower SFA and trans fatty acid concentrations, at the end of the 1-year intervention. ConclusionsThese results suggest that a family-based childhood obesity intervention can spill over to parents, resulting in apparent healthier dietary shifts that are associated with modest improvements in some CMRF. Funding SourcesNIH, NIDDK, USDA.

The impact of a 6-week community-based physical activity and health education intervention-a pilot study among Irish farmers.

There is a higher prevalence of lifestyle-related diseases among Irish farmers than the general adult population. Lifestyle interventions that increase physical activity and improve dietary patterns have been associated with reduced chronic disease risk and improved quality of life among high-risk populations. The impact of lifestyle interventions among Irish farmers is unknown. To assess the effectiveness of a community-based intervention on farmer health, cardiovascular fitness, lower limb strength endurance, and dietary intake. A 6-week physical activity and lifestyle education intervention involving two 60-min circuit-based exercise training sessions and one 60-min health education workshop per week was implemented. Pre- and post-measurements included total body weight, body fat percentage, lean muscle mass, resting blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, cardiovascular fitness, lower limb strength, perceived physical and mental health, and dietary intake. Thirty farmers completed the intervention giving an adherence rate of 75%. At baseline, mean BMI (32.7 ± 4.1 kg/m2), body fat percent (31.7 ± 6.7), waist circumference (110.2 ± 10.4 cm), systolic (128.7 ± 7.8 mmHg) and diastolic (86.2 ± 6.8 mmHg) blood pressure were higher than recommended levels. Significant improvements (p < 0.05) were found for total body weight, BMI, waist and hip circumferences, cardiovascular fitness, lower limb strength endurance, systolic blood pressure, total energy, total fat, total unsaturated fat, monounsaturated fat, saturated fat, trans fat, total carbohydrate, sodium, cholesterol and percentage energy intakes of total fat, saturated fat, protein, and physical and mental health scores. Irish farmers remain at high risk of developing chronic diseases but respond positively to lifestyle intervention.

Serum non-esterified fatty acid levels and hip fracture risk: The Cardiovascular Health Study

Serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) are bioactive metabolic intermediates that can be taken up by bone tissue. Their associations with hip fracture risk have not been previously examined. Thirty-five individual NEFAs in five classes (saturated [SFA], mono-un-saturated [MUFA], poly-unsaturated n-6 and n-3 [PUFA], and trans-FA) were measured in Cardiovascular Health Study participants (n = 2139, mean age 77.8 years) without known diabetes. The multivariable associations of NEFA levels with hip fracture risk were evaluated in Cox hazards models. We documented 303 incident hip fractures during 11.1 years of follow-up. Among the five NEFA classes, total trans FA levels were positively associated with higher hip fracture risk (HR 1.17 [95% CI, 1.04, 1.31; p = 0.01] per one standard deviation higher level). The SFA lignoceric acid (24:0) was positively associated with higher risk (HR 1.09 [1.04, 1.1]; p < 0.001), while behenic (22:0) and docosatetraenoic (22:4 n6) acids were associated with lower risk (HR 0.76 [0.61, 0.94]; p = 0.01; 0.84 [0.70, 1.00]; p = 0.05, respectively). Total plasma trans NEFA levels are related to hip fracture risk, suggesting an unrecognized benefit of their systematic removal from food. Novel associations of individual NEFAs with hip fracture risk require confirmation in other cohort studies.

Edible Oils Consumption and the Fatty Acids Profile of the Most Common Consumed Brands in Shiraz, Iran

Aim: This study aimed to measure edible oils consumption, the most preferred brands and their fatty acidprofile compared with standard values in Shiraz, Iran.Methods: In this cross-sectional study 384 households were assessed. Edible oil types (frying, sunflower,corn, canola, rapeseed, mixed, solid, olive, grapeseed, sesame, and animal), brands, volume of consumed,attention to the label, and changes in the volume of oil consumption compared to the last year were measured.Resistance, fatty acid patterns, total trans fatty acid, smoke point, and saturated fatty acids of the three mostfrequently consumed edible oils were compared to the standard recommended values.Findings: The mean of households? oil consumption was 40.34 ± 32.88 kg per year. Frying (78.6%),sunflower (60.70%), and olive (37.5%) oils were the most common consumed oil. 57.6% of participants readthe labels. 28.9% could not understand the labels information. Compare to the last year, 53.8%, 46.8%, and55.5% of studied households reported decrease in the liquid, solid and frying oils consumption. Fatty acidprofile in majority of studied brands were in the standard range. Myristic acid level in the three major brandsof solid oil was out of the standard range. The level of C16:1, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3 in the third commonolive oil, C14:0 and saturated fatty acid in the third common frying oil were out of the standard range. Theresistance level in the third common corn oil, the first common and the third common frying oil was out ofthe standard range.Conclusion: Liquid, solid and frying oils consumption among studied population decrease than the lastyear, which can be helpful to reduce the risk of chronic diseases. The fatty acids profiles of the most commonconsumed brands were in the standard range.

Evaluation of Fatty Acid Compositions of the Margarines, Fat Spreads and Butters Currently Consumed in Japan

Using high-resolution capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization detection, we determined the fatty acid compositions of each ten sample of the margarines, fat spreads and butters currently consumed in Japan, with special reference to trans fatty acids. The total trans fatty acid contents of the margarines, fat spreads and butters examined were 0.19–1.49 g 100 g−1 (av. 0.71 g 100 g−1), 0.16–0.88 g 100 g−1 (av. 0.51 g 100 g−1), and 2.49–3.37 g 100 g−1 (av. 2.74 g 100 g−1), respectively, clearly showing lower levels of trans fatty acids in all the samples of margarines and fat spreads than those of butters. In addition, the total saturated fatty acid contents of the margarines, fat spreads and butters were 17.3–45.6 g 100 g−1 (av. 29.7 g 100 g−1), 4.51–25.6 g 100 g−1 (av. 16.2 g 100 g−1), and 48.8–54.8 g 100 g−1 (av. 52.4 g 100 g−1), respectively, also showing lower levels of saturated fatty acids in all the samples of margarines and fat spreads than those of butters. The most predominant trans fatty acid of butters is vaccenic acid (11t-18 : 1), comprising av. 30.4 % of total trans fatty acids, while in margarines and fat spreads trans 18 : 2 (9c,12t- and 9t,12c-isomers) and trans 18 : 3 (9c,12c,15t- and 9t,12c,15c-isomers) were the major ones, suggesting that they were derived from refined vegetable oils as raw materials. The present study demonstrates that modern Japanese margarines and fat spreads have significantly lower levels of trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids than butters.

Does the length of time dried distillers' grain with solubles substitution for soybean meal affect physiological indicators and meat quality in finishing lambs?

This study examined how inclusion of dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) in finishing lamb diets for different periods affects some physiological indicators and meat quality. A total of 40 male lambs were divided into four groups according to feeding regimen during the 120-day finishing period as follows: C120: no DDGS included in diet for 120days; D120: DDGS included in diet for 120days; D75: no DDGS included in diet for 45days+DDGS included in diet for 75days; D45: no DDGS included in diet for 75days+DDGS included in diet for 45days. Dietary inclusion rate of DDGS was 27.5%. Fattening performance and rumen parameters were not affected by treatment. Feeding regimens had no significant effect on meat quality except the instrumental tenderness and juiciness score. DDGS fed lambs had higher level of total trans fatty acids and n-6/n-3 ratio in meat. 10t-C18:1, 11t-C18:1 and 9c,11t conjugated linoleic acid contents of adipose tissue were higher in all the DDGS groups compared with C120 lambs (p<.001). These results suggest that soybean meal can be replaced with corn DDGS in lamb diets for up to 120days during the finishing period with no adverse effects on some physiological response feedlot performance and meat quality.

Relationship between the fat and oil composition and their initial oxidation rate during storage

Until now, the relationship between the fat and oil composition and their oxidation stability has been studied only at elevated temperatures (typically above 100 °C). Therefore, the initial oxidation rates of 19 edible fats and oils were determined as an increase in the peroxide value during storage in the dark at 35 °C with free access to air (oxygen). The initial oxidation rates of fats and oils were compared with parameters characterising these fats and oils (peroxide value, acid value, fatty acid composition, antioxidant capacity, and tocochromanol content). Using a simple correlation analysis, the initial oxidation rate correlated the most strongly with the peroxide value of the analysed fats and oils (P &amp;lt; 0.01). A highly reliable model (P &amp;lt; 0.0001) was obtained by multivariate statistical analysis. According to this model, the initial oxidation rate is affected mainly by the peroxide value and then by total trans fatty acid content, and antioxidant capacity.

Enteric methane emission, milk production, and composition of dairy cows fed 3-nitrooxypropanol

This study examined the effect of 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP), an investigational substance, on enteric methane emission, milk production, and composition in Holstein dairy cows. Following a 3-wk covariate period, 48 multi- and primiparous cows averaging (± standard deviation) 118 ± 28 d in milk, 43.4 ± 8 kg/d milk yield, and 594 ± 57 kg of body weight were blocked based on days in milk, milk yield, and enteric methane emission and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups: (1) control, no 3-NOP, and (2) 3-NOP applied at 60 mg/kg feed dry matter. Inclusion of 3-NOP was through the total mixed ration and fed for 15 consecutive weeks. Cows were housed in a freestall barn equipped with a Calan Broadbent Feeding System (American Calan Inc., Northwood, NH) for monitoring individual dry matter intake and fed ad libitum once daily. Enteric gaseous emissions (methane, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen) were measured using 3 GreenFeed (C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD) units. Dry matter intake, cow body weight, and body weight change were not affected by 3-NOP. Compared with the control group, 3-NOP applied at 60 mg/kg feed dry matter decreased daily methane emission, emission yield, and emission intensity by 26, 27, and 29%, respectively. Enteric emission of carbon dioxide was not affected, and hydrogen emission was increased 6-fold by 3-NOP. Administration of 3-NOP had no effect on milk and energy-corrected milk yields and feed efficiency, increased milk fat and milk urea nitrogen concentrations, and increased milk fat yield but had no other effects on milk components. Concentration of C6:0 and C8:0 and the sum of saturated fatty acids in milk fat were increased by 3-NOP. Total trans fatty acids and the sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids were decreased by 3-NOP. In this experiment, 3-NOP decreased enteric methane daily emission, yield, and intensity without affecting dry matter intake and milk yield, but increased milk fat in high-producing dairy cows.

Dietary fat intakes in Irish children: changes between 2005 and 2019.

To examine current dietary fat intakes and compliance in Irish children and to examine changes in intakes from 2005 to 2019. Analyses were based on data from the Irish National Children's Food Survey (NCFS) and the NSFS II, two cross-sectional studies that collected detailed food and beverage intake data through 7-day and 4-day weighed food diaries, respectively. NCFS and NCFS II, Republic of Ireland. A nationally representative sample of 594 (NCFS) and 600 (NCFS II) children aged 5-12 years. Current intakes from the NCFS II were compared with those previously reported in the NCFS (www.iuna.net). Current intakes of total fat, SFA, MUFA, PUFA and trans fat as a percentage of total energy are 33·3, 14·0, 13·6, 5·6 and 0·5 %, respectively. Total fat, SFA and trans fat intakes since 2005 remained largely stable over time with all displaying minor decreases of <1 %. Adherence to SFA recommendations remains inadequate, with only 7 % of the population complying. Insufficient compliance with PUFA (71 %) and EPA and DHA (DHA; 16 %) recommendations was also noted. Children in Ireland continue to meet the total fat and trans fat target goals. Adherence to MUFA and PUFA recommendations has also significantly improved. However, deviations for some fats remain, in particular SFA. These findings are useful for the development of dietary strategies to improve compliance with current recommendations.