Total Suspended Particulate Emission Research Articles

Quantifying particulate matter emission rates from naturally ventilated dairy buildings by considering roof opening contributions

Roof openings are typically fitted to naturally ventilated dairy building (NVDB) for better ventilation but their impact on air pollutant emission calculations has not been fully considered. Particulate matter (PM) emission rate (ER) for NVDB rely on the total ventilation rate (VR), outdoor PM concentration and average indoor PM concentration sampled either under the roof (Roof Sampling) or in the cubicle area (Cubicle Sampling), which may show large deviations due to its spatiotemporal variation of PM concentrations and complex airflow patterns. This study utilised a novel ER calculation method (Joint Sampling) that computes the respective emission from the roof and sidewall openings by matching each outlet's VR and PM concentration. By year-round field measurements of PM2.5 and the total suspended particulates (TSP), results showed that annual average ERs of PM2.5 and TSP were 10.8 mg h−1 cow−1 and 45.7 mg h−1 cow−1 for Roof Sampling, 12.7 mg h−1 cow−1 and 40.7 mg h−1 cow−1 for Cubicle Sampling, and 11.7 mg h−1 cow−1 and 45.9 mg h−1 cow−1 for Joint Sampling. Considering the Joint Sampling results were relatively true, Roof Sampling exhibited a maximum underestimate of PM2.5 emissions of 20.8% when sidewall curtains were fully opened, whilst Cubicle Sampling demonstrated a maximum overestimate of TSP of 10.2% when the aperture was closed. Using Joint Sampling, the roof opening contributed 39.3% and 24.4% of the annual PM2.5 and TSP emissions. When sidewall openings are partially or fully closed, the Joint Sampling calculation is preferable to estimate the ER of PM.

Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Fugitive Road Dust Emissions from a Transportation Hub City (Jinan) in China and Their Impact on the Atmosphere in 2020

Road silt loading (sL) directly affects the fugitive road dust (FRD) emission factor, which is an important parameter in the study of FRD emissions. In this study, an improved collection method combined with the AP−42 method was newly developed to estimate the sL of asphalt roads in Jinan, China. The characteristics of sL in Jinan followed the order National highway (NH) > Branch road (BR) > Provincial highway (PH) > Country highway (CH) > Minor arterial (MiA) > Major arterial (MaA) > Urban expressway (UE) with 3.9 ± 2.5, 3.9 ± 1.9, 3.8 ± 2.8, 3.8 ± 0.9, 2.1 ± 1.4, 1.7 ± 1.2, and 1.4 ± 1.2 g/m2, respectively. The size orders of PM2.5 and PM10 emission factors are consistent with total suspended particulate (TSP). The characteristics of the TSP emission factor of FRD followed the order NH > PH > CH > Expressway (EW) > MiA > BR > MaA > UE with 27.3, 23.4, 19.4, 13.7, 7.7, 7.4, 6.2, and 3.0 g/VKT (vehicle kilometers traveled), respectively. The annual emissions of TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 from FRD in Jinan in 2020 were about 985.2, 209.8, and 57.8 kt, respectively. Laiwu, Jiyang, and Licheng districts show the top three TSP emissions of FRD; the sum of their emissions accounts for 44.7% of the TSP emissions from FRD in Jinan. TSP emissions from municipal roads and administrative roads accounted for about 29.2% and 70.8% of the total emissions in Jinan, respectively, of which emissions from MiA accounted for the largest proportion of TSP emissions from municipal roads, contributing about 37.9%, while TSP emissions from NH made the largest contribution to TSP emissions from administrative roads, with a contribution of about 35.8%. Based on Monte Carlo simulation results using Crystal Ball, the uncertainty range of the emission inventory of FRD in Jinan ranged from −79.9 to 151.8%. In 2020, about 985,200 tons of road particulate matter in Jinan City entered the atmosphere, having an adverse effect on air quality and human health.

Emission from Internal Combustion Engines and Battery Electric Vehicles: Case Study for Poland

The paper compares the emissions from vehicles including ICEVs (internal combustion engine vehicles) with equivalent emissions from BEVs (battery electric vehicles). Additionally, it analyzes the available source research and the specific energy mix for Poland based on carbon. Mathematical calculations estimate air pollutant emissions. To carry out the analysis and calculations, data were provided by the manufacturers of electricity consumption in the case of vehicles equipped with electric motors and the COPERT model for internal combustion engines. Air pollutants are considered: CO2, NOx, SOx, CO, and Total Suspended Particles (TSP). In addition to exhaust emissions, all solids emissions from road abrasion and tire and brake wear are also considered. The emission of pollutants is estimated based on the emission factors using the average mileage in Polish conditions. The paper compares emissions for three scenarios considering electric vehicles, combustion engine cars, and hybrid cars. Analyses show that introducing cars with electric engines into traffic at the expense of withdrawing vehicles with internal combustion engines is not favorable in Polish conditions. The analysis indicates that CO, CO2, and TSP emissions have decreased, while NOx and SOx emissions have increased.

近20年来京津冀地区土壤风蚀扬尘颗粒物排放变化

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 近20年来京津冀地区土壤风蚀扬尘颗粒物排放变化 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202107151906 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目（2016YFC0501904）；生物多样性调查评估项目（2019HJ2096001006） Changes in the emission of dust particles from soil in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region in the past 20 years Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:京津冀地区是我国大气污染严重区域，土壤扬尘颗粒物排放变化研究对于改善京津冀地区空气质量具有重要意义。收集2000-2019年京津冀地区气候、土壤、植被覆盖数据，分析近20年来京津冀地区土壤扬尘颗粒物排放变化，揭示其变化的影响因素。结果显示2000-2019年京津冀地区土壤扬尘源总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）排放系数均值为1.79 t km-2 a-1，其中PM10占8.99%，PM2.5占0.25%。近20年土壤扬尘源TSP排放系数具有下降趋势，PM10和PM2.5排放系数变化过程与TSP一致。上述变化主要受气候因子变化影响，其次受植被覆盖度影响。分析发现近20年来京津冀地区土壤扬尘源TSP排放系数变化主要受年降水量影响。沧州市、天津市和石家庄市土壤扬尘源TSP、PM10和PM2.5排放系数均值较高，张家口市、保定市和沧州市土壤扬尘源TSP排放量占京津冀地区总量的19.18%、12.98%和11.63%。耕地土壤扬尘排放量最大占京津冀地区总量的59.83%，是抑制土壤扬尘源颗粒物排放的重点关注对象，其次为草地占15.66%。2019年邢台市土壤扬尘源PM10排放占观测值比例最高为12.66%，石家庄市和天津市占比也较高分别为11.09%和10.30%，沧州市和邯郸市占比分别为8.63%和8.02%。上述地区环境管理部门均应关注土壤扬尘源颗粒物排放对空气质量的影响。 Abstract:Soil wind erosion is the process by which the topsoil material departs from the original position due to wind action. The source of soil dust is formed by the particles on the bare ground under the action of nature or manpower. The source of dust caused by soil wind erosion is the main source of fine particles. Particulate matter from the uncovered ground enters the atmosphere and causes air pollution. At present, haze pollution has been the main factor affecting the air quality in cities of China and it has become one of the important factors affecting people's happiness in life. Although the air quality is improving year by year, atmospheric particulate matter is still the primary pollutant that affects the air quality of many cities in China, and soil dust is one of the important factors that cause serious urban particulate pollution. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region is an area with serious air pollution in China, and it is easily affected by sand and dust weather from the Inner Mongolia. According to the air quality status released by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, only 53.1% of the days with good quality in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding areas are lower than the national average of 82.0%. Therefore, studying the changes in the emission of soil dust particles is of great significance for improving the air quality in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. In this study, we collected climate, soil, and vegetation coverage data in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, and analyzed the change of soil dust particulate emission in the region from 2000 to 2019. We also revealed the driving factors, with a view to provide scientific support for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region to reduce the emission of soil dust particles and to improve the air quality together. The results show that from 2000 to 2019 the average total suspended particulate (TSP) emission coefficient of soil dust sources was 1.79 t km-2 a-1, of which PM10 accounted for 8.99% and PM2.5 accounted for 0.25% in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. The TSP emission coefficient of soil dust source had a downward trend in the past 20 years, and the change processes of PM10 and PM2.5 emission coefficients were consistent with TSP. The trend was firstly affected by changes in climatic factors, and secondly by vegetation coverage. Further analysis found that the changes in the TSP emission coefficient of soil dust sources in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region were mainly affected by the annual precipitation. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index of the vegetation showed a very significant upward trend, reflecting the overall improvement in vegetation growth in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from 2000 to 2019. The change of TSP emission coefficient showed a negative correlation with the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, reaching some degree of significant level (P<0.1). Hence, vegetation coverage represented by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index was the secondly factor of TSP emission coefficient change. The TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 emission coefficients of soil dust sources were relatively high in Cangzhou, Tianjin, and Shijiazhuang. The TSP emissions in Zhangjiakou, Baoding and Cangzhou accounted for 19.18%, 12.98% and 11.63% of that in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. The cultivated land accounted for 59.83% of soil dust emissions of the whole region, which is the focus of attention to suppress the emission of particulate matter from soil dust sources, followed by grassland 15.66%. In 2019, Xingtai had the highest proportion (12.66%) of PM10 emissions from soil dust sources, followed by Shijiazhuang (11.09%), Tianjin (10.30%), Cangzhou (8.63%) and Handan (8.02%). Managers of environment-related departments in those cities should pay attention to the impact of soil dust particulate emissions on air quality. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Comparison of Ashes Produced in a Biomass Moving Grate Boiler by Wood Chips and Sewage Sludge

One option to fight global warming is to convert our use of fossil energy into renewables such as biomass energy. However, the forest preservation and the quality of the ambient air are also two major issues. Therefore, the use of biomass waste without any supplementary emissions could represent a part of the solution. In this study, two fuels were considered for a 200 kW moving grate boiler. A multicyclone and a bag filter were fitted on the boiler. The first fuel consisted of classical wood chips whereas the second was a mixture of wood chips with sewage sludge. This second fuel presented a high ashes mass ratio compared to wood chips. The aim was to verify the possibility to burn this kind of fuel without any modification of the installation. The first relevant result is that the conventional pollutants, i.e., CO and NOx, remained under the emissions limits even with the sewage sludge combustion. The Total Suspended Particles emissions at the exhaust were always under 5.4 mg·Nm−3 dry based corrected at 6% of O2, which is low with respect to the standard limitation. The majority of the ashes remained on the combustion room. However, with both fuels, about 5% of ashes mass remained in the heat exchanger. Nevertheless, the heat exchanger was more clogged with the second fuel, which produced five time more ashes. This may lead to a yield loss. Thus, sewage sludge can be used in a wood boiler without any issue if an automatic exchanger sweep is fitted on the installation.

Any Signs of Green Growth? A Spatial Panel Analysis of Regional Air Pollution in South Korea

Focusing on air emissions in South Korean provinces, we investigate whether economic growth has become greener since the implementation of the national green growth strategy in 2009. Given the relevance of regional elements in the economic and environmental policies, the focus lies on spatial aspects. That is, spillovers from nearby provinces are controlled for in a SLX model by means of the Han–Phillips estimator for dynamic panel data. Our results suggest mainly the existence of inverted N-shaped Environmental Kuznets curves for sulfur oxides (SOX) and total suspended particles (TSP). As the curves initially decrease strongly with increasing income, the main cleanup is achieved with the mean income level. However, abatement of the remaining TSP emissions only takes place at higher income levels. While the fixed effects estimations indicate that per capita SOX and TSP emissions have been significantly lower since 2009, the effects vanish once spatial interactions are taken into account and no evidence is found that regional economic growth has become greener. Apart from economic growth, population density and energy consumption are the main drivers of emission changes, with the latter having robust spatial spillovers. The respective spatial interactions decrease with increasing distance and become insignificant after 150 km.

Real-life emissions from residential wood combustion in Austria: From TSP emissions to PAH emission profiles, diagnostic ratios and toxic risk assessment

Residential wood combustion is, besides particulate emissions, also linked to emissions of organic compounds, comprising various toxic substances such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Although, literature data has shown that highest emissions occur during maloperations caused by the user itself, most studies focus on lab-testing not reflecting the situation in the field. This study evaluates the real-life situation in Austria, investigating emissions of total suspended particles (TSP) and particle-bound substances of four manually operated room heaters commonly installed in people's homes. Measurements were conducted within a field measurement campaign realized in the scope of the Clean Air by biomass project. To evaluate the impact of the users' habit two types of combustion experiments were performed, one representing the diversity of possible maloperations and one realized under optimized conditions following a strict optimization protocol. As special focus was laid on PAHs, sampling was realized using a dilution system adapted for the use in the field. Generally, optimization lead to a clear decrease of most compounds (i.e. TSP, OC, EC, PAHs), however, emissions of the anhydrosugar levoglucosan were not affected at all. Total PAH emissions could be clearly reduced, moreover, optimization lead to a shift towards low molecular weight PAHs and thus, less toxic ones, clearly reflected by lower toxicity equivalents. Correlation analysis using the Spearman's rank method showed significantly high correlations among the individual PAH congeners, and rather low ones with other target substances.

Correction and source apportionment of vehicle emission factors obtained from Bolu Mountain Highway Tunnel, Turkey

Total suspended particulate (TSP) samples were collected in the atmosphere of Bolu Mountain Highway Tunnel located on the axis of Edirne-Istanbul-Ankara on the main artery of Turkey, by using PUF samplers between 24 and June 29, 2018. Thirty-five major and trace metals, 11 water-soluble anions and cations, and OC and EC concentrations were determined at the entrance and the exit of the tunnel. Emission factor calculations were carried out with and without correction of the data set against crustal contributions. The non-crustal net concentration data set was used as an input for the factor analysis and factor analysis-multiple linear regression. Factor analysis identified five sources, namely, (1) road dust re-suspension, (2) road cover material and tyre wear abrasion, (3) brake pad solid lubricants, (4) diesel combustion emission, and (5) gasoline- LPG combustion emission. Contributions of identified sources on the TSP concentrations and emission factors were quantified by using the FA-MR technique and the results were discussed. Tin and Sb were identified and reported as the best marker for the brake-related non-exhaust emissions in the road tunnel. FA-MR results showed that 46, 60, 49, and 37% of Ba, Cu, Fe, and Mn, respectively were contributed by dust re-suspension. The main sources of EC (39%) and OC (49%) were observed to be gasoline-LPG emissions and 69% of sulfate and 62% of Pb in TSP fraction was contributed by diesel emission. Tin and Sb were mainly affected by the brake pad solid lubricant factor and 64% of Sn and 53% of Sb were contributed by this factor.

Analysis of the combustion of pellets made with three Cameroonian biomass in a domestic pellet stove

In Sub-Saharan houses, the growing demand of fuels calls for the identification of new renewable and local resources such as biomass, suitable for energy production in small-scale stoves. In these countries, the three-stone-fire type is the most common stove and its use usually leads to high gaseous and particulate emissions. In the present study, combustion experiments of pellets made with three Cameroonian biomass in three different proportions were performed in a domestic pellet stove. The gaseous and particulate emissions were measured in derivations of the exhaust tube through appropriate gas analyzers or collecting filter. The CO concentration was measured between 476 and 675 mg/Nm3, depending on the pellets. The Total Suspended Particles (TSP) were measured in the range 130–240 mg/Nm3, depending on the pellets. These gaseous and TSP emissions were much higher than that obtained when burning normalized EN+ pellets in the same pellet stove. The combustion efficiency was evaluated between 68.5 and 80.2%, depending on the pellets, through standard computations. These values were found in the same range as that (78.2%) obtained when burning normalized EN+ pellets in the same domestic pellet stove.

Effect of transport measures and curfew against COVID-19 spread on air pollution (TSP) in Ecuador’s three most populous cities

Although current circumstances pose challenges to foretelling the future consequences of coronavirus spread, we consider environmental load-related researches became more and more important nowadays perhaps as never before. Many experts believe that the increasingly dire public health emergency situation, policy makers and word leaders should make it possible that the COVID-19 outbreak contributes to a transition of sustainable consumption. With the purpose of contributing to rethink the importance of sustainability efforts, here we present total suspended particulates (TSP) results which represent traffic emission caused air pollution in the three most populous cities of Ecuador obtained before, during, and after the: (i) the traffic measures entered into force on state level; (ii) curfew entered into force on state level; (iii) and quarantine entered into force (in Guayaquil, and whole Guayas province). We documented significant decrease in TSP emissions (PM2.5 and PM10) compared to normal traffic operation obtained from some four lanes roads in Quito, Guayaquil, and Cuenca. The most remarkable fall in suspended particulate values (96.47% decrease in PM2.5) compared to emission observed before traffic measures occurred in Cuenca.

Effect of transport measures and curfew against COVID-19 spread on air pollution (TSP) in Ecuador’s three most populous cities

Although the current situation poses challenges to foretelling the future consequences of coronavirus spread, we consider that environmental load-related research has become more important than ever before. Many experts believe that in the framework of increasingly dire public health emergency, policy and decision makers should facilitate COVID-19 outbreak to transitioning to sustainable consumption and production. With the purpose of evaluating the importance of sustainability efforts, here we describe the total suspended particulates (TSP), originating from traffic emissions, caused by air pollution in the three most populous cities of Ecuador. Compared are measurements taken prior to, during, and after (i) traffic measures entered into force at national level; (ii) curfew entered into force at national level; and (iii) quarantine entered into force (in Guayaquil, and whole Guayas province). We documented significant decrease in TSP emissions (PM2.5 and PM10) as compared to normal traffic proceeding in four-lane roads, in the cities of Quito, Guayaquil, and Cuenca. The most substantial drop in suspended particulate values (96.47% decrease in PM2.5) relative to emissions observed prior to restricting traffic occurred in Cuenca.

A cleaner biomass energy production by optimization of the operational range of a fabric filter

Biomass combustion is the first renewable energy in the world. Nevertheless, its particles emissions are denounced. Nowadays, one of the most efficient second abatement emissions systems (SAES) for the particles consists of fabric filter. Nevertheless, this high trapping efficiency system is often bypassed due to condensation or burning issues. Small to medium-scale biomass combustion equipment are becoming an attractive non-fossil local and renewable energy means of production. Nevertheless, they remain poorly equipped with SAES because of their variable power output and subsequent condensation issues. This work presents an optimization of the working temperature range for fabric filter in order to produce a cleaner energy. The present study clearly demonstrates that the dew point temperature of the smoke, for any combustion conditions and any fuels, is always higher than 70 °C while the safety temperature of the fabric classically is 110 °C. Experimentations show condensation issues occur only during power change. The simulation of the optimization on the temperature range shows that the Total Suspended Particles emissions can be reduced by 55% (mass fractions) for the same energy production.

Regional Inequality and Influencing Factors of Primary PM Emissions in the Yangtze River Delta, China

In recent years, haze pollution has become more and more serious in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD). However, the impact mechanism of socio-economic factors on primary particulate matter (PM) emissions remains unclear. Based on the provincial primary PM emission data in the YRD from 1995 to 2014, this paper used Slope, Theil index, and Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIAPAT) models to quantitatively identify the regional differences of primary PM emissions and explore the key influencing factors. The results showed that primary fine particulate matter (PM2.5), inhalable particulate (PM10), and total suspended particulate (TSP) emissions all featured an upward trend of fluctuation over the study period. The regional differences in primary TSP emissions in the YRD region was gradually shrinking and the regional differences of primary PM2.5 and PM10 emissions presented a rising trend of fluctuation. The estimated coefficient of population size, energy structure, and fixed assets investment (FAI) were all significantly positive at the level of 1%. The negative effect of economic growth on energy PM emissions was significant under the level of 1%. The increase of foreign direct investment (FDI) had different effects on primary PM2.5, PM10, and TSP emissions. In addition, the influence of energy intensity on primary PM emission from energy consumption are mainly negative but not significant even under the level of 10%. These conclusions have guiding significance for the formulation of PM emission reduction policy without affecting YRD’s economic development.

Dispersion modelling of carbon monoxide and total suspended particulate emission from cement stacks: case study of PT. Semen Tonasa in Indonesia

&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; Industrial activities in the cement production process produce emissions in the form of carbon monoxide (CO) and total suspended particulate (TSP) which have potential to cause environmental pollution in settlements around the industrial area. This study aimed to estimate the distribution emissions of CO and TSP concentrations at six settlements location around PT. Semen Tonasa of Pangkep Regency in a year.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; This observasional study was conducted by using descriptive approach. This study was conducted on May–June 2018. Meterological data used for this study were air temperature, solar radiation, wind direction, and wind speed in 2014–2017 collected from Maros Climatology Station and data about seven main stack characteristics in 2014–2017 were collected from environmental services of South Sulawesi Province. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; The highest CO and TSP concentrations predicted in each location were respectively, 17.02 μg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; and 6.56 μg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; at Bontoa, 27.52 μg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; and 10.4 μg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; at Taraweang, 443.65 μg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; and 148.41 μg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; at Masjid Taqwa, 22.21 μg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; and 3.1 μg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; at Biringere, 1.17 μg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; and 1.36 μg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; at Kampung Sela, 19.07 μg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; and at 15.54 μg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; at Mangilu.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; The dominant direction of CO and TSP dispersion was from the west. The highest concentrations were predicted at Masjid Taqwa in the most month. Maximum CO and TSP concentrations were not higher than the local regulation. Thus, it can be concluded that CO and TSP emissions from the cement plant have no impact on health in nearby communities.&lt;/p&gt;

Does chronic disease influence susceptibility to the effects of air pollution on depressive symptoms in China?

BackgroundExogenous stressors resulting from air pollution can lead to depression and chronic disease. Chinese levels of air pollution are among the highest in the world, and although associated adverse health effects are gradually emerging, research determining individual vulnerability is limited. This study estimated the association between air pollution and depressive symptoms and identified whether chronic disease influences an individual’s susceptibility to depressive symptoms relating to air pollution.MethodsIndividual sample data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study and a group of city-level variables in 2011 and 2013 were used with the random effects model and Tobit model. Adjustments were made for demographic, socioeconomic status, health behavior, and city-level climate variables with respect to living areas. Analysis was also stratified using chronic disease characteristics.ResultsThe total Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale evaluating depressive symptoms ranged between 7 and 28 [average 11.623 (SD = 4.664)]. An 1% increase in sulfur dioxide and total suspended particulate emission intensities was associated with depressive symptoms scores that were 1.266 (SE = 0.107, P < 0.001, 95% CI 1.057–1.475) and 1.318 (SE = 0.082, P < 0.001, 95% CI 1.157–1.480) higher, respectively. Compared to respondents without chronic disease, those with chronic diseases such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes or high blood sugar, cardiovascular diseases, cancer or malignant tumor, liver disease, chronic lung diseases, kidney disease, stomach or other digestive disease, arthritis or rheumatism, and asthma had scores that were higher for depressive symptoms.ConclusionsResults confirm that the adverse health effects of air pollution should be considered when developing air pollution policies. Findings also provide justification for mental health interventions targeting air pollution exposure, especially for people with chronic diseases.

Quantifying the uncertainties of China's emission inventory for industrial sources: From national to provincial and city scales

A comprehensive uncertainty analysis was conducted on emission inventories for industrial sources at national (China), provincial (Jiangsu), and city (Nanjing) scales for 2012. Based on various methods and data sources, Monte-Carlo simulation was applied at sector level for national inventory, and at plant level (whenever possible) for provincial and city inventories. The uncertainties of national inventory were estimated at −17–37% (expressed as 95% confidence intervals, CIs), −21–35%, −19–34%, −29–40%, −22–47%, −21–54%, −33–84%, and −32–92% for SO2, NOX, CO, TSP (total suspended particles), PM10, PM2.5, black carbon (BC), and organic carbon (OC) emissions respectively for the whole country. At provincial and city levels, the uncertainties of corresponding pollutant emissions were estimated at −15–18%, −18–33%, −16–37%, −20–30%, −23–45%, −26–50%, −33–79%, and −33–71% for Jiangsu, and −17–22%, −10–33%, −23–75%, −19–36%, −23–41%, −28–48%, −45–82%, and −34–96% for Nanjing, respectively. Emission factors (or associated parameters) were identified as the biggest contributors to the uncertainties of emissions for most source categories except iron & steel production in the national inventory. Compared to national one, uncertainties of total emissions in the provincial and city-scale inventories were not significantly reduced for most species with an exception of SO2. For power and other industrial boilers, the uncertainties were reduced, and the plant-specific parameters played more important roles to the uncertainties. Much larger PM10 and PM2.5 emissions for Jiangsu were estimated in this provincial inventory than other studies, implying the big discrepancies on data sources of emission factors and activity data between local and national inventories. Although the uncertainty analysis of bottom-up emission inventories at national and local scales partly supported the “top-down” estimates using observation and/or chemistry transport models, detailed investigations and field measurements were recommended for further improving the emission estimates and reducing the uncertainty of inventories at local and regional scales, for both industrial and other sectors.

Combustion tests of grape marc in a multi-fuel domestic boiler

New sources of renewable energy have to be found in order to cope with possible fossil fuel scarcity. Among the renewable energy mix, biomass burning has an almost neutral CO2 balance, especially when local biomass sourcing is possible. Among the diverse biomass sources, agricultural by-products such as rice husk, corn waste, palm waste, sugarcane, date palm, olive mill wastewater… can be seen as renewable biomass fuels. The present study considers the combustion process of grape marc in a domestic boiler. The optimization of the heat recovery process was mainly carried out using grape marc blended with wood pellets and/or miscanthus. The combustion process was assessed considering the molar carbon ratio ([CO]/[CO]+[CO2]) and the total heat losses. These parameters have been chosen as they represent respectively the quality of the combustion in terms of CO conversion and the total efficiency of this combustion process. Gas and particulate matter emissions were estimated. It has been observed that the addition of grape marc with mass ratios in the range 25–33wt% has no significant effect on the combustion efficiency (molar carbon ratio lower than 1.3%) and on the Total Suspended Particles emissions (TSP ranged from 20 to 40mgNm−3 at 10% O2) for both mixtures. An efficient combustion of the blend miscanthus/grape marc at weight proportion 50/50 could also be achieved. The homogenization of mixtures of wood pellets and grape marc at 50/50wt% was difficult to realize and led to relative high CO emissions. Is has also been observed that Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emissions depend on the nitrogen content of the blend but remaining acceptable (less than 260mg/Nm3 at 10% of O2). The feasibility of grape marc burning at domestic scale was therefore proved.

Concentrations and Emissions of Particulate Matter from Intensive Pig Production at a Large Farm in North China

ABSTRACTParticulate matter (PM) pollution from pig farms is of increasing environmental concern due to the rapid development of intensively managed pig farms worldwide. However, information on this topic is scarce in China to date. Therefore a two-year study to monitor the dynamics of total suspended particles (TSP) and particulate matter with diameter less than 10 µm (PM10) and their soluble ions was conducted at an industrial pig farm near Beijing. In total, two fattening pig houses were sampled during three fattening periods from 2010 to 2011. Daily mean indoor TSP and PM10 concentrations were 1.85 and 0.63 mg m–3 on average. The emissions of PM per livestock unit (LU unit =500 kg), and per unit area (m2) from the pig house averaged 467.5 mg h–1 LU–1 and 38.6 mg h–1 m–2 for TSP, while those for PM10 averaged 256.7 mg h–1 LU–1 and 16.8 mg h–1 m–2, respectively. Particulate NH4+ in both TSP and PM10 showed significant positive correlations with particulate NO3– and SO42– inside and outside the pig houses. Daily mean indoor concentrations of secondary inorganic aerosol (sum of NH4+, NO3– and SO42–) ranged from 10.8 to 368.8 µg m–3 (average 116 µg m–3) in TSP and from 5.1 to 220.1 µg m–3 (average 58.6 µg m–3) in PM10. Contributions of secondary inorganic PM to TSP and PM10 emissions varied from 0.3 to 50.8% and from 1.0 to 48.7%, respectively, with averages of 12.0 and 13.9%. Our results suggest elevated PM and secondary inorganic PM concentrations and substantial emissions of PM from the fattening pig houses in China.

The impact of domestic and foreign trade on energy-related PM emissions in Beijing

Particulate matter (PM) adversely affects air quality, human health and the climate, and it is more prevalent in urban areas. Few efforts have been made to quantify the impact of trade on PM concentrations in an urban economy. This paper presents an analysis of the impacts of domestic and international trade on PM emissions in Beijing using a three-scale input–output model, supported by the national and global embodied energy-related PM2.5, PM10 and TSP (total suspended particulate) emission intensities. The results found that the total energy-related PM2.5, PM10 and TSP emissions (production-based) in Beijing were 106Gg, 163Gg and 347Gg, respectively, in 2010. Of these amounts, 48% (51Gg, 74Gg and 146Gg, respectively) was associated with local demand, 42% (44Gg, 73Gg and 168Gg, respectively) was associated with domestic exports, and 10% (11Gg, 16Gg and 33Gg, respectively) was associated with international exports. From a consumption perspective, Beijing’s PM2.5, PM10 and TSP emissions were more than double the production-based PM emissions. Approximately 75% (172Gg, 311Gg and 786Gg, respectively) of the consumption-based PM emissions were domestically outsourced to other provinces, primarily via the import of metal (32Gg, 58Gg and 151Gg), construction (26Gg, 36Gg and 91Gg) and chemical products (16Gg, 30Gg and 75Gg), and 3% (8Gg, 10Gg and 24Gg, respectively) of consumption-based PM emissions were outsourced abroad. Our results indicate that domestic trade plays a dominant role in Beijing’s PM2.5 emissions. These findings suggest that more national and sub-national government should co-ordinate design and implement effective mechanisms to alleviate urban air pollution because of the significant effects of interprovincial and international trade on local emissions.

Concentration, size, and density of total suspended particulates at the air exhaust of concentrated animal feeding operations

Total suspended particulate (TSP) samples were seasonally collected at the air exhaust of 15 commercial concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs; including swine finishing, swine farrowing, swine gestation, laying hen, and tom turkey) in the U.S. Midwest. The measured TSP concentrations ranged from 0.38 ± 0.04 mg m−3 (swine gestation in summer) to 10.9 ± 3.9 mg m−3 (tom turkey in winter) and were significantly affected by animal species, housing facility type, feeder type (dry or wet), and season. The average particle size of collected TSP samples in terms of mass median equivalent spherical diameter ranged from 14.8 ± 0.5 µm (swine finishing in winter) to 30.5 ± 2.0 µm (tom turkey in summer) and showed a significant seasonal effect. This finding affirmed that particulate matter (PM) released from CAFOs contains a significant portion of large particles. The measured particle size distribution (PSD) and the density of deposited particles (on average 1.65 ± 0.13 g cm−3) were used to estimate the mass fractions of PM10 and PM2.5 (PM ≤10 and ≤2.5 μm, respectively) in the collected TSP. The results showed that the PM10 fractions ranged from 12.7 ± 5.1% (tom turkey) to 21.1 ± 3.2% (swine finishing), whereas the PM2.5 fractions ranged from 3.4 ± 1.9% (tom turkey) to 5.7 ± 3.2% (swine finishing) and were smaller than 9.0% at all visited CAFOs. This study applied a filter-based method for PSD measurement and deposited particles as a surrogate to estimate the TSP’s particle density. The limitations, along with the assumptions adopted during the calculation of PM mass fractions, must be recognized when comparing the findings to other studies.Implications: The concentration, size, and density of TSP samples varied greatly with animal species, housing facility type, feeder type, and season, suggesting that PM emission data derived from limited measurements may not be readily applied to estimate the overall emission from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs). This study also affirmed that particles released from CAFOs is of relatively high density (~1.65 g cm−3) and with diameter mostly larger than 10 µm, indicating that regular PM abatement devices, such as cyclones, fabric filters, or even a simple downward-facing exhaust duct, may be employed to mitigate the TSP emission with acceptable efficiency.