Total State Budget Research Articles

Implementasi Perencanaan Manajemen Marketing Solution Services Perusahaan Pedagang Besar Farmasi & Alat Kesehatan Di PT. Jagat Pharma Abadi

The health budget over the past five years has experienced a significant increase in 2020, a budget of 119.9 trillion (T) increased to 124.4 trillion (T) in 2021, 134.8 trillion (T) in 2022, and 172.5 trillion (T) in 2023. In 2024, this budget is projected at 186.4 trillion (T), or 5.6% of the state budget. This budget increased by 8.1% or 13.9 trillion compared to 2023. Of the total state budget for the Ministry of Health of 186.4 trillion, it is projected that the distribution will flow to Rp2,537,921,988,000.00 for Vertical Hospitals (RS) and Rp2,021,730,483,000.00 for Regional General Hospitals. The purpose of this research is to see how much potential this business has for the Jakarta and Banten areas. This method uses a working framework for this business plan, which consists of marketing objectives, marketing strategy, mix management, sales volume and company revenue plan. The results of this study are goals and objectives in the pende, long-term and long-term which are the benchmarks for the study in achieving the targets in each division. The conclusion of this study explains how the company achieves the predetermined targets by using methods in marketing planning by using the maximum number of sales and budget. This research explains that the method or way of achieving the company's target needs continuity between each division.

Evaluating Tax Compliance Cost on SME Performance in Vietnam

This study focuses on the burden of tax compliance of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Vietnam which is a vital component of Vietnam economy, accounted for 45% GDP and 31% of total State budget revenue, attract more than 5 million employees. Based on a quick survey on the compliance cost and their impact on the performance of Vietnamese SMEs, we try to make a contribution not only for researchers but also for legal and taxation system to improve the transparency of accounting information system, internal control of the firms. The result of our study suggests that among those tax compliance cost in the SMEs: external, internal tax cost, and miscellaneous tax cost, the internal tax cost accounted for the major expenses in tax compliance in Vietnam, after that the miscellaneous tax cost also a significant cost for complying with tax regulation. External costs were evaluated at low percentage compared to the left component of tax procedure cost. With this result, study have shown some tax compliance cost type making burden for SME as well as evaluating issue in tax system in Vietnam.

Effect of Ukraine’s public debt management on its macroeconomic development: VAR modeling

One of the tools of economic policy of any country is efficient public debt management, which influences and determines the dynamics of key macroeconomic indicators. The study aims to assess how public debt management affects Ukraine’s macroeconomic development. The analyzed period includes data of 2015–2021. Econometric modeling is used to establish the existence of causal relationships between the dynamics of public debt and changes in key macroeconomic indicators using the Granger causality test and VAR (Vector Autoregression) model. The obtained results demonstrate that during the study period, the strongest links existed between the public debt and GDP, debt servicing and Ukraine’s total state budget expenditures, public debt and consumer price index, real effective exchange rate index of the hryvnia to the US dollar, and political stability index. At the same time, the calculations proved that public debt does not have a significant impact on foreign direct investment and the level of imports of goods and services. The proposed model allows for forecasts for future periods and can be used in developing public debt management policy.

ALOKASI ANGGARAN PENDIDIKAN DALAM ANGGARAN PENDAPATAN DAN BELANJA NEGARA (APBN) DI INDONESIA

Abstract. Education as a learning tool that can increase insight and knowledge and make the community have more value and be able to explore and develop them existing potentials, so that they become quality human resources. The government provides an allocation of education funds with a minimum amount of 20% of the total state budget each year. With this high budget allocation, education in Indonesia should be able to reach all people. However, children drop out of school still happen because of motivation and economic factors. Most of the education budget allocation is still used for the payment of salaries for teachers so that the education quality has not been considered, even though it should be with a large budget that the education quality can be improved and developed. The purpose of this study is to find out how the education budget allocations in the APBN in Indonesia. The research method is to conduct a literature review. The results obtained are: 1. Education budget is allocated more for local governments than for the central government. 2. Indonesia has a large proportion of the expenditure budget and this budget is mostly used to pay teachers. 3. There has been no effort to improve the quality of education that has been able to motivate people to attend education.

IMPROVE THE INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT TO STRENGTHEN ATTRACT FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN VIETNAM

The World Bank (WB) has forecast the lowest growth outlook for the global market since 1993 with a growth rate of 1.7% (except for the two years of the Covid 19 pandemic). This reflects the difficult situation of the world economy when facing the consequences of the global COVID 19 epidemic, strategic competition between major countries, geopolitical conflicts in Europe, and the Russia - Ukraine war and the recent outbreak of conflict in the Middle East between Israel and Harmas. These events have made the economic recession more and more severe, pushing the risk of increased inflation, supply chain disruption, and the risk of food shortage globally. Vietnam is one of the few countries with growth in the years affected by the pandemic, however the growth rate in 2023 does not meet expectations (6.5%) and Inflation is at risk of increasing. However, attracting foreign investment is one of the important momentium forces to help the economy quickly restore growth. Exports (including crude oil) of the region foreign investment (FDI) in 2022 reached more than 275.9 billion USD, an increase of 11.8% compared to 2021, accounting for 74.3% of the country's total export turnover. Imports reached more than 233.2 billion USD, an increase of 6.7% compared to 2021, accounting for 65% of the country's total import turnover. The FDI sector had a trade surplus of more than 42.7 billion USD, including crude oil, while the domestic business sector had a trade deficit of more than 30.3 billion USD. The FDI sector's contribution to the state budget reached about 21.2 billion USD, an increase of 21.4% compared to 2021, accounting for 28% of total state budget revenue, an increase of more than 2.2% compared to the proportion of contributions to the state budget. total budget revenue in 2021. With such a crucial role, foreign investment capital tended to decrease in 2022, total foreign investment capital (including new registration, adjustment and capital contribution and share purchase) reached nearly 29.3 billion USD, down 24.6% over the same period in 2021. Facing both domestic and international challenges, Vietnam has many solutions to continue improving the investment environment both institutions. mechanisms as well as the business environment to continue to be an attractive destination for foreign investors.

Intra-regional Development Disparities: Virtual Regions Strategy for Development of Tribal Communities and Water-stressed Regions in Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana

Intra-regional Development Disparities: Virtual Regions Strategy for Development of Tribal Communities and Water-stressed Regions in Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana

ORGANIZATIONAL AND MANAGERIAL SYSTEM OF DEVELOPMENT OF SPORTS AND HEALTH ACTIVITIES IN UKRAINE: CURRENT STATE AND NATIONAL PECULIARITIES

The subject of the study is the process of assessing the current state and national characteristics of organizational and managerial system of development of sports and recreational activities in the transformation of the national economy. Methodology. General scientific methods used in the study, in particular: theoretical generalization; methods of positive and normative analysis and statistical analysis. The purpose of the research is the process of assessing the current state and national characteristics of the organizational and management system of development of sports and recreational activities. The conclusion of the study. The main legislative and regulatory documents regulating sports and health activities in Ukraine are defined, including the Constitution of Ukraine, the Civil Code of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine "On Physical Culture and Sports" and the Law of Ukraine "The Fundamentals of Legislation of Ukraine on Health Protection". Legislation of Ukraine aimed at regulating the state policy of sport and health and divides it into separate spheres: health (health care) and sport (physical education and sports), according to which the state policy of both spheres, created on the principles of efficiency and humanity orientation, equal access and health, modern orientation, yet must understand the combination of sport and sphere in achieving the main goal – "preservation and restoration of physiological and psychological functions, optimal labor and social activity with maximum biological possibilities of individual life." It is established that in Ukraine the medical sphere may be financed from different sources: state and local budgets, insurance and charity funds, other financial sources not prohibited by law. Analysis has shown that in Ukraine the level of budget expenditures on health care does not exceed 3% of GDP, while according to the World Health Organization, a necessary condition for the effective functioning of the medical sector is the level of budget expenditures on health care from 6% to 8%, determined by the amount of GDP. It is analyzed that in 2015 in Ukraine there was an actual decrease in the level of health care in % (from 3.6% to 3.0%). If to take into account the parallel reduction of state expenditures as a whole for the studied period, it is possible to state a decrease in the level of efficiency of expenditures on health care in the structure of the reduction of total state budget expenditures. The analysis showed that in the structure of central government spending (including transfers) for 2015-2020, the share of spending on health care (as a percentage of GDP from 3.2% to 2.5%, and as a percentage of the state budget from 11.0% to 9.6%) decreased, the share of spending on spiritual and physical development remained virtually the same, and the share of spending on economic activity, security, the judiciary and defense increased. It has been proven that in parallel with the centralized method of providing a package of basic medical services in Ukraine, the "additional subsidy for the maintenance of health care and educational institutions" has been significantly reduced. Not all communities were ready for this change, and new low-income communities and those that could not cover all the necessary costs of development, health care, physical education and sports were ready for this change and enjoy the need to find new opportunities for funding sports and health.

The social assistance system in Poland and its financing in 2015-2018 as a factor of the stabilization of the socio-economic policy of the state in turbulent conditions

Most developed countries in the world strive to provide their citizens with adequate living conditions and ensure a high level of social security. This security system also includes social assistance, which is the last level of state policy in supporting its citizens who find themselves in a difficult life situation. Apart from fulfilling a protective role, the social welfare system also plays a stabilizing role in the socio-economic policy of the state. Problems related to the social system and financial resources allocated to their functioning from the state budget are the subject of many scientific publications around the world. Meanwhile, in Poland, there are few scientific publications on the effectiveness and financing of expenditure for social purposes, including the social assistance system. Identifying the level of financial resources allocated to the social assistance system may be the first step to rationalizing the system of financial transfers from the state budget. The article aims is to identify the level of budgetary expenditure allocated in Poland in 2015-2018 to the social assistance system. The analyzes carried out indicate that in the period 2015-2018, budget expenditure on the social assistance system and supporting families increased. In 2018, these expenses accounted for as much as 12.7% of the total state budget expenditure. There is a noticeable tendency consisting of reducing financial resources allocated to social assistance while increasing budgetary transfers directed to families with children - government's "Family 500+" program.

Cancellation of Benefits for Orders and Medals of the USSR after the End of World War II: economic reasons

Introduction. During the great Patriotic war (1941–1945) to encourage soldiers at the front and workers in the rear, the state established a large number of awards in addition to those available at the beginning of the war. Awarded persons by many orders and medals received a monthly material payment, differentiated depending on the significance of the award, as well as various benefits for travel, payment of taxes, etc. Only two years after the end of the war, all benefits and payments were abolished. The article attempts to consider the circumstances of cancellation of payments for state awards against the background of the difficult economic and political situation in which the USSR found itself after the war. Materials and Methods. Archival materials, published data of official statistics, as well as scientific literature were used to solve the research tasks. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study were the methods of socio-economic history. The study was conducted on the basis of the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency. The need to process quantitative data led to the use of the statistical method. Results. On the basis of the study of archival and published sources, as well as available scientific literature, the conditions, factors and main parameters of the economic situation in the Soviet Union were considered. For the first time in the postwar years, the USSR was in a difficult economic situation. This was facilitated by the following factors: huge material costs during the war, comparable to the costs of the main allies combined; drought and crop failure 1946–1947 leading to starvation and a dramatic deterioration of the standard of life; economic and financial assistance to countries “people’s democracies” of Central and Eastern Europe; the enormous costs of Armed forces and the “atomic project” in connection with the beginning of the cold war. Discussion and Conclusion. The amount of payments for orders and medals was simply huge, in 1945, amounting to 1.2 % of the total state budget of the country. Despite recognition of merits of veterans in a victory, the state in the hardest post-war economic situation was simply not able to provide material payments on awards. On the one hand, the redirection of significant financial resources, as well as a number of other measures, allowed to improve the economic situation relatively. Already in 1948, the card system was abolished and prices for many vital goods were reduced (for example, in the UK, cards were abolished only in 1954). On the other hand, the abolition of benefits undermined the prestige of state awards in the eyes of veterans.

Financiranje državnih arhiva kroz programe javnih potreba u kulturi Republike Hrvatske

U članku su prezentirani rezultati analize financiranja državnih arhiva proračunskim sredstvima namijenjenim financiranju javnih potreba u kulturi Republike Hrvatske u posljednjem desetogodišnjem razdoblju. Dane su nove spoznaje o financiranju arhivâ, što se uobičajeno navodi među ključnim čimbenicima (uz prostorne i ljudske resurse) koji utječu na stanje arhivske službe u Hrvatskoj. Rezultati analize sistematizirani su u obliku grafikona i tabličnih prikaza. Interpretirani su u širem kontekstu kretanja relativnoga udjela Ministarstva kulture u državnom proračunu Republike Hrvatske te ulaganja u programe drugih kulturnih djelatnosti. Između ostaloga, rezultati pokazuju vrstu, opseg i kontinuitet aktivnosti na koje su arhivi u sustavu javne arhivske službe stavljali naglasak, te njihovu podudarnost s osnovnim zadaćama arhivâ. Zajedno s pregledom kretanja iznosa odobrenih sredstava, takvi su podatci i jedan od pokazatelja odnosa države prema arhivskoj djelatnosti. Mogućnost praktične primjene rezultata istraživanja je u tome što daju podlogu za preispitivanje pristupa državnih arhiva u planiranju arhivskih programa, kao i metodologije financiranja od strane mjerodavnoga ministarstva.

FINANCING THE PRESERVATION OF HISTORICAL BUILDINGS IN TURKEY

According to the Turkish legal system, immovable cultural properties are identified either as single properties or as conservation sites. Once registered as a cultural heritage by the state, development rights on immovable properties is strictly restricted, and the owner is responsible for the building’s maintenance, repair and restoration costs. Since maintenance expenses of a building increase with time, owners of historic buildings eventually face greater financial burdens than most can bear, resulting in the deterioration and decay of historical buildings. The aim of the paper is to trace the historical development of the state’s share in the restoration of the immovable cultural heritage of the country. Total state budget designated for credits and donations for the owners of such buildings has increased over the years, but its percentages compared to other items of the national budget did not show dramatic change in the last 50 years. In the paper, the evolution of the different financial instruments utilized by Turkey’s central and local governments for restoration of qualified historical buildings will be presented and criticized in terms of their performance based on archive research and an empirical study for calculation of an estimate financial need for restoration of all registered historical buildings in Turkey. Finally a proposal will be made for developing new financial instruments to enable the preservation of immovable cultural properties.

EXPENDITURE ON ASIF IN THE YEARS 1991-2018 AS AN EXAMPLE OF THE REDISTRIBUTIVE FUNCTION OF POLAND’S AGRICULTURAL BUDGET

The aim of the paper was to indicate the size of expenditure on the Agricultural Social Insurance Fund (ASIF) on the background of changes that occurred in the agricultural budget, state budget and GDP in almost the entire period of adjustment of the Polish economy to market conditions. This period covers the years 1991-2018 and concerns budgetary expenditure supplementing the deficit, in particular the Pension Fund of ASIF as an example of the implementation of the redistributive function of the state budget. The study covered the share of expenditure on the agricultural sector in the total expenditure of the state budget and in the developed Gross Domestic Product, as a reference to the economic situation in the economy. The analyses showed that the share of budgetary expenditure on rural areas, agriculture and agricultural markets, in the analysed period, increased significantly after Poland’s integration with the EU, which primarily constituted a pro-development impulse. Expenditure on ASIF benefits, in a way, reflect the satisfaction of social needs related to rural areas and agriculture. The share of social expenditure (on ASIF) in total state budget expenditure decreased at the same time. However, it is noticeable that the nominal volume of these expenditures slightly increased in relation to the stabilised level (ca. PLN 17.5 billion) from past years. The authors believe that this amount should not be lower, because the social insurance system of farmers has been effectively “sealed” and additionally there is an increase in pension ben

The Role of Social Factors in Students’ Entry to Open and Distance Universities of Iran

Background: Higher education has a great influence on the growth and development of societies. Several social factors depend on public demand for higher education. Objectives: The purpose of this research is to identify the most important social factors affecting the registration of students at Payam-e-Noor University (PNU). Methods: Two methods were used in order to achieve the research goal. In the first part, an analytical documentary method was used to extract the indicators. In the second part, the least squares regression model, was used for data Undergraduate students were studied at PNU in 2001 - 2014. Results: The results of the research showed that the total population of the country (0.146; P = 0.048) and the high education budget (0.294, P = 0.075) had a positive and significant effect on enrollment at PNU. Total state budget (-0.016, P = 0.582) and the number of secondary school students (-4.241, P = 0.329) had a negative impact on student entrance to PNU. Conclusions: Total state population and higher education budget had a considerable impact on the student population in PNU.

PERIMBANGAN KEUANGAN ANTARA PUSAT DAN DAERAH: TRANSFER PUSAT KE DAERAH, PEMERATAAN KEUANGAN DAERAH DAN KAPASITAS DAERAH

AbstrakCurrently, the transfer of fonds from the Central to Local Governmentalways leads the local financial structure. Local Government is mostdependent toward the amount of transfer funds. The result is the regionbecomes not independent, and as it goes, by regional autonomy is not able toperform optimally. This research also shows that only a few regions thathave large Regional Revenue (PAD) and not much dependent with thetransfer of the Central Government. Of the various problems that arise onthe transfer offunds to region in the balancefimd (danaperimbangan), thenamount of transfer to region has annual range in the 30%. If the number isviewed cumulatively both percentage and value, is the third of the' total Statebudget each year. A relatively small number be given but also being attachedimmensely regional affairs obliged and 'certain threats' if they won't tocarry it.

A Theoretical Analysis of Medicaid Supplantation

Matching grants inevitably provide lower level governments with an incentive to relabel expenditures so that they become eligible for a match. The author terms such behavior supplantation. Anecdotes and some systematic empirical evidence suggests that supplantation may be widespread in Medicaid—the United States's largest intergovernmental matching grant program. The author develops a theoretical model of Medicaid supplantation. States supplant because it increases their access to resources. Supplantation is costly, however, because it requires states to justify their adherence to federal rules. Supplantation increases with the federal match rate and declines with federal scrutiny but does not change with the total state budget or the state's “taste” for legitimate Medicaid services. Somewhat surprisingly, legitimate Medicaid services risewith the level of supplantation because total state resources are increased. An exploratory normative analysis demonstrates that if supplantation is possible the first-best allocation cannot be achieved through matching grants. Policy implications are discussed briefly.

Is the Budget Crisis Changing the Way We Look at Sentencing and Incarceration?

Justice, 2002. Should cost matter when it comes to deciding who goes to prison and for how long? The process and results of sentencing reform in most states suggest that, until recently, the standard answer to this question has been no. During the 1980s and 1990s, economically costly measures such as stiff mandatory minimum sentences, three-strikes legislation, and truth-in-sentencing laws were planted or took root. Critics of the reforms argued that spendthrift lawmakers driven by political gain and fear of appearing OsoftO ignored the Þscal ramiÞcations of new policy. Tough-on-crime advocates asserted that no price was too high for initiatives that would protect public safety. There is little debate about who won the argument: during the last two decades of the twentieth century, AmericaOs incarcerated population grew more than 281 percent, Þnally approaching two million; expenditures for state and local corrections increased 601 percent. A growing body of evidence suggests that the tide of opinion is now changing: in the twenty-Þrst century, Þscal impact does appear to matter. From Louisiana to Iowa, from Ohio to Washington, in every corner of the United States, lawmakers have been looking to slow corrections spending as they grapple with the nationOs most serious economic downturn in a decade (for many, the Þrst of their careers). As we reach the midpoint of 2002, 39 states have lowered their annual revenue projections. Of these, 24 have already reported that they will not meet even their revised targets. Spending has exceeded budgets in 33 states. Spending cuts are on the table in forty. Nationwide, estimates of the total state budget shortfall for Þscal year 2002 range from $27 billion to $38 billion. Lawmakers are responding to these conditions in several ways. Some have taken predictable immediate action to stanch the sow of expenditures by closing prisons, cutting corrections staffs, and eliminating what they deem to be none ssential programs. Others have revisited particular sentencing policies and instituted limited reforms (e.g., reducing sentencing ranges and repealing mandatory minimums) hoping to cut corrections spending by slowing or even reversing prison population growth. As a result of steady reductions in crime that have eroded public fear and expanded votersO appetites for alternative corrections strategies, these ofÞcials are discovering political latitude to make broader policy changes. Is the Budget Crisis Changing the Way We Look at Sentencing and Incarceration?

Entrepreneur and the state-managed economy under socialism

The paper deals with institutional change in Poland. The accompanying pherlomenon is an escalating wave of entrepreneurial ventures. They take on different legal forms. The most popular, limited liability companies, emerge in the private, the cooperative, and the state sectors, and often across these sectors. These developments give rise to new interest groups which generally support a market reform. The conflict between the market oriented sector and the administered sector becomes one of the main factors influencing the economic policies of the state. In the paper, the development of the private sector is analyzed with the use of measures relating to the proportion of revenues from the private sector in the total state budget revenues.

The Financing and Future of the Educational System of West Germany

Modern mass education is a product of the affluent society. A long period of educational expansion of historically unique proportions in West Germany could be financed only by means of a steady increase in wealth based on constant economic growth and the consequent increase in the proportion of the gross national product available for public spending. [1, p. 458] But with the onset of the economic recession in the 1970s, the growth of the gross national product and of the total state budget suffered, and the part available for financing the educational system diminished. It was not, however, just the economic and financial conditions which changed: the priorities and values attached to educational policy underwent a change too. With the decline of the economic boom came the decline of the boom in education. At the same time, abrupt changes in the development of the population structure produced demographic waves which created the totally new phenomenon of an educational system contracting at the lower lev...

Courts and Public Purse Strings: Have Portraits of Budgeting Missed Something?

Do judges make budget decisions? At one time the question would have seemed preposterous. No formal constitutional role exists for the courts in the budget process, nor do various portraits of budgeting include a place for the judicial branch. Yet, few would argue that disputes have come before the courts in which resolution has required forms of budgetary action. Consider two easily recognizable illustrations: The federal courts have been particularly active in the area of prison reform-especially the issue of prison overcrowding. Arkansas was the first state to have its corrections system judged to be in violation of the Eighth Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment beginning with Holt v. Sarver in 1969. Since then 35 states have experienced similar litigation against their prison systems. Research has indicated that state spending for corrections has been affected by court decisions; capital expenditures have tended to increase in the years immediately following a court judgment, and corrections spending as a percentage of the total state budget has increased after a court order. ' This form of court involvement-usually referred to

A note on the meaning of the Soviet defence budget

ACCORDING to information published by the Kremlin, Soviet defence expenditures in I977 amounted to a modest 43%0 of national income produced, and accounted for only 7 I% of total state budget expenditures. Moreover, the Soviet data indicate that the level of Moscow's defence spending has declined in the I970s. The defence allocation of I7.2 milliard rubles contained in the state budget for i977 represents a reduction of 200 million rubles from the I976 defence appropriation and is some 700 million rubles below the I970-73 budgets (see Table i).