Total Power Reduction Research Articles

Numerical and Experimental Investigation into the Aerodynamic Benefits of Rotorcraft Formation Flight

The use of formation flight to achieve aerodynamic benefit applied to rotorcraft has, unlike its fixed-wing counterpart, received little attention in the literature. This document presents a proof-of-concept of rotorcraft formation flight from two independent investigations: a numerical study of a fully articulated helicopter influenced by an upstream helicopter wake and a wind-tunnel experiment featuring two small-scale helicopter models with fixed-pitch blades. Both cases feature a representation of two helicopters in a diagonal, staggered formation aligned on the advancing side of the main rotor, but do not simulate directly comparable flight conditions. The vertical and lateral alignment of the two helicopters is varied in order to observe the achievable reductions in main rotor power required during cruise flight. The wind-tunnel experiment data yield an estimated maximum total power reduction for the secondary aircraft of approximately 24%, while the numerical models yield reductions between 20% and 34% dependent on flight velocity. Both experiments predict a higher potential for aerodynamic benefit than generally observed for fixed-wing formations, which is attributed to the asymmetric velocity profile induced by the wake of the upstream rotor. Optimal lateral alignment of both experimental and numerical results is found to feature overlap of the rotor disk areas, rather than tip-to-tip alignment, as a result of the circular rotor disk area. Experimental data show an optimal vertical alignment of the secondary rotorcraft below the primary, due to the self-induced vertical displacement of the rotor wake, which is absent from the numerical results due to the application of a flat wake assumption. The results show a promising potential for rotorcraft formation flight, though due to the limited nature of the models used, conclusions cannot be generalized. The potential aerodynamic benefit indicated by the present study invites further research in the field of rotorcraft formation flight.

Effect of sodium nitroprusside on physiological and anatomical features of salt-stressed Raphanus sativus

Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), which produces nitric oxide (NO) has the well-documented potential to alleviate the adverse effects of various abiotic stressors such as salinity. The present study aimed at investigating how the application of SNP can ameliorate the adverse effects of salt stress and boost tolerance in Raphanus sativus. Salt stress induced by application of 100 or 200 mM NaCl significantly decreased photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence, followed by a significant reduction in carbohydrate content. SNP treatment increased salt-tolerance in plants by inhibiting the adverse effect of salinity on the photosynthetic apparatus and the accumulation of sugars. Salt stress was accompanied by a reduction in total antioxidant power (FRAP), accumulation of damaging levels of H2O2, lipid peroxidation, and reduction in protein, while SNP enhanced FRAP, reduced H2O2 and lipid peroxidation, and restored protein abundance. SNP treatment also increased hypocotyl growth of salt-stressed plants, accompanied by improvement in anatomical structure. Cross sections of the hypocotyl showed increased diameter of the central cylinder and thickness of the casparian strip in the SNP-treated plants under stress conditions. Indeed, the observed improvement in the growth of hypocotyl and leaves of salt-stressed radish plants treated with SNP, in parallel with improved physiology and anatomical features, suggested that NO can regulate diverse mechanisms to effectively increase salt tolerance.

P-AD003. Autonomic dysfunction in CASPR2 antibody associated neurological disease

Introduction . Contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2) antibody-associated neurological disease is a rare autoimmune illness with central and peripheral manifestations. The core clinical features are peripheral nerve hyperexcitability, autonomic dysfunction, insomnia, and fluctuating encephalopathy. We aim to describe the autonomic manifestations in a cohort of patients with CASPR2 antibody-associated neurological disease. Methods . This study was a retrospective chart review that included eight patients with CASPR2 antibody-associated neurological illness. Their medical records were reviewed and details regarding clinical manifestations of autonomic dysfunction and cardiac autonomic function testing (AFT) were collected. The response of autonomic manifestations to immunotherapy was also noted on follow up. Results . Clinically, autonomic manifestations were present in 7/8 patients. Most commonly, cardiovascular manifestations (palpitations, postural dizziness, tachycardia, fluctuating blood pressure, and postural hypotension) were noted in six patients while others included gastrointestinal (diarrhea or constipation), genitourinary (urinary frequency, urinary retention), and sudomotor (hyperhidrosis) manifestations in three patients each. One patient developed a hypertensive emergency with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. AFT was carried out in five patients and it showed severe cardiac autonomic dysfunction in three and definite autonomic dysfunction in two patients. All patients had a reduction in total power with sympathetic dominance. On follow-up after treatment with immunotherapy (mean duration 19.71 ± 17.61 months; range, 2–52 months), all patients had improvement in autonomic symptoms and one patient had persistent tachycardia but no symptoms. Conclusion . Autonomic dysfunction is a core feature of CASPR2 antibody-associated neurological disease and is usually multi-organ in nature with varied manifestations. Cardiac AFT shows sympathetic dominance. While the clinical response to treatment is good, cardiac autonomic dysfunction in the acute period can lead to dangerous fluctuations in blood pressure and result in complications.

Air pollution and soiling implications for solar photovoltaic power generation: A comprehensive review

Solar photovoltaic (PV) is a promising and highly cost-competitive technology for sustainable power supply, enjoying a continuous global installation growth supported by the encouraging policies and commercial markets. However, air pollution and soiling of PV modules prevail worldwide, potentially casting a shadow on solar PV power generation. This study presents a comprehensive review of the documented impact of air pollution and PV soiling on solar resources and techno-economic performances of PV systems. Both air pollution attenuation and soiling could significantly reduce the solar PV power generation globally, and soiling losses contribute to most of the total power reduction in most regions except in high-polluted areas. In addition, considering the natural soiling processes, the influencing parameters of soiling such as environmental and configurational factors and their correlation to dust deposition on PV surface are discussed. Furthermore, this study introduces the impact of air pollution elimination on surface solar radiation and solar PV power generation. Given the current novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, studies related to its effects on the solar PV sector are discussed in the present review. The reported soiling mitigation approaches and technologies are systematically compared. Finally, the current research challenges are stated, and suggestions for future works in improving the penetration of solar PV applications are provided to help promote solar power generation towards carbon neutrality all over the world.

Physical design and verification of 3D reversible ALU by QCA technology

The “Quantum Dot Cellular Automata” or QCA is mainly used to design and simulate ‘3D’ structures for area-occupation, latency and total power reduction of any electronic circuit. At present, this “Nano-technology world” requires less-complex, small-size, high-frequency, fault-tolerant, low-power devices to increase the component-density in a single die. QCA designs are the well-known and optimum alternative of CMOS designs due to its above mentioned advantages. Further, reversible gates can also be formed based on QCA design. Reversible logic not only reduce the complexity of the design but also it can increase the information storage possibility by saving the power and energy. It is capable of reducing the leakage power (‘KTln2’ amount of dissipated energy for every bit can be ignored due to this logic). Cost of any device depends on the delay, power and occupied-area of the device which can be decreased by reversible multilayer (‘3D’) QCA structures. So, this proposed technique has an ability to provide the design for a cost-effective electronic device with good scalability and fault-tolerance. In the present work, we have simulated of an “Arithmetic and Logic Unit” in “QCA Designer” and “Xilinx” software. The first software is used due to the above advantages and here we apply reversible logic (reversible TSG gate with reversible AND-OR gate). This ALU is capable of performing one arithmetic (addition of two inputs) and three logical operations (AND, OR and XOR operations of two inputs) at a time. The TSG gate is used here as a full-adder with two input XOR operation and The reversible AND-OR gate is utilized for getting the AND result and OR result of two inputs. This design is also required a “4:1 MUX” which helps to select the operations properly. Schematic designs of proposed design with calculated values of delay and total power (for different room-temperature) are achieved in our work by using ‘Xilinx’ simulator. The used Verilog coding of our formed-design is also implemented in a “FPGA Board” (“Spartan 3E”) for hardware verification. Our presented circuitry can also continue its functionalities at high-temperature.

Cache performance of NV-STT-MRAM with scale effect and comparison with SRAM

ABSTRACT Cache is the bridge between CPU and memory for data exchange, which consumes up to 45% of the entire CPU energy. Low power cache and memory are urgently required for the computer system. The paper focuses on using Destiny to simulate the scaling roadmap of the STT-MRAM. The performance evaluation of the STT-MRAM is explored in the cache applications, including the cell area, the aspect ratio for different cache capacities. Based on the exploration, optimisation on the performance is achieved, showing a write latency reduction of up to 5.4% and a total leakage power reduction of up to 42.1%, suggesting an important application scenario for the STT-MRAM. Furthermore, comparison is conducted in the cache performance between SRAM and STT-MRAM using high performance (HP) and low power performance (LOP) device models, including the capacity, total area, hit latency, write latency, total leakage power, hit dynamic energy and write dynamic energy. It is interesting to disclose that the STT-MRAM memory bank with large-capacity (> 32 MB) shows better performances. The large cache with the STT-MRAM exhibits better performances than the cache based on the SRAM. Especially for the STT-MARM using LOP device model compared with the SRAM using LOP device model, it can effectively reduce energy consumption.

The role of stress reactivity and pre-injury psychosocial vulnerability to psychological and physical health immediately after traumatic injury

BackgroundTraumatic injuries can have long-term negative impacts on health, especially psychological health. A biopsychosocial approach is recommended to identify those likely to experience psychosocial stress, however large individual differences exist in stress reactivity and post-injury health that remain unexplored. Therefore, we investigated autonomic nervous system (ANS) stress responses and pre-existing psychosocial vulnerability as contributors to health in individuals who sustained a traffic-related injury. Methods120 adults with traffic-related injury and 112 non-injury controls underwent an integrative ANS (cardiac and skin conductance) assessment and a health-related assessment at 3–6 weeks post-injury. Propensity score matching based on six pre-injury psychosocial vulnerability factors (age, sex, education, prior mental/physical health, socioeconomic status) guided the definition of high vulnerability (HV) and low vulnerability (LV) injury subgroups, with the LV subgroup having similar propensity scores to non-injury controls. A three-group comparative analysis of ANS responsivity (baseline, reactivity, recovery/rebound) and post-injury health was performed. ResultsThe HV subgroup exhibited the most negative immediate post-injury mental health profile and less adaptive ANS response patterns, indicating greater stress vulnerability/reactivity. Significant differences were found for psychological health (elevated psychological distress and catastrophizing), but not physical health (injury factors, pain, fatigue, physical wellbeing). HV participants showed sympathetic predominance at resting baseline (lower parasympathetic activity and/or elevated heart rate) compared to the LV and control groups, as well as smaller parasympathetic decrease during a cognitive task compared to controls. Despite preserved capacity for restoring initial homeostasis in both injury subgroups during recovery, there was some indication of blunted post-task sympathetic deactivation (larger sympathetic decrease) and reduced overall ANS adaptability (reduction in total power of heart rate variability spectrum), suggesting relative reduced capacity to face stressors compared to controls. ConclusionsFindings suggest that baseline resting ANS regulation, particularly parasympathetic activity, and pre-injury psychosocial factors are key contributors to individual psycho-biological responses following traumatic injury, and are therefore potential stress vulnerability markers. Post-stress recovery patterns may represent a novel physiological signature for a “biological intrinsic” vulnerability early after the injury. These findings provide direction for improved early identification and management of injured individuals, including innovative preventive interventions that target ANS regulation.

Reconfigurable TPM Implemented with Ultralow-Power Management in 28nm CMOS Process for IoT SoC Design

There have been amazing developments in the security applications of sensors for Internet of Things (IoT), which lead to the increasing demand for the System-on-a-Chip (SoC) based on Trusted Platform Module (TPM). Low-power design has become the key to enhancing the competitiveness of IoT’s product. The reconfigurable design can effectively reduce power consumption under the condition of ensuring the performance of the system. In this paper, a reconfigurable TPM with a power management module using 28nm CMOS process is proposed, which guarantees the energy saving and effectiveness of the chip. By integrating clock management, power management and multi-voltage management strategy, the designed TPM power management unit achieved a dynamic power reduction level of $$72.61\%$$ , a leakage power reduction level of $$82.05\%$$ and a total power reduction of $$72.68\%$$ with the combination of reconfigurable TPM chips without ultralow-power management.

Optimal Siting and Sizing of Multiple Distributed Generation Units in Radial Distribution System Using Ant Lion Optimization Algorithm

The installation of distributed generation (DG) units with optimal capacities at optimal locations is becoming an essential issue in a distribution power network to reduce total power loss and to enhance voltage profile. In this paper, a recently included optimization technique called ant lion optimizer (ALO) has been presented for assessing the optimal size of multiple DG units in a balanced radial distribution system. An integrated methodology of loss sensitivity factor and voltage sensitivity factor is utilized for finding the optimal bus locations for the multiple DG unit installation. The optimal size of DG units at the identified bus locations are computed using ALO algorithm by minimizing the total real power loss of distribution network. The minimization of total real power loss will lead to considerable enhancement in voltage profile. The performance of the proposed algorithm has been evaluated against IEEE 33, 69 and 119 bus balanced radial distribution systems. Furthermore, to outline the superiority of proposed ALO algorithm, the attained results are related with the results of hybrid optimization techniques such as GA-PSO, ABC-CSO and ABC-BAT in terms of total real power reduction and voltage profile improvement.

Convulsive seizures and some behavioral comorbidities are uncoupled in the Scn1aA1783V Dravet syndrome mouse model.

Dravet syndrome (Dravet) is a severe childhood epileptic encephalopathy. The disease begins with a febrile stage, characterized by febrile seizures with otherwise normal development. Progression to the worsening stage features recurrent intractable seizures and the presentation of additional nonepileptic comorbidities, including global developmental delay, hyperactivity, and motor deficits. Later in life, at the stabilization stage, seizure burden decreases, whereas Dravet-associated comorbidities persist. To date, it remains debated whether the nonepileptic comorbidities result from severe epilepsy or represent an independent phenotypic feature. Dravet mice (DS) faithfully recapitulate many clinical aspects of Dravet. Using wild-type (WT) and DS at different ages, we monitored multiple behavioral features as well as background electroencephalogram (EEG) activity during the different stages of Dravet epilepsy. Behavioral tests of WT and DS demonstrated that some deficits manifest already at the pre-epileptic stage, prior to the onset of convulsive seizures. These include motor impairment and hyperactivity in the open field. Deficits in cognitive functions were detected at the onset of severe spontaneous seizures. Power spectral analysis of background EEG activity, measured through development, showed that DS exhibit normal background oscillations at the pre-epileptic stage, a marked reduction in total power during the onset of severe epilepsy, and a subsequent smaller reduction later in life. Importantly, low EEG power at the stage of severe frequent convulsive seizures correlated with increased risk for premature death. Our data provide a comprehensive developmental trajectory of Dravet epilepsy and Dravet-associated comorbidities in mice, under controlled settings, demonstrating that the convulsive seizures and some nonepileptic comorbidities may be uncoupled. Moreover, we report the existence of an inverse correlation, on average, between the power of background EEG and the severity of epileptic phenotypes, suggesting that such measurements may potentially serve as a biomarker for Dravet severity.

Data Retention-Based Low Leakage Power TCAM for Network Packet Routing

The ternary content addressable memory (TCAM) is widely used in the routing table due to its high lookup performance. However, a large number of transistors would cause the power consumption of TCAM to be considerable. In this brief, a new state-preserved technique, named data retention based TCAM (DR-TCAM), is proposed to reduce the leakage power dissipated in the TCAM memory. According to the continuous feature of mask data, the DR-TCAM can dynamically adapt the power source of mask cells so as to reduce the TCAM leakage power. Particularly, the mask data wouldn’t be destroyed in the DR-TCAM. Based on TSMC 40nm technology, the simulation results show that the DR-TCAM performs better than the state-of-the-art works. Compared to the traditional TCAM design, the DR-TCAM can deliver a TCAM leakage power reduction of 41% for a collection of real routing tables. Besides, the total power reduction is about 12%.

Salbutamol Worsens the Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction of Children With Sickle Cell Disease.

BackgroundSickle cell disease (SCD) patients with asthma have an increased rate of vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) and acute chest syndrome (ACS) episodes when compared to those without asthma. We hypothesized that either asthma diagnosis or bronchodilator treatment might aggravate SCD via their modulating effect on the autonomic nervous system (ANS).MethodsCross-sectional evaluation of heart rate variability (HRV) during pulmonary function tests, including salbutamol administration, in children with SCD receiving asthma treatment or not when compared to asthmatic children without SCD matched for ethnicity.ResultsSCD children with asthma (n = 30, median age of 12.9 years old) were characterized by a reduced FEV1/FVC ratio, an increased bronchodilator response, and a greater incidence of VOC and ACS when compared to SCD children without asthma (n = 30, 12.7 years). Children with asthma without SCD (n = 29, 11.4 years) were characterized by a higher exhaled NO fraction than SCD children. SCD children when compared to non-SCD children showed reduced HRV [total power, low (LF) and high (HF, vagal tone) frequencies], which was further worsened by salbutamol administration in all the groups: reduction in total power and HF with an increase in LF/HF ratio. After salbutamol, the LF/HF ratio of the SCD children was higher than that of the non-SCD children. The two groups of SCD children were similar, suggesting that asthma diagnosis per se did not modify ANS functions.ConclusionSCD children are characterized by impaired parasympathetic control and sympathetic overactivity that is worsened by salbutamol administration.Clinical Trial Registrationwww.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT04062409.

Influence of the subtropical ridge on directional wave power in the southeast Indian Ocean

AbstractChanges in the intensity and position of subtropical anticyclones are major drivers of wave climate around Australia. The quasi‐stationary ridge of high atmospheric pressure in the mid‐latitudes is known as the Subtropical Ridge (STR). In this study, we decompose the directional wave climate along the Western Australian Shelf (WAS) into three primary modes of variability using a statistical‐synoptic typing approach, and relate the wave power signatures of each to movements in the STR. We find a significant reduction in wave power along the WAS over the past 35 years. This is synonymous with an intensification of the STR resulting in blocking of powerful Southern Ocean Low wave conditions, a small increase in weaker anticyclonic waves, and a reduction in total wave power. A persistent intensification and/or poleward shift in the STR, associated with anthropogenic warming, may result in a continued decrease and anticlockwise rotation in wave power along the WAS. The approach taken in this article relates empirical changes in wave climate to movements in large‐scale climate drivers which can be used to complement the understanding of climate‐model based scenarios of wave climate change.

The influence of duration on pain stress, oxidative stress, and total antioxidant power status in female dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy

Background and Aim:Ovariohysterectomy (OHE) is a common procedure for sterilization of female dogs. However, knowledge of changes in pain stress, oxidative stress, and total antioxidant power status before, during, and after OHE is limited. The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of duration on pain stress, oxidative stress, and total antioxidant power status in female dogs undergoing OHE.Materials and Methods:Seven female dogs were sterilized using the OHE method. Pain scores, hematological changes, and biochemical markers were investigated during pre-operative, 3 h after starting OHE, and on days 3, 7, 10, and 14 of an experimental period. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance.Results:At 3 days after OHE, pain score was higher than on days 7-14 of the experimental period; percentage of neutrophil, 3 h after starting OHE, was higher than during pre-operative and on days 3-14 of the experimental period; percentage of lymphocyte on days 10-14 was lower than during pre-operative, 3 h after starting OHE, and on days 3-7 of the experimental period; neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, 3 h after starting OHE, was higher than during pre-operative and on days 3-14 of the experimental period; plasma malondialdehyde on day 3 was higher than during pre-operative, 3 h after starting OHE, and on days 3-14 of the experimental period; and total antioxidant power on day 14 was higher than during pre-operative, 3 h after starting OHE, and on days 3-10 of the experimental period, respectively.Conclusion:This experiment indicated that OHE caused pain stress, oxidative stress, and reduction of total antioxidant power in female dogs. Finally, female dogs needed antioxidant for 7 days after OHE.

Fair Online Power Capping for Emergency Handling in Multi-Tenant Cloud Data Centers

In view of the high capital expense for scaling up power capacity to meet the escalating demand, maximizing the utilization of built capacity has become a top priority for multi-tenant data center operators, where many cloud providers house their physical servers. The traditional power provisioning guarantees a high availability, but is very costly and results in a significant capacity under-utilization. On the other hand, power oversubscription (i.e., deploying more servers than what the capacity allows) improves utilization but offers no availability guarantees due to the necessity of power reduction to handle the resulting power emergencies. Given these limitations, we propose a novel hybrid power provisioning approach, called $\mathsf {HyPP}$ HyPP , which provides a combination of two different power availabilities to tenants: capacity with a very high availability (100 percent or nearly 100 percent), plus additional capacity with a medium availability that may be unavailable for up to a certain amount during each billing period. For $\mathsf {HyPP}$ HyPP , we design an online algorithm for the operator to coordinate tenants’ power reduction at runtime when the tenants’ aggregate power demand exceeds the power capacities. Our algorithm aims at achieving long-term fairness in tenants’ power reduction (defined as the ratio of total actual power reduction by a tenant to its contracted reduction budget over a billing period). We analyze the theoretical performance of our online algorithm and derive a good competitive ratio in terms of fairness compared to the offline optimum. We also validate our algorithm through simulations under realistic settings.

Short-term effects of household indoor- and outdoor-originating fine particulate matters on heart rate and heart rate variability in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases patients, Beijing

Objective: To assess the associations of indoor fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) from outdoor and indoor sources with heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) of Beijing. Methods: A total of 40 male patients in a stable stage of COPD were recruited from a hospital in a panel study in Beijing with 5 consecutive days of measurement for each subject. General information and disease history of the participants from questionnaires were obtained prior to the study. HR and HRV were repeatedly examined using dynamic electrocardiograph. HRV included standard deviation of all NN intervals (SDNN), root mean square of successive differences between adjacent NN intervals (rMSSD), total power (TP) power in the low-frequency band (LF) and the high-frequency band (HF). Iron was used as tracer element to separate indoor-originated PM(2.5) and outdoor-originated PM(2.5). Mixed-effect models were applied to assess the associations of outdoor-originated PM(2.5) or indoor-originated PM(2.5) and health effects. Results: The P(50) (P(25), P(75)) values of daily indoor PM(2.5), indoor-originated PM(2.5) and outdoor-originated PM(2.5) were 50.9 (26.8, 122.7), 16.0 (1.9, 43.7) and 27.3 (13.5, 61.8) μg/m(3), respectively. The mean±SD of concentrations of real-time indoor PM(2.5), indoor-originated PM(2.5) and outdoor-originated PM(2).5 were (61.5±58.8), (25.3±39.1) and (36.2±42.7) μg/m(3), respectively. Compared with outdoor-originated PM(2.5), indoor-originated PM(2.5) had significant associations with HRV and HR. Each 10 μg/m(3) increase at 4 h indoor-originated PM(2.5) and outdoor-originated PM(2.5) moving average was associated with 3.4% (95%CI: -4.7%, -2.1%) and 0.6% (95%CI: -2.0%, -0.8%) reduction in TP (P<0.001). Each 10 μg/m(3) increase at 12 h indoor-originated PM(2.5) moving average was associated with 7.6% (95%CI: -10.1%, -5.1%), 4.7% (95%CI: -6.7%, -2.7%), 3.3% (95%CI: -4.2%,-2.4%) and 3.0% (95%CI: -4.5%, -1.5%) reduction in HF, LF, SDNN and rMSSD, respectively. Each 10 μg/m(3) increase at 12 h outdoor-originated PM(2.5) moving average was associated with 0.7% (95%CI: -2.7%, -1.4%), 0.2% (95%CI: -1.9%, 1.4%), 0.7% (95%CI: -1.4%, -0.1%) and 0.2% (95%CI: -1.3%, 0.9%) reduction in HF, LF, SDNN and rMSSD, respectively (P<0.001). Each 10 μg/m(3) increase at 8 h indoor-originated PM(2.5) and outdoor-originated PM(2.5) moving average was associated with 0.7% (95%CI: 0.4%, 1.0%) and 0.4% (95%CI: 0.2%, 0.6%) increase in HR. Conclusion: Exposure to indoor-originated PM(2.5) was more strongly associations with HRV indices and HR compared with outdoor-originated PM(2.5) in male COPD patients.

Frequency-domain analysis of heart rate variability during rest and stress in adolescents with parental history of diabetes mellitus

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a polygenic disorder in which hereditary, environmental factors, lifestyle, and other factors play a role. Among this genetic factor plays a crucial role in that, risk of developing DM increases with a strong parental history almost up to 70%. Aims and Objectives: Evaluation of frequency domain analysis of Heart rate variability (HRV) during rest and stress in adolescents with a parental history of DM. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 adolescents were involved in the study. They were in three groups based on the parental history of DM; Group I - negative parental history (controls); Group II - one parent diabetic; and Group III - both parents diabetic. HRV analyzed by Kubios software. To induce stress, subjects were made to subtract digit by 7 under pressure. Results: During rest, there is a statistically significant reduction in frequency-domain parameters such as total power and high frequency (HF) (nu) (P = 0.00 and P = 0.00) demonstrating decrease in parasympathetic activity. Low frequency (LF) (nu) (P = 0.00) and Lebanon Humanitarian Fund ratio (P = 0.00) were increased demonstrating elevated sympathetic activity in adolescents of Group III when compared to Groups I and II. Subjects having both the parents diabetic show exaggerated response to acute stress in terms of significant reduction in total power (P = 0.00), HF (nu) (P = 0.00), and LF (ms2) (P = 0.00) and a significant increase in LF (nu) (P = 0.00) and LF/HF ratio (P = 0.00). Conclusion: Reduced autonomic modulation was seen in adolescents having a strong parental history of DM. Even during rest, they showed sympathetic predominance and withdrawal of parasympathetic component. During stress, there is an exaggerated response seen in adolescents of both parents diabetic.

Automatic Application-Specific Calibration to Enable Dynamic Voltage Scaling in FPGAs

Dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) is one of the most effective ways to reduce integrated circuit power. However, the programmability of field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) means that the critical paths depend on the application configured into the FPGA and this makes DVS more difficult. We propose a DVS technique that is able to determine the minimum safe ${V_{\text {dd}}}$ of any application for each FPGA chip. For each application, we create multiple calibration bit-streams that are used to generate a calibration table (CT), which stores the actual failing points of that application on a specific FPGA, under various operating conditions. This CT is used to scale ${ V_{\text {dd}}}$ while the application is running to guarantee safe operation with minimal power consumption. We develop an automated tool (FRoC) that ensures a fast-robust-calibration of the FPGA to any application using it. FRoC makes the calibration process invisible to FPGA users, does not add any extra manual steps to the design process, and uses novel algorithms to minimize the extra flash storage requirements for calibration. Our results show that across a large suite of benchmarks the calibration process requires a geomean of less than four bit-streams and our DVS technique achieves a 33% total power reduction on two large applications.

Multi-Objective Hybrid WIPSO–GSA Algorithm-Based DG and Capacitor Planning for Reduction of Power Loss and Voltage Deviation in Distribution System

In electric distribution system, majority of load connected are inductive in nature and it results in increased system power loss and reduced bus voltage profile. In this study, in order to overcome these issues, optimal planning of DG and capacitor are presented by optimizing multiple objectives such as minimization of total active power loss (Plosstotal) and reduction of voltage deviation (VD). Here, a hybrid configuration of weight improved particle swarm optimization (WIPSO) and gravitational search algorithm (GSA) called hybrid WIPSO–GSA algorithm is proposed to solve the optimization problem in multi-objective problem domain. In order to solve multi-objective optimization problem, the proposed hybrid WIPSO–GSA algorithm is integrated with two components. The first component is fixed-sized archive that is responsible for storing a set of non-dominated Pareto optimal solutions and the second component is a leader selection strategy that helps to update and identify the best compromised solution from the archive. The proposed methodology is tested on standard 33-bus and Indian 85-bus distribution system. Moreover, the total economic benefit due to optimal DG and capacitor planning are established and also the superiority of the proposed technique is illustrated by comparing the results with other existing optimization techniques.

Scaling of Output Load in Energy Efficient FIR Filter for Green Communication on Ultra-Scale FPGA

FIR Filter always remains in linear phase with the help of symmetric coefficient. This feature makes it ideal for phase-sensitive applications like data communications. Design of FIR filter with energy efficiency makes excellent sense to achieve energy efficiency in digital selected frequency module of communication. We are using scaling of output load from 5000 to 0 pF to show an effect of output load on both on-chip and off-chip power consumption of FIR filter design. 20 nm technology based FVA1156 package and Kintex-7 family ultra-scale FPGA is taken under reconsideration for implementation of our model. With the use of HSTL_II IO standards, there is 84.39 and 92.83% reduction in IOs power when we scale down capacitance from 5000 to 500 and 0 pF respectively. With the use of HSTL_I_18 IO standards, there is 72.48 and 80.13% reduction in total on-chip power when we scale down capacitance from 5000 to 500 and 0 pF respectively. Along with IOs power and total on-chip power, we have also analyzed Off-chip device power, junction temperature, thermal margin, and different dynamic power likes Signal power, logic power, and DSP power.