Total Refractive Index Research Articles

Characteristics of Hozat apricot seed oil as a new source of oilseed

There has been an increase in apricot consumption due to its high bioactive and fiber content. However, the seed, inside part of the fruit, is considered as a food waste. In this study, potential usage of apricot seeds (bitter and sweet), that were cultivated in Hozat region- Tunceli, as an alternative oil source was evaluated. No comprehensive research has been undertaken to assess the seeds as an oil source before. In assessing its suitability for consumption, proximate composition of seed and physicochemical properties of the seeds’ oil had been determined. The proximate composition included the content of protein, ash, moisture, oil and the acidity as pH, in addition; iodine value, refractive index, nutritional quality, total phenolic content, antioxidant content, fatty acid composition and rheological properties of the oil were determined. Also, the effect of variety on them was examined.Overall, oil content was found to be the major component of the seed, thus the seed is good enough to be used as an oil source. Five different fatty acids were identified in the oil, that produced from the seed. These were palmitic, heptadecanoic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid. The oil had a refractive index between 1.4617 and 1.4628, iodine value between 100.47 and 102.11 gms, total phenolic content between 0.83 and 1.29 mg GAE g−1 oil, antioxidant activity between 11.21 and 11.60 mg TE g−1 oil for DPPH assay and 7.92–8.20 mg TE g−1 oil for ABTS assay, and apparent viscosity of 0.04 Pa.s. Moreover, viscous flow tests showed that the oil has a Newtonian flow behavior, and the nutritional indexes, that include unsaturated, atherogenicity, thrombogenicity and hypocholesterolemic/ hypercholesterolemic ratio, indicated that the oil is good enough for consumption as an oil source. The variety was found to have a significant effect on total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and refractive index of the oil, that was produced from apricot seed.

Optical and electronic properties of a two-dimensional quantum ring under rotating effects

This work presents a theoretical study on the effects of rotation on the nonrelativistic quantum motion of a charged particle confined to a 2D ring in the presence of the Aharonov–Bohm effect and a uniform magnetic field. We formulate the Schrödinger equation with minimal coupling, incorporating the gauge field for the rotating frame and the potential vector of the electromagnetic field. By solving the equation of motion, we determine the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the particle. We analyze the probability distribution as a function of varying rotating parameter values and observe a perceptible shift in the distribution. This shift indicates a higher probability of locating the electron at the edges of the ring. The second part of our study focuses on the investigation of rotation effects on the linear and nonlinear optical properties of the system. Specifically, we examine the linear, nonlinear, and total refractive index changes, as well as the optical absorption coefficients. Through numerical analysis, we demonstrate significant rotating effects on energy levels and optical properties. Our findings indicate that, for the considered physical parameters, the impact of rotation on the optical properties becomes prominent at values on the order of a few terahertz.

Modified Equations to Calculate Water Content and Refractive Index of Honey Based on Its Total Soluble Solids

The capacity of honey to break light is used for refractometric determination of humidity. In the present work, a manual refractometer was used to measure honey total soluble solids (73% - 86%) which are the corresponding values of refractive indices stated in Chataway’s Table. The relationship between values of total soluble solids, water content and refractive index in the obtained graphics gave equations that could be used directly to calculate both refractive index and water content of honey from its total soluble solids. This simple, fast and easy way could be applied without utilizing expensive refractometers due to their high cost or lack of their usage training. Furthermore, the suggested equation is more accurate than that of the current reference table (i.e. Chataway’s Table) and could be rapidly utilized for calculating water content in honey samples.

Physicochemical, Microbiological and Sensory Properties of Honey from Yewaland, South-West Nigeria

Consumers are concerned about the authenticity and general quality of honey in Yewaland, Nigeria. Physicochemical (moisture, protein, ash, fructose, sucrose contents; total titratable acidity, total soluble solids, specific gravity, viscosity, electrical conductivity, refractive index and pH), microbial tests (total plate and identification), and sensory properties of honey samples were evaluated. Samples were collected from bee breeders in the different areas of the region. The results ranged from 13.6-15.0% moisture, 0.2-5.2% protein, 0.24-0.38% ash, 40.5-45.6% fructose, 3.0-5.8% sucrose, 1.40-1.47 specific gravity, 1607-2037 viscosity, 6.3-14.9 \(\mu\)S/cm electrical conductivity, 40.3-75.5mg/l total soluble solids, 3.60-4.2 pH, 0.39-0.46 titratable acidity and 1.34-1.35 refractive index. Staphylococcus, shigella, and Bacillus spp were identified in some samples. The appearance of the samples was lighter. Samples from Oja-Odan and Iwoye had the best overall acceptance scores of 8.7 and 8.5 respectively. Thus honey samples were of good quality compared to the international standard and their acidic pH values reveal that they are unadulterated and have good shelf stability potentials. Their characterization will make it possible to obtain Nigerian quality labels.

Tailoring optoelectronic properties of InGaN-based quantum wells through electric field, indium content, and confinement shape: A theoretical investigation

This paper conducts a comprehensive theoretical examination of the electronic and optical responses, including linear and nonlinear optical responses, of an InGaN-based quantum well with a variable inverted parabolic confinement potential. This examination takes into account the effects of applied vertical electric fields, variable indium content, different confinement shapes, and sizes. The Schrödinger equation is solved numerically using the finite element method and the effective mass theory. The results indicate that both the electrical and optical properties of the system are highly influenced by these factors. Additionally, it is found that by carefully selecting these factors, the total optical absorption coefficient, total refractive index, and linear complex optical susceptibility of the system can be precisely controlled. This study makes a valuable theoretical contribution to the understanding of how electromagnetic radiation interacts with matter and can be applied to help explain the absorption and scattering properties of III-nitride materials, used in the active regions of various devices such as solar cells, photodetectors, and modulators, as well as in the design stages of them.

Investigation on nonlinear optical properties of symmetric and asymmetric double V-shaped AlxGa1-xAs/GaAs potential wells with structural parameters and external electromagnetic fields

ABSTRACT Linear, nonlinear and total optical absorption coefficients and relative refractive index changes for symmetric and asymmetric double V-shaped quantum well configurations formed within AlxGa1-xAs/GaAs heterostructure have been theoretically investigated. Responses of these coefficients to well widths, barrier widths and aluminium concentrations within the barrier as well as applied external electromagnetic fields were the subject of this study. The electronic spectra of the structures are obtained as a solution to the Schrödinger equation with relevant potential and external agents in the framework of effective mass and envelope wave function approximations. The optical properties are calculated by the analytical expressions obtained by iterative solutions within the compact density matrix approach. Although increasing barrier width and aluminium concentration act similarly significant red shifting on the referred coefficients for both symmetric and asymmetric double V-shaped wells, the varying well widths act differently for each configuration. Strengthening electric and magnetic fields shift the resonance peaks to blue for both symmetric and asymmetric wells. The results show that optical properties can be controlled by structural parameters, external probes and asymmetry of double V-shaped wells.

Tuning of nonlinear optical characteristics of a cylindrical quantum dot by external fields and structure parameters

ABSTRACT In this present study, we have theoretically investigated the effect of applied external electric field and non-resonant intense laser field, as well as the adjustable physical parameters (A, M, and η) of the system, on the linear and nonlinear of GaAs/GaAlAs cylindrical quantum dot. The confinement potential of the quantum dot is composed of the axial potential with a Razavy-type quantum well in the z-direction, and the cylindrical-type potential in the radial direction. To achieve this goal, the wave functions, and the corresponding eigenvalues of the electron are investigated by resolving the time-independent Schrödinger equation using the diagonalisation technique in terms of the effective mass approximation. The linear and nonlinear optical properties’ expressions have been calculated with the help of the compact density matrix method. Our numerical results show that by changing the A, M, and η parameters, we can see a blueshift or redshift in the total optical absorption coefficients (TOACs) and relative refractive index changes (RRICs). Additionally, they are redshifted, and their extrema increase as the radius increases. The increase in electric field or laser field intensities generates a strong displacement of the resonant peak position towards the higher energies, diminishes the TOACs magnitude, and shrinks RRICs extrema. The model potential used in the computation is important, and the study of it will be practical in the development and research of nanostructures systems.

Retrieval of Aerosol Microphysical Properties from Multi-Wavelength Mie–Raman Lidar Using Maximum Likelihood Estimation: Algorithm, Performance, and Application

Lidar plays an essential role in monitoring the vertical variation of atmospheric aerosols. However, due to the limited information that lidar measurements provide, ill-posedness still remains a big challenge in quantitative lidar remote sensing. In this study, we describe the Basic algOrithm for REtrieval of Aerosol with Lidar (BOREAL), which is based on maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), and retrieve aerosol microphysical properties from extinction and backscattering measurements of multi-wavelength Mie–Raman lidar systems. The algorithm utilizes different types of a priori constraints to better constrain the solution space and suppress the influence of the ill-posedness. Sensitivity test demonstrates that BOREAL could retrieve particle volume size distribution (VSD), total volume concentration (Vt), effective radius (Reff), and complex refractive index (CRI = n − ik) of simulated aerosol models with satisfying accuracy. The application of the algorithm to real aerosol events measured by LIlle Lidar AtmosphereS (LILAS) shows it is able to realize fast and reliable retrievals of different aerosol scenarios (dust, aged-transported smoke, and urban aerosols) with almost uniform and simple pre-settings. Furthermore, the algorithmic principle allows BOREAL to incorporate measurements with different and non-linearly related errors to the retrieved parameters, which makes it a flexible and generalized algorithm for lidar retrieval.

Tuning the Nonlinear Optical Properties of Quantum Dot by Noise-Anharmonicity Interaction

Current inspection rigorously explores the tuning of a few relevant nonlinear optical (NLO)properties of GaAs quantum dot (QD) under the stewardship of Gaussian noise-anharmonicity interplay. The NLO properties explored are total optical absorption coefficient (TOAC), total optical refractive index change (TORIC), nonlinear optical rectification (NOR), second harmonic generation (SHG), third harmonic generation (THG), DC-Kerr effect (DCKE), electro-absorption coefficient (EAC), group index (GI)and optical gain (OG). The route of application of noise (additive/multiplicative) to the QD, as well as the symmetry (odd/even) of the anharmonicity, influence the aforesaid NLO properties. These NLO properties exhibit steadfast growth, steadfast fall, maximization, minimization and saturation. The outcomes of the inspection appear to be quite pertinent in the context of the immense technological demand of QD, taking into account the combined impact of anharmonicity and noise.

The total absorption coefficient and refractive index change of a spherical quantum dot in the confinement radial potential

We have systematically investigated the linear, third-order nonlinear, total absorption coefficients and refractive index change of the spherical quantum dot in the confinement potential family V(r)=Ar2−Br+Crκ by solving the radial Schrödinger equation with the Numerov method in case of the effective mass approximation for the allowed transition of the ground state (1s) to first excited state (2p). We examine the dependencies of the total absorption coefficient and refractive index change on the confinement potential parameters for varying incident photon energy and relaxation times. Our results demonstrate that the absorption coefficients and the change in refractive index strongly depend on the confining potential parameters non-linearly representing various intersubband transitions of quantum dots. We find that increasing the parameter B in the Coulomb plus harmonic oscillator potential or decreasing the parameter A in the Kratzer plus harmonic oscillator potential, the total absorption coefficient and refractive index change shift to higher photon energies.

The effect of structure parameters and static electric field on the nonlinear optical properties of triple InGaAs/GaAs quantum well

Optical properties of InxGa1-xAs/GaAs triple QW are studied for different quantum well thicknesses and external electric fields. The effective mass approximation is used to calculate the band alignment of the structure. The finite difference method (FDM) is applied to solve the 1D- Schrödinger equation. Intersubband energies and the total optical absorption coefficients (TOACs) and total relative refractive index changes (RRICs) are numerically calculated under the applied external electric field. The structure parameters and applied electric field cause the separation of the energy levels and variation of the dipole moment matrix elements. These separations are responsible for the resonant peak shifts. It is shown that the varied structure parameters and external electric field cause red or blue shifts in the resonant peak position of TOAC and RRIC coefficients.

Investigation of linear and nonlinear optical absorption coefficients and refractive index changes of a zigzag quantum well with structure parameters and applied external fields

In this study, we have investigated some linear and nonlinear optical properties of GaAs/GaAlAs zigzag quantum well structures under different electric and magnetic field intensities. We also examined the effect of adjustable structural parameters as well as width on the optical response of the system. The diagonalization method has been the tool to numerically solve the effective mass approximation Schrödinger equation obtaining the energy levels and related wave functions needed to evaluate the expressions of linear, third-order nonlinear, and total optical absorption coefficients and relative refractive index changes derived within the compact density matrix method. Results show that the optical response becomes blue-shifted with the applied electric and magnetic fields’ increment.

The nonlinear optical properties of GaAs/GaAlAs triple quantum well: Role of the electromagnetic fields and structural parameters

Being relevant to the field of device applications, multiple semiconductor quantum wells are systems that exhibit remarkable optical and electronic properties. These can be properly tuned by suitably modifying the composition, structural parameters, and the application of external probes. Here, the electronic and optical properties of a GaAs/GaAlAs triple quantum well have been investigated under the influence of applied electric and magnetic fields, as well as the change of well and barrier widths. We have used the diagonalization method to numerically solve the Schrödinger equation under the effective mass approximation for obtaining the subband energy levels and related electronic wave functions. The expressions used for evaluating linear, third-order nonlinear, and total optical absorption coefficients (TOACs) and relative refractive index changes (RRICs) were previously derived within the compact density matrix method. According to our results, whilst an increment in the applied electric field causes a red shift in TOACs and RRICs, a blue shift of the optical responses occurs with increasing the applied magnetic field. Besides, a blue shift is observed as well by changing the width of the central well (LwL), whilst a red shift is noticed when changing left and right wells (LwL and LwR) and barrier (LbL and LbR) widths for zero fields. We believe that our study could make a contribution to designing new quantum-well-based optoelectronic devices.

Nonlinear optical characteristics of thermodynamic effects- and electric field-triggered Mathieu quantum dot

In this work, the total refractive index (TRICs) and total absorption coefficients (TACs) of a spherical quantum dot with the Mathieu potential encompassement, generated by using InxGa1−xAs/GaAs heterostructure, and including hydrogenic impurity in its center, under the influence of the temperature, hydrostatic pressure and external electric field are investigated. The compact density matrix formalism and the iterative method are employed to compute the nonlinear optical features. The relevant eigenvalue equation of the Mathieu quantum dot (MQD) is solved by constructing a tridiagonal matrix formalism, within the effective mass approach. As well as the response of TRICs and TACs to external parameters, the alterations concerning structure parameters such as doping concentration and restriction width are also examined. To the best of our knowledge, the external influences and structural parameters on the optical specifications of MQD containing the central impurity are theoretically taken into consideration, for the first time, in the present work. Determining the optimality of optical properties arising from structural and external parameter changes is crucial in terms of providing a theoretical basis for the experimental production and practical use of MQD.

Effects of hydrostatic pressure and temperature on the nonlinear optical properties of GaAs/GaAlAs zigzag quantum well

ABSTRACT We have examined theoretically how the temperature and the hydrostatic pressure affect the total optical absorption coefficients, the total refractive index changes, and the second harmonic generation coefficients for GaAs/GaAlAs zigzag quantum well structure. The diagonalisation method and the effective mass approximation have been used to obtain the numerical solution of the Schrödinger equation and energy levels, respectively. The analytical expressions of the optical properties were obtained by using the compact density matrix and iterative methods. When the temperature (hydrostatic pressure) is increased, the resonant peaks’ positions of the total optical absorption coefficients and the relative refractive index changes are shifted to higher energies/blueshift (lower energies/red-shift) with amplitude increment (decrement). Additionally, the resonant peak position of the second harmonic generation coefficient shifts to higher energies/blueshift (lower energies) and also decrease (increase) in magnitude with increasing temperature (hydrostatic pressure).

Effects of Applied Magnetic Field on the Optical Properties and Binding Energies Spherical GaAs Quantum Dot with Donor Impurity.

The screened modified Kratzer potential (SMKP) model is utilized to scrutinize the impacts of an applied magnetic field (MF) on the binding energies and linear and nonlinear optical properties spherical GaAs quantum dot with donor impurity (DI). To accomplish this goal, we have used the diagonalization method to numerically solve the Schrödinger equation under the effective mass approximation for obtaining the electron energy levels and related electronic wave functions. The expressions used for evaluating linear, third-order nonlinear, and total optical absorption coefficients and relative refractive index changes were previously derived within the compact density matrix method. It has been shown here that the MF and DI impacts the characteristics of the absorption coefficients and the refractive index changes. This study’s results will find application in optoelectronics and related areas.

Linear and nonlinear optical properties in spherical quantum dots: Modified Möbius squared potential

The optical properties of quantum dots (QDs) in modified Möbius squared (MMS) potential are studied. To obtain the energy expressions and the wave functions, we solved the Schrödinger equation by using Nikiforov-Uvarov (NU) method. We investigated the linear, third-order nonlinear and total absorption coefficients (AC) and refractive index changes (RIC) using the density matrix. The numerical results show that the structure parameters and optical intensity have a strong influence on AC and RIC.

The impact of hydrostatic pressure and temperature on the binding energy, linear, third-order nonlinear, and total optical absorption coefficients and refractive index changes of a hydrogenic donor impurity confined in GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs double quantum dots

The impact of hydrostatic pressure and temperature on the binding energy, linear, third-order nonlinear, and total optical absorption coefficients and refractive index changes of a hydrogenic donor impurity confined in GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs double quantum dots

Charge-current generations and optical specifications of Gaussian quantum dot with energy-dependent potential

We consider the energy-dependent quantum dot with GaAs/GaAlAs Gaussian potential encompassment. Depending on the experimental or theoretical results for different types of interactions, the energy dependency can also be chosen as quadratic, fractional or any other type. The solutions of the wave equation for the energy-dependent Gaussian quantum dot are performed numerically by employing the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method. The optical specifications of the structure are examined by using the compact-density-matrix formalism within iterative method. The total refractive index changes, the total absorption coefficients, the charge-currents and the induced magnetic fields are studied for different values of the energy dependency parameter.

Micro filtration of Moringa Oleifera juice using hallow fibre membrane technology for clarification

Moringa Oleifera plant is growing many countries including tropical and sub tropical region. It contain numerous nutrition due to vitamins and proteins. The plant leaf extract having phenolics and flavanoids such as gallic acids, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, kaempferol, ellagic acid, vanillin and quercetin. The juice is convenient to herbal health drinks combination of different medicinal juices, read to use and serve beverages etc. Moringa Oleifera leave juice has been extracted by grinder then juice were treated with enzyme and centrifuged. The treated juice were clarified by using hallow fibre micro membrane for cold pasteurization. The turbidity, total soluble solid, pH, refractive index, viscosity colour and clarity were analysed on different treatment. It was concluded that best results were obtained in terms of Clarity (47.62%T), Turbidity (5.333 NTU), TSS (5.933°B), pH (5.2725%), Viscosity (1.136667 mPa) for micro filtered juice. The optimum values for the operating condition of micro filtration were 98.0665 kpa pressures with 0.45 µm pore size.