Total Suspended Solids Values Research Articles

Potential of Eco-enzyme Averrhoa bilimbi L. Fruit as an Innovation in Tempeh Wastewater Treatment in Plaju District, South Sumatra

Tempeh home industries have been established in residential areas, one of which is in the assisted village of PT Pertamina Internasional RU III Plaju Factory, Palembang, South Sumatra. Eco-enzyme is one of the methods for processing and reducing pollutant organic matter in liquid waste. This study aims to determine the eco-enzyme characteristics of Averrhoa bilimbi L. fruit and exploit its potential to reduce chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solid (TSS), and total dissolved solid (TDS) in tempeh wastewater. Eco-enzymes are characterized by measuring pH, COD, TSS, TDS, and most probable number (MPN). The reduction in COD, TSS and TDS of tempeh wastewater was observed using a simple bioreactor which was treated with the addition of 10% eco-enzyme (three replicates) and without the addition of eco-enzyme (control). The characterization results showed that the eco-enzyme of A. bilimbi L. fruit had a pH of 1.84, COD of 85.33 mg/L, TSS of 440 mg/L, TDS of 15,800 mg/L, protein concentration of 0.459 U/mg, and MPN value of 0.03 CFU/100 mL. The COD value of tempeh liquid waste can be reduced from the initial COD of 256 to 154.67 mg/L. The TSS value of tempeh wastewater decreased by 60% from the initial value of 4,000 mg/L. It takes 18 days to reduce the TSS content below the quality standard. The TDS value of tempeh liquid waste can be reduced by 70% from the initial TDS of 7,333.33 to 1,666.67 mg/L.

Evaluating opportunities for broad-scale remote sensing of total suspended solids on small rivers

Although broad-scale remote sensing applications are increasingly being integrated into water quality assessments, the feasibility of such applications on smaller rivers (<150 m. width) is not well understood, even though smaller rivers comprise most of the river network and can constitute significant sources of sediment and nutrients. We evaluated the application of a widely used Total Suspended Solid (TSS) algorithm within ten small (16–117 m wide) tributaries of the Lake Champlain Basin in the Northeastern US. Sentinel-2 images captured within 5 h of depth-integrated TSS samples were identified and corrected for atmospheric conditions to generate TSS estimates. Linkages between sample attributes and errors in the relationship between measured and predicted TSS values were explored to identify potential limits on the application of existing TSS algorithms to small rivers. From a dataset of 64 unique measured-predicted values on rivers whose channel width was greater than one pixel (i.e., 10 m), we found that there are settings along smaller rivers, and discrete flow and seasonal conditions, under which broad-scale remote sensing applications may be applicable. The remote sensing algorithm had the greatest success predicting TSS for rivers with high background levels of sediment (i.e., large concentrations during smaller discharges). Errors in estimated TSS were three times greater on rivers with low background levels (average error of 174%) of sediment than high levels (average error of 57%), likely due to differences in the proportion of fine-grained particle-sizes in transport. We also found that estimated TSS error was less outside the growing season, when biological activity was limited and plants were dormant, and when higher flows occurred such that backscatter from the channel bed is less likely to interfere with the reflective signal. This effect was most pronounced on rivers with low background sediment loads; errors in estimated TSS were more than six times greater during the growing season on rivers with low background loads (average error of 216%) than when plants were dormant (average error of 48%). We hypothesized that algorithm performance on smaller rivers, as measured by channel width, would be prone to larger errors due to the greater influence of contrasting reflectance signals from soils and vegetation along riverbanks. The degree of limitation from this adjacency effect was not evident in our dataset perhaps because of a correlation between river size and sediment characteristics unique to our study area. An alternative parameterization of a single-band empirical TSS model for small rivers in the region, based on inclusion of readily identifiable geologic and temporal characteristics, suggests improved predictive power for small rivers. Results highlight the feasibility of extending remote sensing applications throughout the river network in temperate regions of the Northeastern U.S. Certain geologic settings, specifically those that transport finer-grained loads, are more likely to have accurate predictions, especially during the colder months, when in situ monitoring is particularly challenging, yet highly important because a significant portion of runoff events in the Northeastern U.S. occur in this time.

Assessment of water quality and heavy metal contamination in ballast water: Implications for marine ecosystems and human health

The global menace of non-compliance with ballast water management poses a pressing environmental threat, as it facilitates the transfer of harmful organisms and sediment contaminants. This study investigates the environmental impact of ballast water discharged by ships, focusing on water quality and heavy metal concentrations. The release of ballast water, often containing elevated levels of heavy metals like mercury, lead, and cadmium, poses a significant threat to marine ecosystems. The research, involving water sample collection from ten different vessels across various countries, assesses physicochemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations. Results indicate variations in temperature, turbidity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and pH levels among samples. Turbidity values surpassing WHO limits suggest potential anthropogenic pollution. The study identifies significant differences in pH values, potentially influencing microbial populations. Total dissolved solids and total suspended solids values vary, affecting the distribution of potential pathogens. The results reveal varying total concentrations of heavy metals (mg/L) in the following decreasing order: SA&gt;SE&gt;SF&gt;SB&gt;SC&gt;SD&gt;SH&gt;SI&gt;SG&gt;SJ(6.07 &gt;4.95 &gt; 2.07 &gt; 1.59&gt;0.24&gt;1.22&gt;0.09&gt;0.04&gt;0.03&gt;0.01). The highest concentration of heavy metals is recorded for iron (SA= 5.78), zinc (mg/L) (SB = 1.36, SE = 1.30, and SF = 1.35) and lead (Pb) (SE = 2.39). The elevated iron levels in vessels from SA are potentially linked to corrosion processes. Cadmium, lead, and nickel were not detected, except for lead in the sample from SE. Copper concentrations were aligned with EU standards in the vessels. Proper ballast water management is vital for monitoring water qualities, preventing environmental spread of heavy metals, ensuring marine ecosystem health, and developing compliance strategies for ships docking in ports. Highlights Global shipping causes heavy metal pollution, affecting human and ecosystem health Physicochemical parameters variations suggest potential pollution and microbial impact Mercury, lead, and cadmium in ballast water (BW) pose threats to marine ecosystems Increased iron levels could be associated with corrosion processes Effective BW management is crucial for environmental conservation

The use of Iron Sand as Filtration Media for Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment

An increase in slaughtering animals will have an impact on increasing the liquid waste produced. The resulting RPH liquid waste can damage the environment if it is not treated, so it is necessary to conduct research to reduce pollutant levels so that it is suitable for disposal into the environment. The technique used in processing RPH wastewater is iron sand filtration method. Iron sand filtration is a filtering process using renewable media, namely iron sand. Iron sand is known to contain the mineral magnetite (Fe3O4) which has the ability to absorb colloidal solids, so it has the potential to be used to remove pollutant content of RPH liquid waste. This research objective to determine the effect of variations in the thickness of the filtration media (cm) and grain size (mesh) on pollutant parameters. The thickness variations used were 20, 25, and 30 cm, with grain sizes of iron sand 40, 60 and 100 mesh. The experimental results showed that the iron sand filtration method was able to reduce Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Suspended Solid (TSS) levels, increase the Dissolve Oxygen Meter (DO) value, and change the pH value. The highest reduction in COD was in the thickness variation of 30 cm with 100 mesh. the percentage of decrease in the value of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) was 95.05%, the highest decrease in Total Suspended Solid (TSS) value was in the media thickness variation of 30 cm with 100 mesh, the percentage of TSS value reduction was 97.11%, the pH value increased in the thickness variation media 30 cm with a mesh number of 100 from 5.8 to 7.4, and the value of Dissolve Oxygen Meter (DO) increased with variations in thickness of 30 cm with 100 mesh, increased from 1.2 to 15.2. Based on the parameter test results, it was concluded that iron sand filtration is effective in reducing pollutant levels below the quality standard, so that it is expected to be applied directly on a larger scale.

Analyzing the impact of Jakarta’s reclamation on the distribution of TSS using remote sensing technology

Jakarta Bay is a bay supporting the economy of thousands of nearby fishermen. Therefore, the reclamation in Jakarta Bay raises many environmental, economic, and social problems. During this reclamation, dredging and stockpiling activities increase the turbidity of the waters. This research aims to determine the changes in the distribution of total suspended solids (TSS) after reclamation using Sentinel 2A satellite imagery from 2016 to 2022. This research implemented the previous algorithm to produce the distribution of TSS in Jakarta Bay for attaining TSS values from Sentinel 2A satellite imagery processed by Google Earth Engine with overlay analysis method in a geographic information system. Spatial data were obtained by extracting TSS values using the previous estimation algorithm, namely the Budhiman algorithm, with a correlation coefficient of -0.745 and NMAE of 0.167. Based on the data processing results, it was found that the distribution of TSS from 2016 to 2022 was at a moderate level, which had a relatively significant influence on fisheries, requiring the fishermen to go to the open sea farther from the coast. This shows that reclamation carries no impact on the life of marine biota in Jakarta Bay.

Chemophysical and Metallic Characterization of Surface Water and Precipitation for Environmental Quality Assessment in Oyigbo L.G.A., Rivers State, Nigeria

This study investigates the repercussions of oil industry operations on environmental quality in the Niger Delta, with a specific focus on atmospheric soot contamination. By conducting chemophysical and metallic characterization of surface water (river) and precipitation (rain) in Oyigbo, Rivers State, Nigeria, the research evaluates various chemical and physical parameters, like pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, as well as concentrations of heavy metals like lead (Pb), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn). The findings uncover a slightly acidic to neutral pH in water samples. The elevated EC in the Imo River, while meeting WHO standards, highlights the delicate balance between industrial development and environmental health. Turbidity values, meeting WHO standards but exceeding limits in some rainwater samples, prompt scrutiny of anthropogenic influences, with fishing and sand mining emerging as potential contributors to river turbidity, while TSS values, though higher along the Imo River, remain within WHO standards. Results reveal Cd, Cu, and Zn adhere to standards, while the elevated Pb levels necessitate further exploration into contamination sources. The heavy metals pollution index (HPI) categorizes the area as polluted and identifies lead as the primary contributor, underlining the urgency of interventions. The potential ecological risks index (PERI) classifies the pollution risk as slight, indicating a low ecological risk level, and reveals risk hierarchies, in the order of metals contributing to pollution as Pb &gt; Cu &gt; Cd &gt; Zn for both river and rainwater. This study unravels the relationship between industrial activities and water quality in Oyigbo, contributing substantively to sustainable water resources and environmental management. The detailed findings stand as a cornerstone for informed decision-making, aiming to mitigate environmental impacts and safeguard ecosystems and communities reliant on vital water sources.

Environmental Fate Modelling of Lead Contamination in Water and Sediments of Hawizeh Marshes

Background: This study aimed to determine the maximum concentration of lead in the water and sediments of Hawizeh Swamp during 2020-2021. Methods: The ECOFATE model was employed to calculate ecological risk parameters (RQ) along with total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), and total organic carbon (TOC) at four stations during summer and winter. Using the framework of environmental fate model of ECOFATE, comprehensive data on hydrological sections, input chemical quantities, chemical characteristics, and ecosystem attributes were measured. Results: The findings indicated that lead concentrations were at the highest level in both sediment and water samples of the wetland across three-dimensional space during summer and winter. TSS, TOC and TDS values were estimated, of which the TDS was used to measure ecological risk due to its higher values. Conclusion: The RQ values of lead indicated high and medium risk within the sedimentary and aquatic environments of the wetland ecosystem, respectively. Statistical calculations further revealed that this wetland was at risk of environmental pollution, posing potential hazards to humans through the food chain. The increase in the biological pollution of this wetland is due to the increase in the population and urban sewage. Therefore, it is imperative to raise public awareness regarding the significance of the wetland and advocate for its regular monitoring.

Sediment Transport Modeling in the Pasig River, Philippines Post Taal Volcano Eruption

Following the eruption of the Taal Volcano in January 2020 and its continuous signs of unrest in the preceding years, this study delves into the investigation of sediment transport in the Pasig River, Philippines. The historical data of total suspended solids (TSS) and arsenic indicated a notable increase starting from the year 2020. The field measurements were conducted in February and March of 2022, two years after the eruption. Due to the observed homogeneity in the river’s mixing, a refined 1D sediment transport model was developed. In this study, HEC-RAS modeling software was employed. The calibration process using the Laursen transport function yielded an impressive R2 value of 0.9989 for the post-eruption model. This predictive accuracy underscores the robustness of the developed model. The study’s scope was further expanded by creating a model for February 2020, incorporating water quality data gathered by the Pasig River Coordinating and Management Office. The model simulation results showed peak TSS values of 120.63 mg/L and 225.15 mg/L in February 2022 and February 2020, respectively. The results of the study highlight the probable impact of geological events on sediment dynamics within the Pasig River, which could help manage and sustain ongoing river improvements.

Temporal detection of Total Suspended Solid (TSS) distribution in the southern area of Obi Island

The Halmahera Selatan Regency has many potential natural resources including mining potential, and nickel is one potential that can be found in Obi Island. The abundance of nickel in Obi Island also increases activities that cause various materials to enter the sea. The sediment materials entering the waters through land runoff are suspended sediment or Total Suspended Solids (TSS). Sentinel 2 satellite imageries could observed TSS concentration and its distribution in this research through visible and infrared channels. The distribution of TSS will be determined by using an algorithm, which uses the blue and green bands with corrected atmospheric reflectance format. Based on the data processing results, the distribution of TSS values in the southern area of Obi Island in 2023 was in the range of 4 - 874 mg/l that were divided into three groups of areas, represented by A area within the range of 4 – 874 mg/l, which describes the distribution of TSS in coastal areas without human settlements, B area within range of 4 - 237 mg/l which depicting TSS conditions at river estuaries, and group C area within range of 4 – 431 mg/l which illustrating TSS locations in coastal areas with human settlements.

Influence of Cotton Bleaching Methods on the Parameters of Generated Textile Industrial Wastewater

The environmental impact of industrial wastewater after bleaching requires special attention to prevent the pollution of aquatic ecosystems. The aim of this study was to compare the effluent parameters obtained after using a traditional bleaching method and an alternative enzymatic bleaching method in order to assess their possible environmental impacts. In the classical bleaching method, NaOH and H2O2 were used, and in the alternative method, pectinase enzyme, H2O2, and sodium carbonate were used as the bleaching agents. The bleaching process was designed by determining the optimum amount of pectinase enzyme, the optimum temperature, and the optimum amount of peroxide. The whiteness of the treated cotton yarns was also evaluated. The different bleaching processes were analyzed and evaluated in terms of the wastewater discharged, the pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), and conductivity. These data show that the use of the pectinase enzyme allows us to obtain much lower COD and TSS values compared to those obtained using traditional bleaching. At the same time, the use of the proposed enzymatic bleaching method reduces the environmental impact since lower concentrations of pollutants are obtained in the effluent. Therefore, the pretreatment of wastewater may require the selection of a simpler and more environmentally friendly technology, such as enzymatic bleaching.

Influence of mixing conditions on coagulant recovery efficiency and quality

Abstract In this work, the influence of mixing conditions on aluminium recovery from alum sludge and on the recovered coagulant (RC) quality was investigated using acidic treatment. The response surface methodology with a Face Centred Design was used to evaluate the effects of velocity gradient and mixing time on aluminium recovery efficiency, and on the chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS) and total phosphorus contents of the RC. No significant effects of both mixing intensity and mixing time on aluminium recovery efficiency were observed; however, these factors significantly affected the quality of the RC in terms of COD, TSS and total phosphorus. The higher velocity gradient increased COD and TSS and the longer mixing time increased phosphorus and TSS in the RC. Operational conditions velocity gradient = 100 s−1 and mixing time = 5 minutes) for aluminium recovery were suggested on economic basis. At these conditions, the RC presented the lowest values of TSS and total phosphorus (100 mg L−1 and 7.0 mg P L−1, respectively), and the following other characteristics: 1,001 mg Al L−1; 384 mg Fe L−1; 1100 mg COD L−1.

Physical, chemical, and biological evaluation of domestic laundry greywater discharges to attract reclamation strategies and reuse applications in urban settings

AbstractDue to increasing freshwater demand and limited availability of resources, conservation and recycling of greywater are getting attention worldwide. Greywater (GW) is considered a potential contender to different types of industrial wastewater in terms of recyclability, toxicity, and reusability. The reuse and treatment methodologies in the case of LGW mainly depend on parameters such as pH, Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, ionic concentration, surfactants, and microbial growth. Available literature suggests that domestic as well as commercial laundries are major contributors to greywater around the globe. This paper presents the results of investigations conducted on the quantity and quality of greywater generated from domestic urban laundries. Various factors were observed that influence the quantity of generated LGW such as family size, type of washing (machine or manual), and composition of LGW influenced by the work profile of family members, etc. The average values of BOD, COD, TSS, TDS, turbidity, Chloride (Cl−), Sulphate (SO42−), Fluoride (F−), Nitrate (NO3−), and anionic surfactants as MBAS (methylene blue active substances) were observed as 265.73 mgL−1, 1754.67 mgL−1, 469.13 mgL−1, 1837.73 mgL−1, 281.8 NTU, 438.6 mgL−1, 87.93 mgL−1, 0.87 mgL−1, 6.83 mgL−1, and 16.45 mgL−1, respectively. The average concentration of Escherichia coli and total coliforms was observed to be 73.4 MPN/100 mL (most probable number per 100 mL) and 386.2 MPN/100 mL, respectively. The high values of selected parameters necessitate the planning of greywater treatment in urban locations for re‐utilization. This study also revealed that a huge amount of freshwater is being converted to greywater by domestic laundries that can be re‐utilized for non‐potable purposes after some treatment.

Synthesis of Bamboo-based Activated Carbon through Physico-chemical Activation for Coal-runoff Wastewater Treatment

Bamboo-based activated carbon (BAC) has been successfully synthesized through a physico-chemical technique. The characteristics of BAC were investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Evaluating BAC performance on coal-runoff wastewater was carried out by varying contact times and adding low-level alum on remediation of pH and Total Suspended Solid (TSS). The results confirm that BAC performs well in stabilizing pH, indicated by the neutral pH, after 10 minutes of interaction. The TSS with BAC treatment and 1% BAC-Alum combination reduced the TSS value from 880 mg/L to levels below the threshold for wastewater quality standards, 387 mg/L and 73 mg/L, respectively. This combination can be an alternative coal-runoff wastewater treatment technique for better environmental quality.

Estimation of Chlorophyll–a and Total Suspended Solid Based on Observation and Sentinel-2 Imagery in Coastal Water Teluk Awur, Jepara-Indonesia

The existence of aquaculture in Marine Science Techno Park (MSTP), Jepara requires good-quality water. Remote sensing is the right solution to conduct routine, cost-effective, and wide-ranging monitoring. This study aims to estimate the Total Suspended Solid (TSS) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) values based on Sentinel-2 imagery. The reflectance values used are from Sentinel-2A (http://marine.copernicus.eu/acquisitions on 14 September and 30 October 2022). The TSS estimation algorithm used is a single band (red), while for Chl-a, it uses the sum of four visible bands namely blue, green, red, and near-infrared. The predicted TSS values from the Sentinel-2 ranged from 16.65-144.78 mg/L (average 44.59 mg/L) and Chl-a was 1.65-5.57 µg/L (average 3.35 µg/L) and 0.59 - 5.284 µg/L (average 2.49 µg/L) in September. While the TSS and Chl-a in-situ in October 2022, ranged from 48.80 - 78.20 mg/L (mean 55.81 mg/L) and 0.882 - 4.736 mg/L (average 3.10 mg/L). The performance of the algorithm used in this study is not suitable for implementation in this study regarding the low prediction error estimation values as follows: RMSE, bias, and MAPE values for TSS are 21.17 mg/L, -10.76, and 31.52%, respectively; and for Chl-a are 1.04 µg/L, 0.25, and 35.83%, respectively. Thus, a special algorithm needs to be developed for the coastal waters of Teluk Awur.

ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS OF AN ABANDONED OPENCAST COAL PIT (OCP) OF ASANSOL-RANIGANJ COALFIELD (ARCF), PASCHIM BARDHAMAN, WEST BENGAL, INDIA

Coal mining and its auxiliary actions have already been proved to cause potential pollutions to ecosystems. This research work assesses the surface water quality of Samdihi abandoned Opencast Coal Pit (OCP) of Asansol-Raniganj Coalfield Areas (ARCF). Twenty seven water samples were collected maintaining temporal variability and were analyzed for physicochemical attributes. The pH was slightly alkaline with lowest of 7.8 during winter. The water temperature varied between 20 and 35°C. Conductivity was highest during winter (601±3.51 µS/cm) and lowest during monsoon (333±2.8 µS/cm). The Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) ranged from 212 to 2738 mg/L and 170 to 413 mg/L respectively. The low values of TSS (212 mg/L) and TDS (170 mg/L) were observed during winter and the higher values of TSS (2738 mg/L) and TDS (413 mg/L) were observed during monsoon. The dissolved oxygen concentration was moderately high (between 6.89 and 8.43 mg/L) but comparatively higher (8.5 mg/L) in monsoon. The estimated dissolved concentration of phosphate, sulphate, sodium and potassium were 4.2±0.17, 98.6±10.48, 8.6±0.47 and 2.5±0.75 mg/L respectively. Zooplankton population in the OCP was found to be 8±1.76 ind/mL in monsoon and 14±1.12 ind/mL in winter with an impressive abundance of 157/L and 274/L in monsoon and winter respectively. The water chemistry suggests the non-potability compared to prescribed standards but the chemical attributes showed promising traits for pisciculture, aquaculture, horticulture and/or other recreational practices that may assist in improving the socio-economic condition of the community habituating in and around the area.

Ecological study of some physical, chemical and bacteriological characteristics of Tigris River water in Wasit province, Iraq

This study was performed in the Tigris River water as it passed through Wasit province at the rate of five stations extending along the river, (Al-Sowarah, Al-Nu'maniyah, Al-Kut before Al-Kut Dam, after leaving Al-Kut city and Sheikh Saad), to evaluate the environmental quality of Tigris River water. Samples were collecting monthly, two samples were taken each month, and for a period of one complete year starting from the January 2016 - December 2016. The study included measuring some of the Physical, Chemical and Bacteriological Factors. The results of this study showed significant monthly changes in the values of all studied factors. The parameters values of current study showed that the water temperature values ranged from 9-29 °C and the values of turbidity ranged between 8-55 NTU, electrical conductivity ranged between 749-1352 μs/cm with Salinity 0.479-0.865 ppt, total dissolved solid 499 – 960 mg/l, total suspended solid values ranging from 12-190 mg/l. It was found that the water of the Tigris River is slightly alkalinity, with pH ranged between 7-8.1. The monthly concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO) ranged from 6.2 - 12 mg / l, BOD ranged between 0.8 - 6.4 mg / l, total alkalinity ranged between 120-230 mg CaCO3/l, total hardness ranged between 284-520 mg/L, while the concentrations of calcium and magnesium were 71-189, 36-97.4 mg/l respectively, chlorides values varied from 90-151 mg/l, the sulphate values ranged between 185- 410 mg/l. Nitrate values varied from 0.6 -6.7 mg/l and the phosphate values ranged between 0.08-1 mg/l. Tigris River can be considered adequate for civilian uses according to WHO and Iraqi Quality Assurance System after adequate treatment in filtration and sterilization stations.

Analysis of water condition based on suspended sediment distribution and phytoplankton abundance in Lasolo Bay, Southeast Sulawesi Province

Lasolo Bay is a part of water in North Konawe Regency that connects the Lasolo River and sea waters. Several activities from Nickel mining activities that have been carried out around the bay have caused the physical condition of Lasolo Bay to change, namely an increase in turbidity and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in marine waters. TSS and phytoplankton are among the indicators for determining the level of productivity of water. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of TSS, nitrate and phosphate on phytoplankton abundance as an indicator of the level of aquatic productivity. The study was conducted in August 2021. Determination of sampling location based on purposive sampling method at 9 stations based on three layers of light penetration depth of 100%, 50% and 25% of surface light intensity. TSS analysis using gravimetric methods and phytoplankton abundance analysis using the Sedgwick Rafter Counting Chamber tool at the Biological Laboratory of FMIPA University of Halu Oleo. The results showed that TSS concentrations ranged from 160–390 mg/l and phytoplankton abundances at each station ranged from 1208–3040 cells/l. Increased TSS concentrations affect phytoplankton abundance. In general, high TSS values were at stations close to the mouth of the Lasolo river and high phytoplankton abundances were in the central part of Lasolo Bay. The abundance of phytoplankton in the waters of Lasolo Bay falls into the moderate category.

Particle Shedding from Cotton and Cotton-Polyester Fabrics in the Dry State and in Washes.

The influence of 3, 10 and 50 washing cycles on the properties of cotton fabric and cotton-polyester blend in plain weave, was investigated in this study. In addition to the analysis of tensile properties in weft and warp directions and thickness, the number of particles produced in the dry state was also measured after 3, 10 and 50 washes. After washing, the entire effluent was analysed by determining the total suspended solids (TSS), the total solids (TS), the pH value and the conductivity. To determine the similarity of the observed wash cycles and properties of all processed samples, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was performed. The fabric changes indicated by total wear in the warp direction after 50 washing cycles compared to unwashed ones amounting to 41.2% for cotton and 30.9% for cotton-polyester blend, may be attributed to the synergy of washing factors and raw material composition. Cotton fabric produced significantly more particles than cotton-polyester fabric in the dry state after the examined washing cycles in all size categories. A smaller number of released particles are in the larger size category >25 μm. The obtained TSS values confirm the degree of loading of the effluent with particulate matter from the analysed fabrics, since the detergent consists of water-soluble components. The HCA dendrograms confirmed that the release of particles during the first washing cycles is mainly determined by the structural properties of fabrics, while in the subsequent cycles the synergistic effect of chemical, mechanical and thermal effects in the interaction with the material prevailed.

Monitoring Total Suspended Solid Concentration and Shoreline Dynamics Using Sentinel-2 Imagery in 2015-2021

Human activities in the Juwana Estuary impact increasing sedimentation, including industry, fish processing, ponds, and settlements. Increased sedimentation every year can lead to the formation of new land. In the long term, sedimentation will impact shoreline changes due to the formation of new land. This study aims to determine changes in Total Suspended Solid (TSS) concentration and shoreline values in the Juwana River Estuary. Increased sedimentation can be indicated based on water turbidity and TSS values—an effective method for observing TSS and coastline using remote sensing. The data for this study uses Sentinel-2 imagery. The TSS processing algorithm uses Laili, Liu, and C2RCC. TSS results using the C2RCC algorithm show the best regression results between image TSS and in situ TSS with an R2 of 0.721 compared to other algorithms. In 2015-2018 the average TSS value decreased by 2.303 mg/l. Processing results show the largest TSS reduction value of 12.466 mg/l on the Juwana Coast. The TSS value in 2018-2021 shows an average decrease of 4.447 mg/l; the largest decrease, with a value of 19.3 mg/l, is in the Batangan Coast. The coastline is extracted from image data using the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) algorithm. In 2015-2018 changes in the coastline were dominated by abrasion, covering an area of 35.2348 ha with a maximum distance of 143.78 m. In 2018-2021 changes in the coastline were dominated by abrasion, covering an area of 10.28224 ha with a maximum distance of 53.23 m. It can be interpreted that a decrease in TSS indicates a decrease in sedimentation, causing increased abrasion around the coastline.

K-Means Clustering for Grouping Rivers in DIY based on Water Quality Parameters

The Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) has rivers that cross rural and urban areas that are still used by the community and industry. However, cases of river water pollution in DIY are a major issue in 2021. It is very important to classify rivers according to class so that further analysis and action can be carried out. This study conducted a grouping analysis of rivers in DIY based on water quality parameters such as Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Phosphate, Fecal Coli, and Total Coliform. The grouping method uses the K-means algorithm. The data source is secondary data from the DIY Provincial Environment and Forestry Service. The data is in the form of 56 river samples observed in November 2020. The description of the data shows that the average of the 56 river water samples is 24.95 for TSS, 8.84 for DO, 4.33 for BOD5, 20.36 for COD, 0 .54 for Phosphate, 22.820 for Fecal Coli, and 59.210 for Total Coliform. The results of grouping with k=6 are the best compared to k = 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8. The number of members in this grouping is n1 = 14, n2 = 1, n3 = 1, n4 = 5, n5 = 18, and n6 = 17. The cluster that has the highest average TSS, BOD, and COD values is the 3rd cluster (Rivers in Bantul and Sleman Regencies). The cluster that has the highest DO value is the 6th cluster (Rivers in Bantul Regency). The cluster that has the highest average Phosphate value is the 2nd cluster (Rivers in Bantul, Sleman, and Gunungkidul Regencies). The cluster that has the highest average Fecal Coli and Total Coliform values are the 4th cluster (Rivers in Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta City, and Sleman Regency).