Total Power Reduction Research Articles

Pitfalls and possibilities of using Root SedLine for continuous assessment of EEG waveform-based metrics in intensive care research

Objective. The Root SedLine device is used for continuous electroencephalography (cEEG)-based sedation monitoring in intensive care patients. The cEEG traces can be collected for further processing and calculation of relevant metrics not already provided. Depending on the device settings during acquisition, the acquired traces may be distorted by max/min value cropping or high digitization errors. We aimed to systematically assess the impact of these distortions on metrics used for clinical research in the field of neuromonitoring. Approach. A 16 h cEEG acquired using the Root SedLine device at the optimal screen settings was analyzed. Cropping and digitization error effects were simulated by consecutive reduction of the maximum cEEG amplitude by 2 µV or by reducing the vertical resolution. Metrics were calculated within ICM+ using minute-by-minute data, including the total power, alpha delta ratio (ADR), and 95% spectral edge frequency. Data were analyzed by creating violin- or box-plots. Main Results. Cropping led to a continuous reduction in total and band power, leading to corresponding changes in variability thereof. The relative power and ADR were less affected. Changes in resolution led to relevant changes. While the total power and power of low frequencies were rather stable, the power of higher frequencies increased with reducing resolution. Significance. Care must be taken when acquiring and analyzing cEEG waveforms from Root SedLine for clinical research. To retrieve good quality metrics, the screen settings must be kept within the central vertical scale, while pre-processing techniques must be applied to exclude unacceptable periods.

Acute Hemodynamic, Metabolic, and Hormonal Responses to a Boxing Exergame with and without Blood Flow Restriction in Non-Athlete Young Individuals.

This study aimed to compare acute hemodynamic, metabolic (glucose and blood lactate concentrations), hormonal (growth hormone and normetanephrine), heart rate variability (HRV), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) responses before and after bouts of a boxing exergame with and without blood flow restriction (BFR) in non-athlete young individuals. Fourteen participants (age: 30 ± 10 y; BMI: 21 ± 3 kg.m-2) participated in two sessions of a 20 min boxing exergame. During week one, the participants were randomly divided into two groups and played against one another under normal (n = 7) and BFR (n = 7) conditions. Over the next exercise session, participants were then reallocated to the opposite condition (normal vs. BFR) for data collection. Hemodynamic, metabolic, HRV, and hormonal parameters were measured before and immediately after the exercise protocols. Playing exergame led to a significant increase in hemodynamic variables (except for diastolic blood pressure) regardless of BFR condition with no between-group differences. Regarding HRV, significant reductions in total power (TP) and low-frequency (LF) waves were identified in the non-BFR group (p < 0.0001) compared with the BFR group. Conversely, a significant increase in very LF (VLF) waves was noted for the BFR group (p = 0.050), compared with the non-BFR group. Significant increases were observed in serum concentrations of growth hormone, normetanephrine, and blood lactate concentration from pre- to post-exercise under both conditions (p ≤ 0.05), with no significant differences between the groups. Moreover, no statistically significant changes were observed in glucose levels. RPE responses were significantly greater (p ≤ 0.05) in the BFR group compared with the non-BFR group throughout the exercise session. We observed similar hemodynamic, hormonal, and metabolic responses after an acute boxing exergame session in young individuals, whether conducted with or without BFR. However, notable differences were observed in certain HRV markers and RPE. Specifically, the inclusion of BFR resulted in an elevation of VLF and a heightened perceived exertion. These findings suggest that BFR may alter cardiac autonomic and perceptual responses during exergaming. Further research is warranted to understand the long-term implications and potential benefits of incorporating BFR into exergaming routines.

A Bottom-Up Methodology for Identifying Key Performance Indicators for Sustainability Monitoring of Unit Manufacturing Processes

With growing environmental concerns and regulatory requirements, manufacturers are increasingly required to monitor and reduce the environmental impacts of their production processes. Despite increasing digitalization and data-collection capabilities, manufacturers are challenged in collecting the right data and framing process improvement targets. To address this challenge, this paper presents a bottom-up methodology based on the life cycle assessment for identifying performance indicators with the goal of monitoring and reducing the overall environmental impacts of a manufacturing process. More specifically, process performance indicators are defined as a set of controllable process parameters, and their suitability for sustainability monitoring is evaluated based on their sensitivity, measurability, actionability, reliability, timeliness, and human-centricity with respect to a chosen environmental impact category. The bottom-up formulation of process performance indicators is demonstrated through a real-world case study on an infeed centerless grinding process in a large manufacturing company. Results from the case study show that the process performance indicators with regards to climate change impacts included (i) reduction in grinding time, (ii) reduction in total grinding power, (iii) reduction in sparkout time, and (iv) increase in batch size.

Posture-induced modulation of lower-limb joint powers in perturbed running.

Despite evidence on trunk flexion's impact on locomotion mechanics, its role in modulating lower-limb energetics during perturbed running remains underexplored. Therefore, we investigated posture-induced power redistribution in the lower-limb joints (hip, knee, and ankle), along with the relative contribution from each joint to total lower-limb average positive and negative mechanical powers (i.e., over time) during perturbed running. Twelve runners (50% female) ran at self-selected (~15°) and three more sagittal trunk inclinations (backward, ~0°; low forward, ~20°; high forward, ~25°) on a custom-built runway, incorporating both a level surface and a 10 cm visible drop-step positioned midway, while simultaneously recording three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics. We used inverse dynamics analysis to determine moments and powers in lower-limb joints. Increasing the trunk forward inclination yielded the following changes in lower-limb mechanics: a) an elevation in total positive power with a distoproximal shift and a reduction in total negative power; b) systematic increases in hip positive power, coupled with decreased and increased contribution to total negative (during level-step) and positive (during drop-step) powers, respectively; c) reductions in both negative and positive knee powers, along with a decrease in its contribution to total positive power. Regardless of the trunk posture, accommodating drop-steps while running demands elevated total limb negative and positive powers with the ankle as a primary source of energy absorption and generation. Leaning the trunk more forward induces a distoproximal shift in positive power, whereas leaning backward exerts an opposing influence on negative power within the lower-limb joints.

Acute Effect of Positive Airway Pressure on Heart Rate Variability in Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

Autonomic dysregulation is associated with cardiovascular consequences in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This study aimed to investigate the effect of acute continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment on autonomic activity and to identify factors contributing to heart rate variability (HRV) changes in OSA. Frequency domain HRV parameters were calculated and compared between the baseline polysomnography and during the CPAP titration in 402 patients with moderate to severe OSA. There were significant reductions in total power, very low-frequency band power, low-frequency band power, and high-frequency band power during the CPAP titration as compared to the baseline polysomnography. This tendency was pronounced in male patients with severe OSA. Multivariate analysis found that changes in the apnea-hypopnea index and oxygen saturation were significantly associated with changes in sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, respectively. This study demonstrated that HRV parameters significantly changed during the CPAP titration, indicating a beneficial effect of CPAP in the restoration of sympathetic and parasympathetic hyperactivity in OSA. Prospective longitudinal studies should determine whether long-term CPAP treatment aids in maintaining the long-lasting improvement of the autonomic functions, thereby contributing to the prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in patients with OSA.

A Seven-Phase qZsource Inverter Based on PWM Maximum Constant Boost Control Technique

In the last decade multiphase machines and inverters have attracted much attention from research teams, where excellent overall system reliability and an overall reduction in total power per phase are required, multiphase machines are widely recognized as a promising alternative to traditional three-phase machines. Multiphase inverters are commonly used in various applications, including Electric vehicles (EVs), Renewable energy systems, Motor drives and Aerospace applications. These inverters provide several advantages, including enhanced power quality, lower harmonic distortion, higher power density, and better fault tolerance. By distributing power across multiple phases, these inverters can achieve smoother power delivery, reduced voltage ripple, and higher power transmission capacity. This paper presents a novel inverter design named two-level Seven Phase qZsource inverter based on maximum constant boost control algorithm, The simulations results obtained in this work prove the quality of the improved performances of the proposed topology.

Heart Rate Variability and Somatization in Adolescents With Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Changes in autonomic regulation and psychological distress play an important role in the pathobiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The aim of the current study is to evaluate the autonomic function and to link it to the levels of somatization in adolescents with IBS. We enrolled 30 adolescents with various types of IBS and 35 healthy controls. Time and frequency domain indexes of heart rate variability (HRV) were measured in supine (baseline) and standing (orthostasis) positions using short-term electrocardiographic recordings. The somatic symptoms index was assessed with the modified Screening for Somatoform Symptoms questionnaire. Adolescents with IBS showed no differences of HRV parameters in the supine position compared to healthy control. In orthostasis, a decrease in the standard deviation of normal RR intervals as well as main spectral index total power (TP) were observed. The reduction of TP was attributed to the reduced activities of the high- and low frequency components. Increased somatic symptoms index in IBS patients negatively correlated with TP in orthostasis (r = -0.485, P = 0.007). A subgroup analysis revealed that adolescents with IBS with TP values either < 2500 msec2 or > 5500 msec2 in the supine position demonstrated significantly reduced activity of the low frequency component. Adolescents with IBS showed signs of autonomic dysfunction only during the orthostatic test, which were associated with increased somatization scores. Further research is needed to establish the links between emotional wellbeing and autonomic function in this population.

Improving Energy Efficiency of CGRAs with Low-Overhead Fine-Grained Power Domains

To effectively minimize static power for a wide range of applications, power domains for coarse-grained reconfigurable array (CGRA) architectures need to be more fine-grained than those found in a typical application-specific integrated circuit. However, the special isolation logic needed to ensure electrical protection between off and on domains makes fine-grained power domains area- and timing-inefficient. We propose a novel design of the CGRA routing fabric that reduces the area overhead of power domain boundary protection from around 9% to less than 1% without incurring any extra timing delay from the isolation cells. Conventional Unified Power Format based flow for power domain boundary protection does not support this design choice. Therefore, we create our own compiler-like passes that iteratively introduce the needed design changes, and formally verify the transformations using methods based on satisfiability modulo theories. These passes also let us optimize how we handle test and debug signals through the off tiles in the CGRA. Using our framework, we add power domains to a CGRA that we designed and taped out. The CGRA has 32 × 16 processing element and memory tiles and 4-MB secondary memory. We address the implementation challenges encountered due to the introduction of fine-grained power domains, including the addressing of the CGRA tiles, the power grid design, well substrate connections, and distribution of global signals. Our CGRA achieves up to 83% reduction in leakage power and 26% reduction in total power versus an identical CGRA without multiple power domains, for a range of image processing and machine learning applications.

Using sleep heart rate variability to investigate the sleep quality in children with obstructive sleep apnea.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with impaired sleep quality and autonomic dysfunction. Adenotonsillectomy significantly improves subjective and objective sleep quality in children with OSA. However, the postoperative changes in heart rate variability (HRV) indices (indicators of cardiac autonomic function) and their importance remain inconclusive in childhood OSA. This retrospective case series aimed to investigate the association of sleep HRV indices, total OSA-18 questionnaire score (a subjective indicator of sleep quality) and polysomnographic parameters (objective indicators of sleep quality), and effects of adenotonsillectomy on HRV indices, total OSA-18 questionnaire score and polysomnographic parameters in children with OSA. Seventy-six children with OSA were included in baseline analysis, of whom 64 (84%) completed at least 3 months follow-up examinations after adenotonsillectomy and were included in outcome analysis. Associations between baseline variables, and relationships with treatment-related changes were examined. Multivariable linear regression models in the baseline analysis revealed independent relationships between tonsil size and obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (OAHI), adenoidal-nasopharyngeal ratio and very low frequency (VLF) power of HRV (an indicator of sympathetic activity), and normalized low frequency power (an indicator of sympathetic activity) and OAHI. The outcome analysis showed that adenotonsillectomy significantly improved standard deviation of all normal-to-normal intervals, and high frequency power, QoL (in terms of reduced total OSA-18 questionnaire score), OAHI and hypoxemia. Using a conceptual serial multiple mediation model, % change in OSA-18 questionnaire score and % change in VLF power serially mediated the relationships between change in tonsil size and % change in OAHI. The improvement in OAHI after adenotonsillectomy was serially mediated by reductions in total OSA-18 questionnaire score and VLF power. These preliminary findings are novel and provide a direction for future research to investigate the effects of VLF power-guided interventions on childhood OSA.

Impact of Cancer and 12 Weeks of Chemotherapy on the Balance of the Autonomic Nervous System in Cancer Patients

Cancer and its treatment itself (especially chemotherapy) is associated with number of negative effects on the human body. These include mainly cardiac toxicity, peripheral neuropathy, bone loss, depression, anxiety, nausea, pain, cognitive changes, fatigue, fitness reduction and more. Fatigue is one of the most common negative effects, often persists long after treatment and is described as insurmountable and is associated with lower parasympathetic activity. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is the main homeostatic regulatory system of the body, it regulates involuntary physiological processes. We believe that this part of the peripheral nervous system can be negatively affected by cancer and chemotherapy, which can have a negative impact on all the processes that control this system. Most drugs used in oncology lead to chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy and are expected to have an influence on the autonomic nervous system. Activity and balance of the autonomic nervous system depend on a range of dynamically changing and quantitatively different conditions such as age, stress, physical activity, sleep, illness, fatigue and more. Methods: To evaluate ANS activity, spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) was assessed. During treatment, 19 oncological patients with prescribed adjuvant chemotherapy measured HRV 3 times a week using a chest strap with a HRV monitor mySASY and mySASY software. Parasympathetic activity (PA), sympathetic activity (S), total score (TS) and total power (TP) were selected as indicators of ANS activity. The patients were women aged 50.38 ± 10,29 with BMI 25,72 ± 4,16. The mean values for the first 14 days of treatment and then for 14 days after 12 weeks of treatment were compared. Data normality was verified by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (K-S) and static significance was calculated by t-test. All statistical tests were performed at a significance level of 5%. Results: There was a significant decrease in values for three parameters. The PA decreased from 3,80 ± 1,56 to 3,14 ± 1,67 (p = .03), TP decreased from 3,65 ± 1,87 to 2,82 ± 2,08 (p = .04), TS decreased from 3,40 ± 1,67 to 2,67 ± 1,73 (p = .01). Sympathetic activity was somewhat but not significantly higher, increased from 6,74 ± 1,22 to 6,80 ± 1,44 (p = .83). Conclusion: During the 12 weeks of treatment with adjuvant chemotherapy, there was a significant reduction in parasympathetic activity, total score, and total power. A decrease in PA is usually associated with lower regenerative abilities of the organism, a decrease in TP is associated with a decrease in the activity of the entire ANS. TS evaluates the total power and balance of both ANS branches. The higher the values, the more the body is regenerated and ready for further stress and response to stress.

Abstract 10683: Alternations in Autonomic Function During Pulmonary Vein Isolation Without Targeting Ganglionated Plexi Ablation in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation

Introduction: Abnormal autonomic innervation in the left atrium was reported to be related to developing/sustaining atrial fibrillation (AF). Autonomic denervation by radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA), evaluated by heart rate variability (HRV), is associated with a lower recurrence rate of AF. Ganglionated Plexi (GP) has been regarded as a target of autonomic denervation during the RFCA; however, the degree by which autonomic function is altered during the RFCA procedure remains unclear. Hypothesis:We tested the hypothesis that autonomic function is altered consistently during the ablation procedure without targeting GP. Method: Thirteen patients with paroxysmal AF who underwent pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) via RFCA were included (Age, 64.3 ± 1.9; Male/Female, 10/3). PVI was performed in the order prescribed (left superior, left inferior, right superior, and right inferior PV). HRV was assessed prior to, during each PV ablation, and post-ablation. Results: A vagal response (significant bradycardia) during the procedure was observed in three patients. The parameter of para-sympathetic nerve activity (para-SNA) (e.g., RMSSD, 38.7 ± 7.8 vs. 26.6 ± 6.0 ms, P &lt; 0.05), and total power of HRV (1861 ± 831 vs. 1105 ± 584 ms, P &lt; 0.05) were decreased by the procedure. While the balance of SNA to para-SNA (ratio of low to high frequency, LF/HF) was unchanged, which may indicate both SNA and para-SNA denervation. Using a linear mixed effect model, the effect of the “period” (i.e., pre, each PV, post) on the reduction in para-SNA parameter (HF) or total power of HRV was significant (both, P &lt; 0.05). The reduction was consistent in each PV, and post-hoc analysis (Bonferroni) showed significant differences only between baseline and post-RFCA in these parameters (P &lt; 0.05). Even in the patients without significant bradycardia response, the reduction in HRV parameter was significant in the linear mixed effect model (e.g., the effect of the “period” on RMSSD, P &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: We found that the PVI by RFA, without targeting GP, modified autonomic function, even in the patients who did not develop vagal responses. The HRV change was consistent during each PV isolation, which may suggest the non-necessity of GP ablation for autonomic modification by the ablation.

A Variable Pressure Multi-Pressure Rail System Design for Agricultural Applications

This paper presents a solution for reducing energy loss in the hydraulic control system of agricultural tractors and their implements. The solution is referred to as a multi-pressure rail (MPR) and provides power to the hydraulic functions following a pressure control logic, as opposed to the traditional flow control logic typical of hydraulic systems used in off-road vehicles. The proposed hydraulic control system allows for elimination of redundant flow control valves in the state-of-the-art system, which cause excessive throttling losses leading to poor overall energy efficiency. Related work on MPR technology targets construction vehicles, where the MPR solution can allow energy recovery during overrunning loads and better engine management. This paper alternatively addresses the case of agricultural applications where functions mostly operate under resistive load conditions with slow dynamics, which offers an opportunity to target throttle losses. For this purpose, the paper introduces a variable pressure control strategy to handle the instantaneous pressure at each rail. To develop both the controller and the hydraulic system architecture, a stationary test rig is conceived and used to validate a numerical simulation model of the MPR system and its control strategy. Particular focus is given to the dynamic behavior of the system during the switches of a function between different pressure rails, which needs to ensure reduced oscillations of the flow provided to each hydraulic function. Once validated, the simulation model is used to predict the energy savings of the MPR solution in an actual application: a 435 hp hydraulic tractor powering a 16-row planter, for which operating features during typical drive cycles were available to the authors. The results show up to 59% total power reduction at the pump shaft, corresponding to 89.8% system efficiency gain.

Design and implementation of power efficient clock gated dual-port SRAM

Synchronous clock gated Dual-port RAM has been designed in this paper. To increase the design’s power, a negative latch-based clock gating approach was used. On Xilinx Vivado ML Edition, the design was implemented on an XC7Z010ICLG225-1L device with a - 1-speed grade and the Zynq-7000 FPGA family. The Verilog HDL was used to create the design. A 2-bit AND gate is used to realize clock gating which takes the clock and enable signal as input thus clock become only high when enable is high which reduces the switching frequency and thus power consumption by the clock is reduced as power is directly proportional to (frequency)2. Apart from clock gating, the SRAM is Dual-Port based, allowing multiple reads or writes to occur simultaneously, or at approximately the same time, unlike single-port RAM, which permits only one access at a given time. The power consumption value of the clock signal with clock gating at 100 GHz is 627.61 mW as compared to power consumption without clock gating which is 1405 mW, at a clock frequency of 100 GHz, a 55 percent reduction in total clock power was achieved. Xilinx Vivado ML Edition’s XPower Analyzer tool was used to calculate the device’s power.

Low Power Digital Image Compression Using Approximate Adders

Abstract: Low power is one of the arising trend in field of VLSI which can be used in multimedia bias employing colorful signal processing algorithms and armature. In utmost multimedia operation mortal beings can gather useful information from incorrect afFull Adderir. Thus we don’t need to produce an exact correct numerical afFull Adderir. So we're using different adders to apply this algorithm in signal processing. We design infrastructures for videotape and image contraction algorithms using the proposed approximate computation units and estimate them to demonstrate the efficiency of our approach. We also decide simple fine models for error and power consumption of these approximate adders. The approximate adders are reduced with complexity which are used in designing this algorithm. The proposed adders can achieve significant through afFull Adderir and total power reduction over conventional adders. Simulation results indicate up to 69% power savings using the proposed approximate adders, when compared to being executions using accurate adders.

Optimized and standardized circular-coil systems for homogeneous magnetic field generation

There is an increasting demand for homogeneous magnetic fields (HMFs) as an exposure resource for electrical immunity tests, biomedical experiments, etc. The design of conventional HMF generators, such as Helmholtz and Barker coils, only focuses on the field homogeneity at the coil center, which leads to limitations in the available HMFworkspace. In this paper, based on a comprehensive definition of the HMF, optimized circular three-coil and four-coil systems are analysed through an optimization method. By standardizing the coil parameters to the HMF parameters, it is easy to scale the coil systems to the desired HMF. In addition, two sets of concise formulae are presented as practical design tools. Compared to Barker coils, the proposed optimized coil systems enable a reduction in both total electrical power and conductor mass by 14.9%–33.6%. Numerical simulations and experimental tests are implemented to show the effectiveness of the theoretical results and the improvement in coil performance.

A Convolution-Neural-Network Feedforward Active-Noise-Cancellation System on FPGA for In-Ear Headphone

A real-time streaming feedforward active-noise-cancellation (ANC) system for an in-ear headphone was demonstrated in a real application scenario, by implementing a 10-layer dilated convolutional-neural-network (CNN) on a field programmable gate array (FPGA). A 16 × 16 systolic array was used in the FPGA, to speed up the model computation. The system latency was 170.6 μs, at the system clock frequency of 120 MHz. The CNN model used 3232 parameters. Due to the large input receptive field, of 327 ms, this work achieved total power reduction, of 14.8 dB and 14.3 dB at the noise incident direction of 0∘ and 90∘, respectively, and the noise attenuation bandwidth was 2000 Hz at both angles; all results were superior to those of the conventional FxLMS algorithm.

Dynamic heating control measured and simulated effects on power reduction, energy and indoor air temperature in an old apartment building with district heating

This study investigated the effects of the dynamic heating control on power reduction and indoor air temperature in a typical Finnish block of apartments built in 1981. The building operated in 2018 with conventional and in 2020 with dynamic heating control. The onsite measured data was collected from both periods. Measured data enabled calibrating the whole building simulation models with an accuracy better than 10%. A new dynamic heating curve control algorithm was developed so that outdoor air compensated supply temperature was reduced during high use of Domestic Hot Water (DHW) by applying DHW compensation differential. If the indoor air temperature in any apartment dropped below the limit, supply temperature uplift was applied. The dynamic heating control resulted in 8.9% space heating and 13.7% total heating power reduction while had practically no effect on energy use. On the contrary, dynamic heating control slightly increased indoor temperature fluctuations, but both control systems resulted in a similar value of hours below the setpoint temperature of 21 °C. The results demonstrate that heating power reduction without compromising indoor air temperature is possible with applied supply temperature drop during DHW peaks and preheating afterwards.

Assessing cardiovascular links to depression and anxiety in Australian professional drivers.

Train and truck drivers experience a myriad of unique occupational factors, which have been postulated to contribute to a high incidence of health conditions such as depression anxiety and cardiovascular disease amongst this population. The present study aimed to identify associations between heart rate variability and negative mood states such as depression and anxiety in a cohort of Australian truck and train drivers. 120 professional drivers (60 truck drivers, 60 train drivers) were recruited from the local community. Participants complete a battery of psychometric questionnaires to assess levels of negative mood states such as depression and anxiety. Participants then completed a baseline (resting) and active (driving) task while concurrent electrocardiography data was collected to obtain heart rate variability parameters. Anxiety and depression were found to be associated with increases in low frequency heart rate variability and sympathovagal balance, and a reduction in total power. The present study identified associations between negative mood states and heart rate variability parameters that are unique to this cohort.

ЕЕГ-ознаки ризику розвитку симптомного інсульту в пацієнтів із множинними «німими» інфарктами мозку

У статті наведені дані дослідження ЕЕГ-корелятів порушення церебрального кровообігу та їх зв’язку з ризиком виникнення інсульту в пацієнтів із множинними «німими» інфарктами мозку (мНІМ). Аналіз біоелектричної активності мозку був проведений у 36 пацієнтів (середній вік 54,00 ± 3,22 року) із МРТ-ознаками поодинокого НІМ (пНІМ) та в 24 пацієнтів (середній вік 67,89 ± 1,84 року) із МРТ-ознаками мНІМ. Протягом року після ЕЕГ-дослідження в 4 пацієнтів із мНІМ стався симптомний інсульт. У пацієнтів із мНІМ числові показники ЕЕГ-корелятів порушення церебрального кровообігу значно відрізнялися від таких пацієнтів із пНІМ. Порівняно з пацієнтами з групи пНІМ для картини ЕЕГ пацієнтів із мНІМ було притаманне значне зниження спектральної потужності (за коефіцієнтом α/δ), щільності (14,87 ± 2,83 та 1,89 ± 0,49 мкВ2/Гц відповідно, р &lt; 0,001) та індексу (39,18 ± 2,96 та 11,65 ± 1,17 % відповідно, р &lt; 0,001) α-ритму на тлі зростання аналогічних показників δ-ритму. Загальна спектральна потужність ЕЕГ у пацієнтів групи мНІМ була в 2,3 раза нижчою, ніж у пацієнтів групи пНІМ (124,81 ± 18,24 та 285,03 ± 35,71 мкВ2 відповідно, р &lt; 0,001), коефіцієнт потужності α/δ — у 7 разів меншим (0,35 ± 0,05 та 2,49 ± 0,34 відповідно, р &lt; 0,001), а (δ + θ)/(α + β)-коефіцієнт — у 2,7 раза більшим (1,96 ± 0,26 та 0,71 ± 0,08 відповідно, р &lt; 0,001). Саме зниження загальної спектральної потужності ЕЕГ, α/δ-коефіцієнта та підвищення (δ + θ)/(α + β)-коефіцієнта є найбільш показовими та загрозливими ЕЕГ-ознаками з точки зору ризику симптомного інсульту в пацієнтів із мНІМ.

VLSI Implementation of DENLMS Adaptive Filter for Biomedical Applications

Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) implementation of the Delayed Error Normalized LMS (DENLMS) adaptive filter using a pipelined architecture is proposed and it can be used for biomedical applications. The proposed pipelined VLSI architecture increases the performance of adaptive filters by lowering the amount of time spent on critical path calculation. When compared to the current Error Normalized Least Mean Square (ENLMS) method for pipelining purposes, the DENLMS technique requires an additional delay element, and because of the delay element, the algorithm functions faster and more effective in low-power applications. The proposed pipelined architecture of the DENLMS filter, on the other hand, improves the efficiency while consuming less power overall. The cell leakage power reduction and total dynamic power reduction obtained by using the DENLMS filter are 31.8% and 33.5%, respectively, although the overall area of the filter has increased by 20.4%.