Total Route Length Research Articles

Designing Routes in Terminal Maneuvering Area Using Hybrid Simulated Annealing

To ensure the safe and efficient operation of flights in terminal maneuvering areas, airports establish standard arrival and departure procedures. However, designing these procedures is typically time-consuming and challenging for quantitative path length optimization. This paper presents an efficient optimization method for designing multiple arrival and departure procedures, taking into account the configuration of the airport and the nearby environment. The objective is to minimize the total length of routes while satisfying related operational constraints, such as obstacle avoidance and route separation. Each route is modeled in three dimensions, consisting of a horizontal polygonal line and a vertical cone. Considering the actual procedures’ merging or diverging configuration characteristics, multiple arrival or departure routes are then modeled as a tree-like topology structure. A hybrid algorithm, integrating simulated annealing and an improved A* algorithm, is developed for automated problem-solving. Simulation results, based on tests at Sweden’s Arlanda Airport, exhibit advantages over existing related research in terms of both total route length and computing time. Tests at Shanghai Pudong Airport show an 8% reduction in total path length compared to actual procedures, demonstrating the proposed method’s effectiveness and potential contributions to energy savings and emissions reduction.

First records of the firecrest (Regulus ignicapilla, Regulidae, Aves) from the northern slopes of the West Caucasus

This paper presents the results of a study of the distribution and abundance of the Firecrest (Regulus ignicapilla), a rare bird at the edge of its distribution range and listed in the Red Data Book of the Krasnodar Territory. Research was conducted from 2006 to 2023 in the West Caucasus. The total length of the expedition routes amounted to 8,885 km. Population counts were carried out over 2096 km of the routes. Since 2022, field detection of the species has become significantly improved through the use of audio playback recordings of the species. As a result, new breeding areas have been discovered on the northern macro slope in the vicinity of the Guzeripl ranger station in the Caucasian Strict Nature Reserve, in the Malaya Laba River valley, and in the Bolshoy Thach Nature Park, while the distribution in the Mzymta River valley has also been clarified. New wintering areas in the foothills of the Black Sea region and on the Kuban Plain are shown. These data have significantly expanded the known range of the Firecrest in the West Caucasus. New information has been obtained on the altitudinal distribution of the Firecrest, as well as its relationship with the Goldcrest (Regulus regulus). On the northern macro slope of the Main Caucasus Range, firecrests live alongside goldcrests across an altitudinal range of 880–1580 m above sea-level, while on the southern macro slope they coexist across a range of 840–1680 m above sea-level. At higher altitudes, only goldcrests occur. The new data on the distribution and population density make it possible to provide estimates of the current sizes of the populations in the Krasnodar Territory (3.9 thousand pairs), the Republic of Adygea (1.8 thousand pairs), Abkhazia (2.1 thousand pairs) and in the entire West Caucasus (7.8 thousand pairs).

Integrated real-time signal control and routing optimization: A two-stage rolling horizon framework with decentralized solution

Integrated real-time signal control and routing optimization: A two-stage rolling horizon framework with decentralized solution

Фауна и население птиц гористых районов южного берега Варангер-фьорда

The article presents data from field studies of the fauna and bird population of mountainous areas of the Varangerfjord southern coast. This area has erspectives to be included in the boundaries of the projected “Voryema” Federal Reserve. We carried field studies during the 2019–2021 breeding period in the northwestern part of the Pechengsky district of the Murmansk region. In the course of the work, we surveyed mountainous areas from areas adjacent to the Voryema River valley to areas near the iinahamari settlement. The total length of survey routes was 81.8 km. Analysis of the received field materials shows that at least 53 bird species occur in the breeding season. Tundra and rocky areas are breeding sites for skuas, gulls, loons, and a number of sandpipers’ and ducks’ species. The combination of different habitats creates the possibility of the presence of four species of pipits on this territory at once. Therefore, this territory can be a good model for studying the effects of climate change on a number of closely related species living together. In general, the results of the study show that the surveyed territories of the mountainous areas of the Varangerfjord southern coast are promising for inclusion in the boundaries of the projected Voryema Federal Reserve. They have a characteristic bird population structure and serve as breeding grounds for a number of rare species (whooper swan, whooper, golden eagle, white-tailed eagle, kestrel, white-throated thrush).

Automatic Route Design by Stepwise Subdivision of Virtual Walls —Reduces Route Length and Speeds Up Execution Time—

With the development of autonomous driving technology utilizing machine learning, AI, and sensors, research on autonomous driving control has become more active, and a large number of innovative studies are underway. In the near future, all autonomous vehicle fleets will be able to communicate with each other for sharing information and overall optimal traffic control will be achieved. One of the vehicle control systems that are based on the premise of such a fully automated society is the “signal-less intersection.” There is an intersection traffic control method that achieves safe and rational route selection by using virtual walls (VWs), which are virtual obstacles, but there are issues in terms of total route length and reduction of computation time. To address the issues, we propose a method that (1) prunes unneeded paths and (2) arranges VWs in a stepwise manner. The effectiveness of the proposed method was evaluated by simulation, and the results showed that the total route length and execution time were reduced.

Design of Tourist Routes in Scenic Spots -Taking Pan'an Lake Scenic Area as an Example

In this paper, we explore the application of 0-1 integer programming and mixed integer programming to solve the route design problem using the Pan'an Lake Scenic Area in Xuzhou as a case study. We aim to design scenic tour routes with the shortest walking distance and the longest visit time. We formulate the problem using a 0-1 integer programming model, with an objective function that minimizes the total route length. Constraints are established to ensure the route starts at Scenic Stone, ends at Wetland Commercial Street, each attraction is visited once, and there are no repeated paths. The research results of the article have certain reference significance for route optimization problems.

Possibility to determine the necessary length of WRC survey routes based on the area of hunting grounds

Article 36 of the Federal Law on Hunting and Conservation of Hunting Resources of 24.07.2009 No. 209-FZ (in the edition of the Federal Law of 22.12.2020 No. 455-FZ) stipulates that the accounting of hunting animals, in respect of which, in accordance with the above Federal Law, the limit of extraction and the quota of their extraction are established, is carried out on the basis of scientifically substantiated methods. Currently recommended by the authorized federal executive body and posted on the information and telecommunication network “Internet” on the official website of the authorized federal executive body is the Methodology of accounting for the number of hunting resources by the method of winter route counting, approved by the order of FGBU “Federal Research Center for Hunting” from November 14, 2022 no. 74. One of the main differences of the mentioned methodology is the algorithm of determining the minimum necessary total length of counting routes from the total area of hunting grounds located within the boundaries of the relevant hunting farms. However, in the open press there are no data on the conducted scientific studies justifying such an approach to determining the necessary length of survey routes. This was the basis for the present study. On the example of moose counting for some hunting farms of Saratov region the possibility of objective determination of the minimum necessary total length of counting routes depending on the total area of hunting grounds located within the boundaries of these farms was checked. The results of the study showed that such an approach in planning the volume of survey work is fundamentally flawed and cannot be considered scientifically justified, and since it takes the central place in the considered Methodology of counting the number of hunting resources by the method of winter route counting, the latter is scientifically unjustified. Consequently, its placement in the information and telecommunication network “Internet” on the official website of the authorized federal executive body contradicts the current legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of hunting and conservation of hunting resources.

A co-evolutionary genetic algorithm with knowledge transfer for multi-objective capacitated vehicle routing problems

A co-evolutionary genetic algorithm with knowledge transfer for multi-objective capacitated vehicle routing problems

Research on Public Air Route Network Planning of Urban Low-Altitude Logistics Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

As urban populations continue to grow and road traffic congestion worsens, traditional ground logistics has become less efficient. This has led to longer logistics times and increased costs. Therefore, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) logistics has become increasingly popular. However, free-planned routes cannot meet the safety and efficiency requirements of urban airspace mobility. To address this issue, a public air route network for low-altitude logistics UAVs needs to be established in urban areas. This paper proposes a public route network planning method based on the obstacle-based Voronoi diagram and A* algorithm, as follows: Firstly, construct a city airspace grid model in which the characteristics of the airspace are mapped onto the grid map. Introduce an obstacle clustering algorithm based on DBSCAN to generate representative obstacle points as the Voronoi seed nodes. Utilize the Voronoi diagram to establish the initial route network. Then, conduct an improved path planning by employing the A* algorithm for obstacle avoidance in route edges that pass through obstacles. To ensure the safe operation of drones, set constraints on the route safety interval. This process will generate a low-altitude public air route network for urban areas. After considering the flight costs of logistics UAVs at different altitudes, the height for the route network layout is determined. Finally, the route network evaluation indicators are established. The simulation results demonstrate that compared with the city road network planning method and the central radial network planning method, the total route length is shortened by 7.1% and 9%, respectively, the airspace coverage is increased by 9.8% and 35%, respectively, the average network degree is reduced by 52.6% and 212%, respectively, and the average flight time is reduced by 19.4s and 3.7s, respectively. In addition, by solving the network model using the Dijkstra algorithm, when the energy cost and risk cost weights are 0.6 and 0.4, respectively, and the safety interval is taken as 15 m, the total path cost value of the planned trajectory is minimized.

Optimization of Simultaneous Pickup and Delivery Vehicle Routing with Three-Dimensional Balanced Loading Constraints

In order to promote the cost reduction and efficiency improvement of the logistics distribution process and to guarantee the safety of goods transportation, this paper studies the portfolio optimization of goods loading and the problem of simultaneous pickup and delivery vehicle routing. A balanced loading constraint was introduced to restrict loading through two aspects of axle weight bearing and lateral center-of-gravity offset. With the shortest total route length as the objective, this paper constructs a simultaneous pickup and delivery vehicle routing model with three-dimensional (3D) balanced loading constraints (3BL-VRPSPD). Additionally, a hybrid tabu search (TS) algorithm embedded loading test was proposed to solve this problem. Firstly, a heuristic insertion method was applied to determine the initial routing scheme, and the node swapping and relocation operators were designed to construct the tabu neighborhood scheme for routing optimization. On this basis, the 3D balanced loading was incorporated into the routing iteration process. A balanced loading algorithm, combining multiple-indicator ordering and maximum space division strategies (MOMD), was formulated to develop a 3D-balanced loading plan for goods with a pickup and delivery vehicle routing scheme. Finally, standard instances verified the effectiveness of the method. The results show that the proposed method can effectively optimize 3BL-VRPSPD and outperform other algorithms.

Rain-Driven Failure Risk on Forest Roads around Catchment Landforms in Mountainous Areas of Japan

Although the causes of and impacts against forest road failure differ according to the type of damage that occurs, the statistical understanding of the trends in the type of failure is insufficient. In this study, we collected data on 526 forest road failures due to heavy rainfall during 2006–2010 in the mountainous regions of Japan and statistically analyzed the characteristics. The forest roads covered in this study include those used primarily for timber extraction as well as those used for public purposes. Forest road segments were classified into four categories: streamside, stream crossings, zero-order basin, and others, and comparisons were made regarding the length of damage, the relative probability of occurrence, repair costs, and induced rainfall intensity in each category. Streamside segments accounted for only 15% of the total length of routes analyzed but 42% of all damaged segments. Furthermore, the relative risk of the streamside segments was about 6.0 times higher than that of the other categories of segments, indicating that they were the most likely to be damaged in this analysis. It is clear that the most important issue in the target area is to prevent damage to streamside segments.

Simulation of exchange routes on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau shows succession from the neolithic to the bronze age and strong control of the physical environment and production mode

The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) is essential for converging eastern, western, and northern prehistoric cultural spheres of Asia and Europe and for human adaptation to extreme environments. Reconstruction of the location and development of prehistoric exchange routes on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau underpins understanding human response to harsh environments and interaction and exchange between the three cultural spheres. This study simulates exchange routes for the Neolithic and Bronze Ages, using elevation, slope, vegetation, and rivers as cost data and site points as node data. A weighted network consisting of nodes and lines is constructed within the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau using a weighted cumulative cyclic connectivity model among nodes-the simulation abstracts exchange routes as a path search problem on this weighted network. The final simulated route is the road with the lowest incremental cost. The results give a total length of Neolithic routes of about 16,900 km, with 15 main roads, and a total length of Bronze Age routes of approximately 16,300 km, with 18 main roads. Pathway development from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age shows an apparent successional relationship, with a spatial evolution from the marginal corridor to the marginal hinterland. The simulated routes overlap highly with archaeological evidence for transmission routes of corn and millet agriculture and wheat agriculture-domesticated animals-bronze metallurgy technology, indicating the reliability of the simulation results. Further analysis showed that the unique physical geography of the QTP constrained the formation and evolution of routes. River valleys were commonly chosen as routes to acclimatize people to the high, cold, and low oxygen levels of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Scattered small agricultural bases, established in areas of the QTP suitable for agricultural planting, are the basis for intersecting exchange routes. Road formation also reflects the clear differentiation in the agro-pastoral industry between high and low altitudes related to climate, ecological environment, and elevation. Interaction between agricultural and nomadic populations is the crucial motivation for forming and developing the exchange routes.

Evolutionary Algorithm with Geometrical Heuristics for Solving the Close Enough Traveling Salesman Problem: Application to the Trajectory Planning of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

Evolutionary algorithms have been widely studied in the literature to find sub-optimal solutions to complex problems as the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP). In such a problem, the target positions are usually static and punctually defined. The objective is to minimize a cost function as the minimal distance, time or energy. However, in some applications, as the one addressed in this paper—namely the data collection of buried sensor nodes by means of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle— the targets are areas with varying sizes: they are defined with respect to the radio communication range of each node, ranging from a few meters to several hundred meters according to various parameters (e.g., soil moisture, burial depth, transmit power). The Unmanned Aerial Vehicle has to enter successively in these dynamic areas to collect the data, without the need to pass at the vertical of each node. Some areas can obviously intersect. That leads to solve the Close Enough TSP. To determine a sub-optimal trajectory for the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, this paper presents an original and efficient strategy based on an evolutionary algorithm completed with geometrical heuristics. The performances of the algorithm are highlighted through scenarios with respectively 15 and 50 target locations. The results are analyzed with respect to the total route length. Finally, conclusions and future research directions are discussed.

Новые данные о гнездовании беркута в бассейне реки Бердь, Новосибирская область, Россия

Новые данные о гнездовании беркута в бассейне реки Бердь, Новосибирская область, Россия

Aircraft route optimization with simulated annealing for a mixed airspace composed of free and fixed route structures

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to create a flight route optimization for all flights that aims to minimize the total cost consists of fuel cost, ground delay cost and air delay cost over the fixed route and free route airspaces.Design/methodology/approachEfficient usage of current available airspace capacity becomes more and more important with the increasing flight demands. The efficient capacity usage of an airspace is generally in contradiction to optimum flight efficiency of a single flight. It can only be achieved with the holistic approach that focusing all flights over mixed airspaces and their routes instead of single flight route optimization for a single airspace. In the scope of this paper, optimization methods were developed to find the best route planning for all flights considering the benefits of all flights not only a single flight. This paper is searching for an optimization to reduce the total cost for all flights in mixed airspaces. With the developed optimization models, the determination of conflict-free optimum routes and delay amounts was achieved with airway capacity and separation minimum constraints in mixed airspaces. The mathematical model and the simulated annealing method were developed for these purposes.FindingsThe total cost values for flights were minimized by both developed mathematical model and simulated annealing algorithm. With the mathematical model, a reduction in total route length of 4.13% and a reduction in fuel consumption of 3.95% was achieved in a mixed airspace. The optimization algorithm with simulated annealing has also 3.11% flight distance saving and 3.03% fuel consumption enhancement.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the wind condition can change the fuel consumption and flight durations, the paper does not include the wind condition effects. If the wind condition effect is considered, the shortest route may not always cause the least fuel consumption especially under the head wind condition.Practical implicationsThe results of this paper show that a flight route optimization as a holistic approach considering the all flight demand information enhances the fuel consumption and flight duration. Because of this reason, the developed optimization model can be effectively used to minimize the fuel consumption and reduce the exhaust emissions of aircraft.Originality/valueThis paper develops the mathematical model and simulated annealing algorithm for the optimization of flight route over the mixed airspaces that compose of fixed and free route airspaces. Each model offers the best available and conflict-free route plan and if necessary required delay amounts for each demanded flight under the airspace capacity, airspace route structure and used separation minimum for each airspace.

Modelling geographical and built-environment attributes as predictors of human vulnerability during tsunami evacuations: a multi-case-study and paths to improvement

Abstract. Evacuation is the most important and effective method to save human lives during a tsunami. In this respect, challenges exist in developing quantitative analyses of the relationships between the evacuation potential and the built-environment and geographical attributes of coastal locations. This paper proposes a computer-based modelling approach (including inundation, evacuation, and built-environment metrics), followed by multivariate regressive analysis, to estimate how those attributes might influence the expected tsunami death ratios of seven Chilean coastal cities. We obtained, for the examined variables, their average values to different thresholds of the death ratio. Also, our statistical analysis allowed us to compare the relative importance of each metric, showing that the maximum flood, the straightness of the street network, the total route length, and the travel time can have a significant impact on the expected death ratios. Moreover, we suggest that these results could lead to spatial planning guidelines for developing new urban areas into exposed territories (if this expansion cannot be restricted or discouraged) or retrofitting existing ones, with the final aim of enhancing evacuation and therefore increasing resilience.

Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Structure-From-Motion (SfM) for Monitoring the Changed Flow Paths and Wetness in Minerotrophic Peatland Restoration

Peatland restoration aims to achieve pristine water pathway conditions to recover dispersed wetness, water quality, biodiversity and carbon sequestration. Restoration monitoring needs new methods for understanding the spatial effects of restoration in peatlands. We introduce an approach using high-resolution data produced with an unmanned aircraft system (UAS) and supported by the available light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data to reveal the hydrological impacts of elevation changes in peatlands due to restoration. The impacts were assessed by analyzing flow accumulation and the SAGA Wetness Index (SWI). UAS campaigns were implemented at two boreal minerotrophic peatland sites in degraded and restored states. Simultaneously, the control campaigns mapped pristine sites to reveal the method sensitivity of external factors. The results revealed that the data accuracy is sufficient for describing the primary elevation changes caused by excavation. The cell-wise root mean square error in elevation was on average 48 mm when two pristine UAS campaigns were compared with each other, and 98 mm when each UAS campaign was compared with the LiDAR data. Furthermore, spatial patterns of more subtle peat swelling and subsidence were found. The restorations were assessed as successful, as dispersing the flows increased the mean wetness by 2.9–6.9%, while the absolute changes at the pristine sites were 0.4–2.4%. The wetness also became more evenly distributed as the standard deviation decreased by 13–15% (a 3.1–3.6% change for pristine). The total length of the main flow routes increased by 25–37% (a 3.1–8.1% change for pristine), representing the increased dispersion and convolution of flow. The validity of the method was supported by the field-determined soil water content (SWC), which showed a statistically significant correlation (R2 = 0.26–0.42) for the restoration sites but not for the control sites, possibly due to their upslope catchment areas being too small. Despite the uncertainties related to the heterogenic soil properties and complex groundwater interactions, we conclude the method to have potential for estimating changed flow paths and wetness following peatland restoration.

ECOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL POTENTIAL OF <i>AMBROSIA ARTEMISIIFOLIA</i> L. DISTRIBUTION TO THE NORTH OF THE EUROPEAN RUSSIA BASED ON A COMPARISON OF THE NORTHERN BOUNDARIES OF THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY RANGES

During the expeditionary research, we specified the modern actual border of naturalization of in the European territory of Russia. This border passes through Kursk Region, as well as the north of Voronezh and Saratov regions. The total length of the expeditionary routes was around 8900 km with 777 locations surveyed. In order to identify the potential for its further spread to the north we performed comparative ecological and geographical analysis and modeling of the ragweed distribution in the north of its secondary range in the European Russia and in the primary range in Canada. Insufficient heat supply during the seed ripening period is the main factor limiting the spread of ragweed to the north. To determine the ecological and geographic niche of ragweed, we compiled a global map of the distribution of accumulated degree days above 10 °C for the period from the transition of the day length under 14 hours to the stable frosts in autumn (ADDfp). The ADDfp values were determined at the northernmost points of naturalization of in the European Russia and in Canada. Comparison of the ecological and geographical boundaries regarding the heat supply in the European Russia and in Canada showed that the ecological and geographical niche realized by ragweed in the North America is now generally wider than the one on the European Russia. We considered the possible reasons for the under-occupation of a potential ecological niche in the European Russia and made assumptions about the possibility of its further spread to the north. Regarding the factor of heat supply in the European Russia, ragweed can spread further to the north - in Bryansk, Oryol, Lipetsk, Tambov, Saratov, Orenburg regions, southern half of Penza Region, the south of Ulyanovsk and Samara regions and Bashkortostan. Additional difficulties with the species’ distribution in the northeastern direction in the European Russia can be attributed to an adverse effect of an additional factor: insufficient moisture supply, since in the Saratov Region and to the east ragweed is in the ecological pessimum simultaneously in terms of heat and moisture supply at its northern limit of distribution.

Identifying low-PM2.5 exposure commuting routes for cyclists through modeling with the random forest algorithm based on low-cost sensor measurements in three Asian cities

Cyclists can be easily exposed to traffic-related pollutants due to riding on or close to the road during commuting in cities. PM2.5 has been identified as one of the major pollutants emitted by vehicles and associated with cardiopulmonary and respiratory diseases. As routing has been suggested to reduce the exposures for cyclists, in this study, PM2.5 was monitored with low-cost sensors during commuting periods to develop models for identifying low exposure routes in three Asian cities: Taipei, Osaka, and Seoul. The models for mapping the PM2.5 in the cities were developed by employing the random forest algorithm in a two-stage modeling approach. The land use features to explain spatial variation of PM2.5 were obtained from the open-source land use database, OpenStreetMap. The total length of the monitoring routes ranged from 101.36 to 148.22 km and the average PM2.5 ranged from 13.51 to 15.40 μg/m³ among the cities. The two-stage models had the standard k-fold cross-validation (CV) R2 of 0.93, 0.74, and 0.84 in Taipei, Osaka, and Seoul, respectively. To address spatial autocorrelation, a spatial cross-validation approach applying a distance restriction of 100 m between the model training and testing data was employed. The over-optimistic estimates on the predictions were thus prevented, showing model CV-R2 of 0.91, 0.67, and 0.78 respectively in Taipei, Osaka, and Seoul. The comparisons between the shortest-distance and lowest-exposure routes showed that the largest percentage of reduced averaged PM2.5 exposure could reach 32.1% with the distance increases by 37.8%. Given the findings in this study, routing behavior should be encouraged. With the daily commuting trips expanded, the cumulative effect may become significant on the chronic exposures over time. Therefore, a route planning tool for reducing the exposures shall be developed and promoted to the public.

The distribution and dynamics of synanthropisation of the common wood pigeon in the Stavropol region

Aim . To establish the relevant condition and nature of the distribution of the woodpigeon Columba palumbus Linnaeus, 1758 in the Stavropol region and to analyse the synanthropisation trends of the species. Material and Methods . The spatial distribution, biology and ecology of the wood pigeon were studied in 2006–2019 according to generally accepted methods in ornithology, followed by statistical processing. The total length of routes monitored in various types of biotopes throughout the Stavropol region amounted to more than 3,500 km. Results . According to the study results, the wood pigeon inhabits 27 territorial units of the Stavropol region (municipal districts, cities of regional significance/urban district). In the steppe regions it is mainly found in artificial planting of agricultural entities (forest belts along fields, brigades, barns, landscaping of linear features ‐ roads and railways). In the region of the Caucasian Mineralnie Vodi, the wood pigeon can be observed in the green spaces of resort towns. During the study period, 78 species nests were found. Conclusion . The results of the study confirm the steady expansion of the range of the wood pigeon in the region. The occupation of anthropogenic landscapes by the species is uneven. It has widely adapted to agrocenoses and linear features in the landscape. The rate of synanatropisation, in general, is increasing. However, in settlements the species predominantly develops habitats close to nature ‐ large green areas, remote from residential buildings.