Total Reducing Sugar Content Research Articles

Studies on fresh milt parameters and cellular changes during cryopreservation of spermatozoa of Deccan Mahseer, Tor Khudree (Sykes)

Studies on the physico-chemical characteristics of seminal plasma, along with ultrastructure and mitochondrial activity of fresh spermatozoa of the endangered Deccan mahseer Tor khudree were undertaken. The ultrastructure and mitochondrial activity of fresh spermatozoa were compared with those of cryopreserved-thawed spermatozoa to understand the nature and extent of cryo-damage. Physico-chemical analyses of fresh milt revealed sperm density of 3.93±0.11 x 107 spermatozoa ml-1, spermatocrit value of 67.08±1.22%, higher K+ concentration of 13.16±0.121 mg l-1, total reducing sugar and total protein concentration of 47.31±0.82 and 19.60±0.66 mg 100 ml-1 respectively. Ultrastructure of the fresh spermatozoa by both scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the spherical head without any acrosomal complex, small mid piece with mitochondria and a long tail. Cross section of tail by TEM revealed typical 9+2 doublet arrangement of the axoneme. Head measured 1.86±0.006 μ in dia with a mid-piece length of 0.53±0.012 μ and tail length of 33.53±0.220 μ. Ultrastructural damages to the spermatozoa following cryopreservation included, loosening of chromatin and disruption of the cytoplasmic membrane as compared to that of fresh spermatozoa. Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) assay revealed low levels of activity of the enzymes of the mitochondrial complex in cryopreserved-thawed spermatozoa when compared to fresh spermatozoa indicating damage to the functional integrity of the enzymes of the mitochondrial enzyme complex.

Biohydrogen Production from Liquid and Solid Fractions of Sugarcane Bagasse After Optimized Pretreatment with Hydrochloric Acid

This work determined the optimal conditions to pretreat sucargane bagasse with HCl by using the liquid and the solid fractions resulting from the bagasse pretreament as substrate for fermentative hydrogen production by a mixed culture. A 23 full factorial central composite design (star configuration) helped to determine how temperature, time, and acid concentration affected the total monosaccharides (TM), total reducing sugars (TRS), and total inhibitors (TI) concentrations in the liquid fraction. Temperature, time, and acid concentration impacted the TRS and TM concentrations, but these variables did not influence the TI concentration significantly. The optimal pretreatment conditions were HCl at 7.36 % (v/v), 96.8 °C, and 441.6 min, which afforded the highest TRS concentration in the liquid hydrolysates. The liquid fraction obtained from the bagasse pretreated with acid under the optimal conditions (designated liq) was not suitable for H2 production by the mixed culture before treatment of the fraction with activated carbon. The solid residual bagasse (designated sol) alone afforded 6.0 mL of H2/g of bagasse. Liq treated with 10 % (m/v) activated carbon, to give liq + C, and sol added with the enzyme Celluclast® 10 U g−1, to afford sol + E, yielded 45.3 and 7.8 mL of H2/g of bagasse respectively, which amounted to 53.1 mL of H2/g of bagasse. The volumetric productivities—1450 and 1423 mL of H2 L−1 d−1 for liq + C and sol + E, respectively—are the highest ever reported in the literature for H2 production from sugarcane bagasse by a microbial consortium.

Acid Hydrolysis Optimization of <i>Prosopis Juliflora</i> Stem for Bioethanol Production

Ethanol producing from biomass has become an interesting substitute to petrolium in the struggle against raised levels of fossil carbon dioxide emission to the atmosphere. The biotechnological conversion of biomass into fuels requires hydrolysis of the polysaccharide fraction into monomeric sugars. This study was aimed at the optimization of the processing conditions of the hydrolysis step of bio-ethanol production to produce high fermentable sugar. In this study dilute acid hydrolysis, temprature and residunce time were used as process parameters. Response SurfaceMethodology (RSM) was employed for the optimization of hydrolysis conditions. A 3 (three) level design was used to develop a statistical model for the optimization of process variables. The raw material, <i>P. juliflra</i> stem, was collected from Afar region eastern part of Ethiopia specifically Wrer Agricultural Research Center. The optimal hydrolysis conditions that resulting for the maximum total reducing sugar concentration were at acid concentration; 2% (v/v), temperature; 128.01°C and hydrolysis time; 55 minutes. Under these conditions, the total reducing sugar concentration was obtained to be 184.716mg/g.

Optimisation of Dilute Sulphuric Acid Hydrolysis of Waste Newspaper for High Yields of Fermentable Sugars

Dilute sulphuric acid hydrolysis of waste paper was investigated in this study. The effects of acid concentration, time, temperature and liquid to solid ratio on the total reducing sugar concentration were studied over three levels using a four variable Box-Behnken design (BBD). A statistical model was developed for the optimisation of the process variables using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal hydrolysis conditions that resulted in the maximum total reducing sugar concentration were: acid concentration, 1.49 %w/w; temperature, 200°C; time, 20 min and liquid to solid ratio, 30 mL/g. Under these conditions, the total reducing sugar concentration was obtained to be 20 g/L. Validation of the model revealed no difference between predicted and experimental results.Keywords: Bioethanol, Waste paper, Response Surface Methodology, Pretreatment, Biomass

Comparison of steam-assisted versus microwave-assisted treatments for the fractionation of sweet sorghum bagasse

The fractionation of lignocellulosic materials can be applied to get each of the components (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) of biomass in its maximum purity and yield. The individual component can be further processed to high-value products such as fuels and biomaterials at existing or newly developing biorefineries. The steam-assisted and microwave (MW)-assisted processes were used to fractionate sweet sorghum bagasse into hemicellulosic sugars, cellulose-rich and high-density residue and solid lignin. The treatment temperature evaluated for the fractionation process was 121 °C for 30 to 120 min. The substrate was autohydrolysed to extract the hemicellulose, and the residue was delignified using lime solution to obtain cellulose-rich residue. The lignin and lime from the liquor obtained after the lime treatment of the autohydrolysed sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) was precipitated using carbon dioxide gas. Under optimum conditions, the steam-assisted autohydrolysis extracted 72.69 (±0.08) % by weight of the hemicelluloses while the MW-assisted autohydrolysis extracted 70.83 (±0.49) % of the hemicelluloses from the sweet sorghum bagasse. The steam-assisted lime treatment resulted in 69.67 (±1.26) % of the lignin extraction the MW-assisted lime treatment resulted in 68.27 (±1.19) % of the lignin extraction from the corresponding autohydrolysed sweet sorghum bagasse samples. The CO2 treatment precipitated 58.85 (±3.2) % of the lignin dissolved in the yellow liquor of the steam-assisted process while 60.26 (±2.11) % of the dissolved lignin was recovered from the yellow liquor of the MW-assisted process. The two methods have not exhibited significant differences in overall recovery of the solids, hemicellulose extraction, delignification, residual concentration of cellulose and ash or in the recovery of lignin and lime. The difference was significant (p value <0.05) only in the concentration of total reducing sugars in the hydrolysate and the yellow liquor. The MW-assisted process increased the total crystallinity index (TCI) of the cellulose in the treated SSB and also increased the concentration of guaiacyl lignin content in the recovered lignin which was thermally more stable than the lignin produced in the steam-assisted process.

Carbon-based strong solid acid for cornstarch hydrolysis

Highly sulfonated carbonaceous spheres with diameter of 100–500nm can be generated by hydrothermal carbonization of glucose in the presence of hydroxyethylsulfonic acid and acrylic acid at 180°C for 4h. The acidity of the prepared carbonaceous sphere C4-SO3H can reach 2.10mmol/g. It was used as a solid acid catalyst for the hydrolysis of cornstarch. Total reducing sugar (TRS) concentration of 19.91mg/mL could be obtained by hydrolyzing 20mg/mL cornstarch at 150°C for 6h using C4-SO3H as solid acid catalyst. The solid acid catalyst demonstrated good stability that only 9% decrease in TRS concentration was observed after five repeat uses. The as-prepared carbon-based solid acid catalyst can be an environmentally benign replacement for homogeneous catalyst.

Production of bioethanol from apple pomace by using cocultures: Conversion of agro-industrial waste to value added product

Direct fermentation of cellulosic biomass to bioethanol has been very promising and hence attracted attention in recent years. In this study, bioethanol production from apple pomace hydrolysate (agro-industrial waste product) was investigated by coculturing Trichoderma harzianum, Aspergillus sojae and Saccharomyces cerevisiae using statistical approaches. Screening and optimization experiments were conducted in order to determine the significant factors and their optimum levels for maximum bioethanol production. Inoculation rates, aeration and agitation speed were considered as factor variables and bioethanol production as response variable. Highest bioethanol (EtOH) concentration and ethanol yield on total reducing sugar content (YP/S) were 8.748 g/L and 0.945 g/g, respectively. Optimum conditions were 6% (w/v) inoculation rates of T.harzianum and A.sojae, and 4% (v/v) inoculation rate of S.cerevisiae with vented aeration method and agitation speed of 200 rpm. To best of our knowledge to date, no reports are available in literature regarding the coculturing of T.harzianum, A.sojae and S.cerevisiae for bioethanol production. Therefore, this study will serve as a base line of initial studies in this field. The method can create a renewable alternative feedstock for fossil fuel production and suggest a feasible solution to multiple environmental problems simultaneously creating a sink for waste utilization.

The inhibition of exogenous ethylene generated by solid ethylene-releasing agents on sprouting of potato tubers in relation to carbohydrate metabolism

The effects of exogenous ethylene generated by solid ethylene-releasing agents on carbohydrate metabolism and sprouting in potato tubers at 15 °C were investigated in this study. Potato tubers were randomly divided into 4 groups, and treated with 0, 1, 2, and 3 bags of solid ethylene-releasing agents. The initial time of potato tuber sprouting and sprouting index were recorded. The rate of respiration, total sugar, total reducing sugar, starch, fructose, glucose, and sucrose content during the sprouting were determined. Our result indicated that exogenous ethylene inhibited the sprouting of potato tubers (sprout index from 0.583 to 1.125), whereas little effect on the initial time of sprouting was observed. Moreover, exogenous ethylene enhanced respiration slightly (less than 8.2%), elevated the total sugar (from 17.73 to 32.58 mg/g) and reduced sugar levels (from 0.23 to 4.43 mg/g). Nevertheless, the starch, glucose, and fructose content varied minimally. The sucrose content was decreased significantly by exogenous ethylene. Therefore, exogenous ethylene treatment could inhibit the potato sprouting process, and a dose-dependent relationship was observed between exogenous ethylene and sprouting index. The inhibitory effect of sprouting was related to carbohydrate metabolism, including changes in the total sugar, total reducing sugar, and sucrose content, to some extent.

저선량 전자선 조사 수입 오렌지의 저온 저장 중 품질 특성

This study investigated the effects of low-dose electron beam irradiation treatment on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of imported navel oranges during storage at 20°C for 12 days. The samples were irradiated at doses of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 kGy, after which changes in color value, hardness, Brix/acid ratio, total sugar contents, reducing sugar contents, vitamin C contents, and sensory evaluation were investigated. There were no significant differences between non-irradiated and irradiated samples in terms of color value, Brix/acid ratio, total sugar contents, total reducing sugar contents, and vitamin C contents. Hardness of irradiated samples significantly decreased in the early storage period in an irradiation dose-independent manner, and the difference between non-irradiated and irradiated samples decreased again at the end of storage. For the sensory evaluation, there was no significant difference between non-irradiated and irradiated samples up to 0.6 kGy, and all sensory item scores decreased at the end of the storage period regardless of irradiation. These results suggest that electron beam irradiation below 0.6 kGy does not affect physicochemical and sensory properties during storage at 20°C. Thus, electron beam irradiation up to 0.6 kGy applied to imported navel oranges is the optimum dose for minimizing quality changes and disinfestation treatment.

Applying Ligninolytic Fungi on Eucalyptus grandis Wood for Pulping Pretreatment or Fractionation

The effects of three different fungal treatments on several technology characteristics of Eucalyptus grandiswood, were studied on industrial chips and blocks. The percentage of the substrate mass loss by the fungal treatment, and the relative amount of extractives and lignin were determined. The effective capillarity of wood, pH and total reducing sugars concentration in water-soluble fraction (WSF) were also determined. There was a reduced mass loss of the substrate by the fungal treatment (less than 3%). Gelatoporia subvermispora FBCC 313 showed the highestreduction in the Klason lignin content, the highestendoglucanase activity on the WSF as well asthe highest ability to increase the effectively capillarity in the radial wood direction. This last effect is interesting since it might facilitate the wood impregnation processes and therefore to reduce the consumption of reagents in industrial treatments.

Quality Attributes of Garden Pea (Pisum sativumL.) as Influenced by Integrated Nutrient Management Under Mid Hill Conditions

The present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of integrated nutrient management on yield and quality of pea (Pisum sativum L.) in an acid Alfisol of Himachal Pradesh using cv. Palam Priya under irrigated conditions at the experiment farm of the Department of Soil Science, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur during rabi 2006–07. The results indicated that the treatment 10 t FYM + 100 per cent recommended NPK (50:60:60 kg ha−1) gave the highest seed yield (31.6 q ha−1) which was at par with the treatment getting 10 t vermicompost + 100 per cent recommended NPK (31.5 q ha−1). It increased significantly with the application of recommended doses of NPK along with vermicompost, FYM and biogas slurry and the magnitude of increase was 34.6, 35.0 and 25.6 per cent, respectively over 100 per cent NPK alone. There was a significant improvement in total soluble solid content of pea with the application of different organics and fertilizer doses. Total and non reducing sugar content in pea seeds also significantly increased with the application of organics alone and in combination with NPK fertilizers. Maximum reducing sugar content was recorded in the treatment where recommended NPK was applied along with 10 t ha−1 of vermicompost. The highest protein and starch contents were also recorded in the treatment where 100 per cent NPK was applied along with 10 t vermicompost ha−1. Application of 75 per cent of recommended dose of fertilizer was at par with 100 per cent of recommended dose of fertilizer along with vermicompost or FYM concluding that 25 per cent of the recommended dose of fertilizer can be substituted either with vermicompost or FYM with respect to quality parameters.

Microwave-Assisted Organic Acid Hydrolysis of Corncob in Bioethanol Production

The microwave-assisted hydrolysis of carbohydrate from corncob using acetic acid was investigated by response surface methodology. The sequence of variables affecting total reducing sugar concentration in the hydrolyzate was the ratio of corncob to acid solution &gt; acid concentration &gt; microwave heating time. The highest 84.2 g/L glucose concentration was obtained by 0.5 M acetic acid concentration with 0.40:1 corncob to acid solution ratio at 900 W microwave power for 10 min. The hydrolyzate prepared from the optimal hydrolysis condition was fermented by 8%w bakery yeast with pH 5.25 at 28°C for 62 h to achieve the optimum ethanol concentration of 32.2 g/L. This proposed that microwave-assisted organic acid hydrolysis is potential for producing fermentable sugars, and suggested that a two-step process for the ethanol is the satisfied production because of low cost, save energy consumption and friendly to environment.

Effects of Exogenous Spermidine on Cell Wall Composition and Carbohydrate Metabolism of Marsilea Plants under Cadmium Stress

Effects of Exogenous Spermidine on Cell Wall Composition and Carbohydrate Metabolism of Marsilea Plants under Cadmium Stress In an experiment to detect the cellular changes of carbohydrate content and its related enzymatic activities, a study was undertaken with Marsilea minuta L., an aquatic fern species in simulated condition of cadmium (Cd) toxicity. From the varying doses of Cd (0, 50, 100 and 200 μM) and supplemented with spermidine (2 mM), it revealed that plants were suffered from accumulation of total carbohydrate in a dose-dependent manner under Cd stress. Maximum depletion of carbohydrate content was 58% with respect to control which was retrieved by 1.42 fold with spermidine application. In a similar manner, plants were also affected with starch, total reducing sugar content by 42% and 63.04% respectively over the control. The fall in both starch and total reducing sugar were retrieved by plants by 1.32 fold and 1.52 fold, respectively.

Optimization of the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic residues by using radial basis functions modeling and particle swarm optimization

The concentrations of glucose and total reducing sugars obtained by chemical hydrolysis of three different lignocellulosic feedstocks were maximized. Two response surface methodologies were applied to model the amount of sugars produced: (1) classical quadratic least-squares fit (QLS), and (2) artificial neural networks based on radial basis functions (RBF). The results obtained by applying RBF were more reliable and better statistical parameters were obtained. Depending on the type of biomass, different results were obtained. Improvements in fit between 35% and 55% were obtained when comparing the coefficients of determination (R2) computed for both QLS and RBF methods. Coupling the obtained RBF models with particle swarm optimization to calculate the global desirability function, allowed to perform multiple response optimization. The predicted optimal conditions were confirmed by carrying out independent experiments.

Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis of cassava waste to obtain fermentable sugars

This work evaluates ultrasound-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis of cassava waste using α-amylase and amyloglucosidase to obtain fermentable sugars. The influence of solid to liquid ratio and the concentrations of α-amylase and amyloglucosidase on the amount of fermentable sugars released was assessed in the presence and absence of ultrasound irradiation by means of a central composite rotational design. The results showed that the concentration of fermentable sugars released ranged from 21.3 to 83.1 g l −1 and from 32.8 to 116.1 g l −1 , in the absence and presence of ultrasound, respectively. The specific total reducing sugar (TRS) production (expressed as g of TRS per g of dry cassava waste) ranged from 0.18 to 0.27 for hydrolysis in the water bath and from 0.26 to 0.36 g g −1 in the ultrasound bath. The TRS concentration obtained using ultrasound for a sample with solid to liquid ratio of 0.16 was around 80 g l −1 , and without ultrasound the similar concentration was only obtained for solid to liquid ratios higher than 0.34. This demonstrates that ultrasound technology can be useful for process intensification due to its positive effects on sugar yield.

Concentrations of Free Amino Acids and Sugars in Nine Potato Varieties: Effects of Storage and Relationship with Acrylamide Formation

Acrylamide forms during cooking and processing predominately from the reaction of free asparagine and reducing sugars in the Maillard reaction. The identification of low free asparagine and reducing sugar varieties of crops is therefore an important target. In this study, nine varieties of potato (French fry varieties Maris Piper (from two suppliers), Pentland Dell, King Edward, Daisy, and Markies; and chipping varieties Lady Claire, Lady Rosetta, Saturna, and Hermes) grown in the United Kingdom in 2009 were analyzed at monthly intervals through storage from November 2009 to July 2010. Acrylamide formation was measured in heated flour and chips fried in oil. Analysis of variance revealed significant interactions between varieties nested within type (French fry and chipping) and storage time for most free amino acids, glucose, fructose, and acrylamide formation. Acrylamide formed in chips correlated significantly with acrylamide formed in flour and with chip color. There were significant correlations between glucose or total reducing sugar concentration and acrylamide formation in both variety types, but with fructose the correlation was much stronger for chipping than for French fry varieties. Conversely, there were significant correlations with acrylamide formation for both total free amino acid and free asparagine concentration in the French fry but not chipping varieties. The study showed the potential of variety selection for preventing unacceptable levels of acrylamide formation in potato products and the variety-dependent effect of long-term storage on acrylamide risk. It also highlighted the complex relationship between precursor concentration and acrylamide risk in potatoes.

Viscozyme L action on soy slurry affects carbohydrates and antioxidant properties of silken tofu

This study investigated the enzymatic treatment of soy slurry using Viscozyme L to hydrolyze the carbohydrates. The optimum temperature of Viscozyme L action was 55 °C. The increase of glucose and galactose content in tofu (1.36 and 0.19 g/100 g, respectively) confirmed the Viscozyme activity on soy slurry when compared to the control. The treated tofu had more total phenolics than the control (173 and 161 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g freeze-dried tofu, respectively) and higher antioxidant activity by the 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl,2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl radical tests. Total reducing sugar (glucose equivalents) content in treated tofu was approximately four times higher than that in the control under the optimum conditions (30 Fungal Beta-Glucanase units/10 g solids, 55 °C, 30 min). The tofus differed in the sensory analysis for soy odor and surface uniformity, but there was no preference for one over the other.

Added versus Accumulated Sugars on Color Development and Acrylamide Formation in French-Fried Potato Strips

Added (glucose addition) versus accumulated (in situ sugar development via cold-temperature storage) sugar treatments were investigated in relation to acrylamide formation within fried potato strips at standardized levels of finish-fried color (Agtron color scores ranged from 36 to 84). The added sugar treatment exhibited a relatively reduced rate of acrylamide formation and generally possessed a lower and less variable acrylamide content (61-1290 ng/g) than the accumulated sugar scheme (61-2191 ng/g). In a subsequent experiment, added fructose applied to strip surfaces via dipping prior to frying favored acrylamide formation over color development relative to added glucose, for which the reverse trend was observed. Thus, where acrylamide differences were noted between added and accumulated sugar treatments (given equivalent Agtron color scores), this result was likely aided by the relative higher fructose content in strips of the accumulated sugar scheme rather than simply a greater relative concentration of total reducing sugars.

Study on the reduction of acrylamide in mixed rye bread by fermentation with bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances producing lactic acid bacteria in combination with Aspergillus niger glucoamylase

This study mainly focuses on a strategy for reducing of acrylamide in cereal products, predominantly in bakery products. The effect of mesophilic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains as well as a novel fermentation media on the bases of extruded rye wholemeal on the acrylamide formation in mixed rye bread of different weight of loaf was studied. The LC–MS/MS method for acrylamide determination in bread crumb has been applied. Addition of 15% low pH (pH 3.4–4.3) fermented product to bread dough, which were produced by using commercial strain Lactobacillus casei and bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS) producing strains Lactobacillus sakei KTU05-6, Pediococcus acidilactici KTU05-7 and Pediococcus pentosaceus KTU05-8 separately, caused significant reduction of acrylamide in mixed rye bread. All bread loafs of 1000 g contained less by 27% acrylamide concentrations versus loafs of 500 g. Acrylamide formation was affected (r2 = 0.7193) by total reducing sugar content in bread and slightly correlated (r2 = 0.5587) with reducing sugar content in sourdough. The treatment of extruded rye wholemeal with Aspergillus niger glucoamylase as compared to the control sample was found to have a positive effect on the acidification process lowering the acrylamide formation on an average by 59.4% and 40% in 500 g and 1000 g loafs of bread, respectively. This study demonstrates that acrylamide content could be reduced by using LAB excreting lower amylolytic activity in the medium, while the higher proteolytic activity is preferred.

The Study of the Dilute Acid Pretreatment Technology of Corn Stover and Rice Straw

Ethanol production from lignocellulosic materials provides an alternative energy production system. Dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment of corn straw and rice straw and enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose were investigated in this study. The straw was pretreated at 121°C with different sulfuric acid concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4and 5%, v/v) and residence times (30, 60, and 90 min). The concentration and conversion of total reducing sugars were analyzed. Pretreatment residence time play a key role in increase glucose concentration comparing to sulfuric acid concentration. Cellulose remaining in the pretreated feedstock was highly digestible by cellulases from Trichoderma viride. The result that the saccharification yield of 72.38% and 82.84% from corn straw and rice straw by using 2% (v/v) acid pretreatment at 121°C for 60 min and saccharifying with cellulase preparations.