Total Tourism Research Articles

Visual information classification technique of Chinese tourism government portals

The development of new visualisation technology application tools and platforms is driven by the growth of visualisation technology application requirements and the continuous expansion of the Internet users. Based on the conception and development of the concept of data visualisation, the authors classify and compare the technical tools applied in several kinds of data visualisation technologies and distinguish the visual expressions into traditional visual expressions and new visual representations. Then, they perform the statistical analysis of the information types of the tourism government portals of Guangdong Province, Jiangsu Province, Zhejiang Province, Shandong Province, and Sichuan Province, which ranks on the top five of total tourism revenue in 2017. Furthermore, they analyse people's preferences for information types and provide suggestions based on people's preferences for information types and the types of information derived from travel administration websites.

МЕТОДИКА ОЦЕНКИ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ СФЕРЫ РЕКРЕАЦИИ И ТУРИЗМА РЕГИОНА В УСЛОВИЯХ НОВОЙ РЕАЛЬНОСТИ НА ОСНОВЕ DEA-МОДЕЛИ

Any regional area of recreation and tourism (CRT) is a large economic system that is influenced by a large number of a wide variety of external factors: economic, political, legal, organizational and other, including unpredictable (for example, a pandemic COVID-19, natural disasters or other similar events), which are increasingly faced in a new reality. Taking into account the impact of such a set of factors is very problematic, since the nature of the influence of a factor on the activities of the system is far from always known. In addition, the relative contribution of the total tourist product produced by the region (RTP) to the gross regional product of GRP, that is, the ratio of RTP/ GRP, should be considered as the final result of recreational tourism activities. The traditional view of the tourist product is that goods and services are considered “tourist products” only because they are created by enterprises that provide “tourist services” themselves (hotels, tour operators, etc.). A significant drawback of this approach is that the activities of enterprises that are not directly related to the tourism sector, but produce goods and services, some of which are somehow consumed by tourists and vacationers coming to the region, are completely not taken into account. These are enterprises of trade, transport, catering, culture, sports, leisure and entertainment, etc. The purpose of the article is to describe how with the help of DEA - analysis it is possible to take into account the contribution of a combined regional tourist product and evaluate the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors for the sphere.

Does financial inclusion promote tourism development in advanced and emerging economies?

ABSTRACT This research article is the first of its kind to consider the financial inclusion, which is constructed using the depth, access and efficiency of the financial institutions and markets, and various aspects of tourism development such as business tourism spending, direct tourism contribution, domestic tourism spending, total internal tourism expenses, leisure tourism spending and total tourism contribution. Given the growing importance of financial inclusion in the recent time, this article is designed to investigate the role of financial inclusion on various dimensions of tourism development across the panels of 24 advanced and 21 emerging economies around the world, using yearly data from 1995 to 2016. Given the presence of cross-sectional dependence in the data series, we employ Augmented Mean Group (AMG) estimator as it is a robust technique to handle this issue in the estimation. The evidences show that financial inclusion has a significant positive impact on various aspects of tourism development across the panels. The results also suggest that the impact is more in emerging economies than that of advanced economies. Hence, this article offers numerous policy and practical suggestions for sustainable tourism management.

A Microeconomics Analysis of the Per Diem Expenditure of British Travellers

The aim of this paper is to analyse factors that affect expenditure patterns of British travellers. It is the first study which focuses solely on this market. Using an original questionnaire, data are collected and a sample of 1178 is retained. To obtain robust estimates, the data are analysed using quantile regression technique. The study shows that income length of stay, employment status and types of accommodation used are important factors affecting per diem expenditure. The study contributes to the literature by investigating an additional dimension of demand determinant by analysing the effect of variables related to the home country. Transfer cost in the UK is found to be significant in determining total tourism expenditure abroad.

A case study on tourism spatial pattern and its influencing factors from the perspective of real and virtual tourism economic at county scale in Yellow River Economic Belt

<p>Based on the index of tourism Baidu search volume and total tourism income of 667 research units at county scale in Yellow River Economic Belt, this paper uses spatial classification, exploratory analysis of spatial data, nuclear density estimation and other methods to compare and analyze the spatial pattern of county tourism economy in the Yellow River Economic Belt, and then uses the geographical detector model to analyze the influencing factors. The results are drawn as follows. Firstly, from the perspective of spatial distribution pattern, the imbalance of the overall tourism economy is obvious, and the spatial pattern shows a “one big, three small” four core agglomeration pattern. Secondly, from the perspective of spatial correlation pattern, significant HH and LL areas are dominant whether virtual economy or a real economy, and spatial agglomeration effect is obvious. Real economic significant HH areas mainly distribute in the tourism economic developed areas of Shaanxi and Shandong, while real economic significant LL areas are mainly concentrated in the middle and east of Inner Mongolia, the south of Shanxi, most of Qinghai and the north of Ningxia, and scattered in Henan, Gansu and other places. Compared with the entity level, the HH areas of the virtual economy are significantly expanded, mainly distributing in Shandong, Shaanxi and the eastern part of Inner Mongolia. The number of significant LL areas is significantly increased and the distribution range has changed, and the distribution scope of low-value cluster areas mainly distributes in most areas of Qinghai, south and north of Shanxi, and sporadically distributes in Gansu. From the perspective of nuclear density, the spatial structure of virtual and real economy is similar, and the high-value counties mainly distribute in Shandong, Henan and Shanxi forming a high-value gathering area expanding into a core development area. It is worth noting that the virtual economy scope in the north of Shaanxi and the northeast of Inner Mongolia has formed many sub-cores, which indicates that the level of virtual economy in the region is rapidly rising. Finally, according to the results of the Geo-detector model and the coupling matching analysis model, we found the real economy is mainly affected by the resources support level. We also found virtual economy is mainly affected by the level of information technology.</p>

Identifying Potential Tourist Attractions at Central Philippines State University: Basis for Development

The Philippines has various Agri and eco-tourism activities and destinations for incoming tourists with completely different propensities. The competitive edges of the country from other countries its natural ambiance, picturesque attractions in addition to mouthwatering food choice that are excellent for rest, relaxation, and recreation. Also, its climate is ideal for outdoor recreational activities. Agri-ecotourism is an aggregate of the words ‘Agri-tourism’ and ‘Ecotourism’. This kind of tourism aims to preserve the culture, tradition, and nature of the area while promoting agriculture as a tourism attraction. Both eco-tourism and agri-tourism are taken into consideration as nature-primarily based tourism as it each relies upon on nature. However, eco-agritourism particularly focuses on sustainable yet community-based total tourism, which is the present trend inside the tourism enterprise nowadays. This sort of tourism calls for the participation of the local community living within the locality to generate jobs as well as deliver them a solid source of income (Medallon, et. Al. 2014). Being an archipelago, the country communes with thousands of attractions and destinations for tourists' great satisfaction and relaxation. The country’s numerous government agencies are incessantly engaging in product and activity improvements to sell tourist destinations (Alejandrino, 2002). According to the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCARRD), there are several reasons why the local community is critical to be taken into consideration in tracking and comparing an eco-tourism task. First, local people create excellent first-hand information and possess an excellent deal of local knowledge. Second, local collaboration helps establish a stronger link between the design and management of ecotourism and its beneficiaries or local stakeholders. Lastly, involving local people within the monitoring and evaluation process motivates them to plan and sustainably manage activities. Some pragmatic impacts of agri-eco tourism to the locality consistent with the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry, and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCARRD) are revenue-generation, job opportunities, stronger economic relations, environmental education, pride, and environmental appreciation. From which, revenue comes from the entrance or environmental fees, which are charged directly to tourists for gaining access to, and performing particular activities or, for the usage of a special device in an ecotourism site. Job opportunities are the biggest gain from operating tourism or an ecotourism project since there'll hiring for guides, guards, offices, or managers for tourism-associated job increases. Moreover, agri-eco tourism also facilitates to alleviate the monetary fame of the locals living inside the college compound. Along this line, the researchers are propelled to conduct a study in determining the Potential Agri-Ecotourism Sites and Activities at Central Philippines State University. This study aims to determine different potential agri-eco tourism sites inside the university compound to formulate findings as to the basis for development within the context of sustainability. On the other hand, considering the number of opportunities that eco-agritourism sites and activities can generate, many threats and problems within the pipeline include; environmental exploitation, geographical location, waste management, economic instability, crowding, and excessive development. Nonetheless, this study is specifically significant to students, teachers, university personnel, government units, community, and future researchers which considered as stakeholders in which their participation is extremely important in developing part of the university premises into an agri-eco tourism site.

AN EMPIRICAL EVALUATION OF TOURIST ARRIVAL IN THE STATE OF BIHAR, INDIA.

This paper tends to analyze the tourist footprint in Bihar from the year 2001 to 2018. The findings of this paper support that there is a significant and positive increase in domestic and foreign tourist arrivals in the state. Paper also reveals that 71 percent of total tourist arrivals in the state take place in its ten major regions i.e. Patna, Gaya, Bodhgaya, Bihar, Rajgir, Nalanda, Raxaul, Munger, Vaishali, Muzaffarpur, and Bhagalpur. Moreover, from Jan 2015 to Dec 2018, Gaya, Bodhgaya, and Rajgir account for the highest number of foreign arrivals whereas Patna, Gaya, and Rajgir account for the highest number of domestic tourist arrivals. The findings of this paper significantly help the state tourism sector and stakeholders to develop and adopt the best strategies for the overall development of Bihar tourism. The study has further research scope, in terms of attempting the same by enlarging the database, organization wise and across different organization.

Revenue and Tourist Reporting Application for the City of Pekanbaru

Tourism service is a field that aims to introduce and promote marine and other tourism in a certain location especially in marketing field to attract tourists to visit that tourist destination. Culture and Tourism Service of Pekanbaru is one of the technical services which handles government business which is compulsory affairs in culture field and choice affairs in tourism field. The total of tourist visits must be reported to tourism office in each destination. To facilitate the reporting of the total of tourists then, a website and an android-based system are built. The system is developed using the CodeIgniter web framework with PHP and HTML programming language. The application is developed using Android Studio and Java Development Kit. Research result on Progress and recapitulation reports system of the revenue and total Tourists in Pekanbaru City based on web and android which ease to conduct report on total of tourist visits. Usability Testing of this system using the USE Questionnaire and Likert Scale.

Impacts of Climate Change and Air Pollution on the Tourism Industry: Evidence from Southeast Asia

This paper examines the effects of climate change (greenhouse gas emissions) and air pollution (methane and nitrous oxide emissions) on the tourism industry in Southeast Asian (SEA) countries, using dynamic panel data for the period 1998-2012. A two-stage least squares (2SLS) method is applied by adding an instrumental variable and lagged variables to solve for endogeneity. 2SLS estimation shows that air pollution has a negative effect on total tourist arrivals but there was not enough evidence to reach a conclusion about the impact of climate change. Surprisingly, nitrous oxide emission was the key driver which negatively and significantly affected tourist demand. This emission is largely caused by high levels of fossil fuel consumption and motor vehicle traffic. These findings suggest that governments may need to make critical policy decisions about whether to give up short-term economic growth to pursue long-term environmental improvement, with a view to enhancing the quality of tourist destinations in Southeast Asia in the future.

Rural Tourism, Income and Rapid Urbanization: Exploring the Nexus Using A MultiDisciplinary Approach for Hunza, Pakistan

Serving the purpose of an early warning, this paper provides a multi-disciplinary analysis of how thechanging dynamics of tourist arrivals can lead to rapid and unplanned urbanization. The improvements in infrastructureand communication systems under the aegis of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) in Gilgit-Baltistan have ledto exponential increase in tourists arrival in recent years. Does this increase lead to increase in incomes and spurring anunplanned and rapid urbanization? Hunza district is taken as a case study on the basis of evidence suggesting thataround 70 percent of total tourists Gilgit-Baltistan. To explore the relationship between tourists arrival and rapidurbanization, three types of data were used: survey data collected via questionnaires, secondary data from governmentsources, and Google images, Landsat-7 and Landsat-8 from remotely sensed data. Using cross-tabulations, this studysuggests that tourists arrival led to increase in incomes, which were then spent on building commercial infrastructure.To cross check these results, land use land change study using GIS mapping was conducted for the last ten yearsperiod. It shows that rapid and unplanned urbanization has profound social and environmental implications for Hunza,if not managed properly and timely.

Rural Tourism, Income and Rapid Urbanization: Exploring the Nexus Using A MultiDisciplinary Approach for Hunza, Pakistan

Serving the purpose of an early warning, this paper provides a multi-disciplinary analysis of how thechanging dynamics of tourist arrivals can lead to rapid and unplanned urbanization. The improvements in infrastructureand communication systems under the aegis of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) in Gilgit-Baltistan have ledto exponential increase in tourists arrival in recent years. Does this increase lead to increase in incomes and spurring anunplanned and rapid urbanization? Hunza district is taken as a case study on the basis of evidence suggesting thataround 70 percent of total tourists Gilgit-Baltistan. To explore the relationship between tourists arrival and rapidurbanization, three types of data were used: survey data collected via questionnaires, secondary data from governmentsources, and Google images, Landsat-7 and Landsat-8 from remotely sensed data. Using cross-tabulations, this studysuggests that tourists arrival led to increase in incomes, which were then spent on building commercial infrastructure.To cross check these results, land use land change study using GIS mapping was conducted for the last ten yearsperiod. It shows that rapid and unplanned urbanization has profound social and environmental implications for Hunza,if not managed properly and timely.

Analysing domestic tourism flows at the provincial level in Spain by using spatial gravity models

AbstractDomestic tourism represents a large share of the total tourism volume in Spain, but it is still an under‐researched topic. This study focuses on the determinants of domestic flows in Spain at provincial level. The prior assumption is that domestic tourism demand may be affected by specific local conditions that previous studies, mostly based on more aggregate data, would hardly capture. A gravity model and various spatial econometric models are estimated assuming alternative spatial weighting matrices. Results suggest that income and relative prices affect tourism demand in Spanish provinces as well as weather, natural amenities, infrastructures, and recreational activities.

The (Un)sticky Role of Exchange and Inflation Rate in Tourism Development: Insight From the Low and High Political Risk Destinations

Although the tourism industry has continued to exert a significant impact on economies of most destinations, the impacts of political (in) security, socioeconomic and financial dynamics in the destination countries are equally playing decisive roles. Mirroring from this perspective, this study examined the role of political risk, exchange rate and inflation rate on the inbound international tourists in the panel of 76 destinations over the period 1995–2017. By employing the Pooled OLS (Ordinary Least Square) and the Generalized Moment of Methods (GMM), the estimation results suggest that the political risk is a significant impediment to the growth of total tourism arrivals in the panel countries. In addition, high exchange and inflation rates, respectively, impact international tourism arrivals (ITAs) in a positive and negative pattern. Moreover, the findings show that the impact of political risk on ITAs is significant, and has a positive and negative effect in the low- and high-risk destinations, respectively. While the study urges for a formidable drive towards sustainable conflict resolution in destination countries, it further presents recommendations for preventing potential spillover effects in the event of the political, economic or financial crisis.

Sri Lanka-China Tourism Relations An Analysis of Recent Trends in Chinese Tourist Arrivals to Sri Lanka

Tourism is widely recognised as one of the world’s largest and fastest growing industries, accounting for approximately 10% of the global GDP, and employing a growing workforce of 283.5 million. In the context of Sri Lanka, the tourism sector is the 3rd largest foreign income earner and the total contribution to the economy is around 12% of GDP. This paper examines the recent trends in Chinese tourist arrivals to Sri Lanka along with the comparative position of Sri Lanka as an outbound tourism destination of China. It is observed that during the period of 1984 – 1994, Germany held the number one spot in Sri Lanka’s tourist arrivals. Until 2004, Germany, India and the UK were the ‘top 3’ countries among Sri Lanka’s tourist arrivals, and China’s contribution to local tourism was insignificant. In 2014, however, China was raised to the rank of the 3rd major tourist partner of Sri Lanka, accountingfor 8.4% of total tourist arrivals. Moreover, Chinese tourist arrivals grew remarkably by 72.5% in 2010-2016, while Indian and UK tourist arrivals increased only by 19.3% and 10.3%, respectively. Furthermore, tourist arrivals from China increased by 68% in 2015 compared to 2014, while Indian tourist arrivals grew only by 30%. Despite the impressive growth rate in Chinese tourist arrivals to Sri Lanka, these numbers are negligible in comparison to Chinese outbound tourism to other countries. Even though Sri Lanka was among the top 25 tourist destinations of Chinese travellers in 2007, it no longer holds this valuable position. Thus, this study recommends promoting Sri Lankan tourism destinations, e-tourism sites, improving air-connectivity between the two countries and cultivating tourism-friendly ‘soft power’ by celebrating festivals such as Chinese New Year, increasing the number of Chinese-speaking guides and hotel staff and introducing Chinese-language apps for tourists in order to multiply prospective tourists from China.

Drivers of carbon emissions in China’s tourism industry

This manuscript examines the driving forces of carbon emissions in China’s tourism industry. Tourism carbon emissions are estimated by constructing China’s Economic-Environmental Accounts (EEA). Analysis is divided into five-time intervals and specifically examines intensity, scale, structure, and technology. Following index and structural decomposition methods, changes in tourism carbon emissions were segmented into sixteen economy-wide and tourism-specific driving forces. Results demonstrate that direct and total tourism carbon emissions compose 0.7% and 2.7% of total carbon emissions in China. Analysis revealed the positive driver of tourism emissions was domestic tourists, representing 140.4% increase in direct and 263.4% increase in total tourism carbon emissions. Modelling identified energy intensity as the main negative driver in total and direct tourism carbon emissions, especially for national economic sectors (−208.6%) and non-transport tourism sectors (−33.8%). Future research should focus on the measurement and implementation of mitigation policies for domestic tourism emissions.

Determinants and temporary changes in the distribution tourist expenditure between origin and destination. Evidence from the Canary Islands

Tourism is the main source of wealth for many regions. These make their territory available to the tourist industry for the creation of infrastructures and facilities for tourist services. The peculiarities of the tourist product favor the appearance of intermediaries outside the destination, who compete to obtain a part of tourism spending, largely by the hand of new technologies, detracting resources to the destination that could be aimed at improving their growth and wellness. In the present paper, we use tourist data from the Canary Islands destination, covering the years 2006-2017, to study the share of the total tourist expenditure paid directly to the service provider in the destination, identifying their determinant variables and the evolution along of the studied years. The results show that the percentage of expenditure at the destination is affected by economic, sociodemographic, travel-related characteristics and with the ICT use but, ceteris paribus, this percentage is systematically decreasing over time, even when new technologies are used in the process of buying holidays.

Revitalizing the cultural heritage sites of the medieval town of Tansen for the sustainable tourism development


 Tansen is renowned for its natural settings, historic buildings and a living cultural heritage that have remained, from medieval period until now. By UNWTO statistics,internationally, cultural tourism comprises 39% of the total tourism arrivals. This reaffirms that offering greater access to the cultural and heritage assets would give Tansen a competitive edge over the other tourist destinations and increase its attractiveness as a top tourist destination in Nepal. This article is related to study of how the heritage sites could be revived to make the cultural heritage tourism sustainable and regain Tansen’s economic vibrancy that has been depleting in the recent times. The purpose of the study is to examine the current state of the cultural heritage management in Tansen, to examine the prospect of revitalizing the cultural heritage assets and; to examine the role of the local communities in these aspects. The methods used in the study were site observations, a key informant interview of experts including the city Mayor, tourism entrepreneurs, site mangers and opinion survey of tourists and the local community resident. The study shows that local population has a positive opinion and initial enthusiasm on the emerging tourist arrivals after the restoration of Rani Mahal, but their role is marginalized in the process. This is the key proposition to start an initiative for the local communities to actively participate in tourism development projects. ‘Revitalizing the Rani Mahal heritage’ launched through the Public Private Partnership with support from UNESCO could build the trust amongst the high end international as well as domestic tourist and attract more investments to conserve, protect and promote the heritage capital stocks for the Tansen tourism development.

Revitalizing the cultural heritage sites of the medieval town of Tansen for the sustainable tourism development


 Tansen is renowned for its natural settings, historic buildings and a living cultural heritage that have remained, from medieval period until now. By UNWTO statistics,internationally, cultural tourism comprises 39% of the total tourism arrivals. This reaffirms that offering greater access to the cultural and heritage assets would give Tansen a competitive edge over the other tourist destinations and increase its attractiveness as a top tourist destination in Nepal. This article is related to study of how the heritage sites could be revived to make the cultural heritage tourism sustainable and regain Tansen’s economic vibrancy that has been depleting in the recent times. The purpose of the study is to examine the current state of the cultural heritage management in Tansen, to examine the prospect of revitalizing the cultural heritage assets and; to examine the role of the local communities in these aspects. The methods used in the study were site observations, a key informant interview of experts including the city Mayor, tourism entrepreneurs, site mangers and opinion survey of tourists and the local community resident. The study shows that local population has a positive opinion and initial enthusiasm on the emerging tourist arrivals after the restoration of Rani Mahal, but their role is marginalized in the process. This is the key proposition to start an initiative for the local communities to actively participate in tourism development projects. ‘Revitalizing the Rani Mahal heritage’ launched through the Public Private Partnership with support from UNESCO could build the trust amongst the high end international as well as domestic tourist and attract more investments to conserve, protect and promote the heritage capital stocks for the Tansen tourism development.

Dynamic model of ecotourism management in Mount Rinjani National Park

Mount Rinjani National Park (MNRP) in Indonesia which is popular as one of ecotourism destination has facing problems including forest destruction which then becomes critical degraded lands, watersheds damaged, decreased river water, garbage due to lack of awareness. This study aimed to analyze the dynamic model to simplify and simulate the behavior of the ecotourism management system. The method used was powersim dynamic system software based on the scenarios compiling from controlled inputs: (1) the number of tourists, (2) the ticket price, (3) carrying capacity. The simulation of the first scenario for year 2015 to 2030 shows the total tourists in 2015 exceed the carrying capacity of 42,525 people per year. On the first-stage ticket of IDR 384,000, the number of tourists increased in 2018, reached 52,268 people and in 2030 reached 57,268 people. The second scenario applied a higher ticket price policy based on Willingness to Pay (WTP). The increasing ticket prices in stages up to IDR 650,000 for international tourists and IDR 45,000 for domestic tourists, and in 2030 the number of tourists will decline around 15,013 people.

Lost in Thailand: A case study on the impact of a film on tourist behavior

Based on user-generated content from a social media website, this study investigated the impact of a popular film in China— Lost in Thailand—on tourist behavior at the destination. The authors analyzed tourist volumes and conducted social network analysis and content analysis to explore the spatiotemporal behavior patterns of Chinese tourists visiting Thailand before and after the release of the film. This study investigated changes in tourist behavior at a destination in three dimensions: total tourist volumes, the structure of tourism flow networks, and the spatiotemporal patterns of tourists. The results revealed that film productions substantially influenced the behavior of tourists visiting the destination.