Total Photoabsorption Cross Section Research Articles

Measurement of the total photoabsorption cross section on a proton in the energy range 600–1500 MeV at the GRAAL

The total photoabsorption cross section on a free proton was measured at the GRAAL facility in the energy range Eγ = 600−1500 MeV. The large-aperture LAGRANγE detector and a liquid hydrogen target were used in the experiment performed with a back-scattered Compton gamma beam. To improve the accuracy, two alternative methods were employed. First, a subtraction method of using empty-target measurements allowed the cross section σtot to be evaluated directly because of a low level of the electromagnetic background. Second, an algorithm for evaluating σtot on the basis of summing the dominating partial cross sections was developed. Experimental results obtained for σtot by the two methods are compared with existing data.

The 4He total photo-absorption cross section with two- plus three-nucleon interactions from chiral effective field theory

The total photo-absorption cross section of 4He is evaluated microscopically using two- (NN) and three-nucleon (NNN) interactions based upon chiral effective field theory (χEFT). The calculation is performed using the Lorentz integral transform method along with the ab initio no-core shell model approach. An important feature of the present study is the consistency of the NN and NNN interactions and also, through the Siegert theorem, of the two- and three-body current operators. This is due to the application of the χEFT framework. The inclusion of the NNN interaction produces a suppression of the low-energy peak and enhancement of the high-energy tail of the cross section. We compare to calculations obtained using other interactions and to representative experiments. The rather confused experimental situation in the giant resonance region prevents discrimination among different interaction models.

Role of excited nuclear states in photoabsorption shadowing at medium energies

The effect of intranuclear motion of nucleons on the photoabsorption shadowing due to the conversion of a γ-ray photon into a vector meson in nuclear matter is analyzed. It is shown within the method of time-correlation functions that, in comparison with the results of the standard approach, the correction to the total photoabsorption cross section due to the nuclear shadowing is determined by two additional factors: the Fermi motion of nucleons in a nucleus and nucleon recoil.

Theoretical study of photoionization of the isoelectronic sequence Rb+, Sr2+, and Y3+

The photoionization cross sections for the 4p shell of ions of the Kr isoelectronic sequence Rb+, Sr2+, and Y3+ are calculated. The configuration interaction theory and the perturbation theory are used to describe the many-electron effects. The relativistic effects are taken into account in the Pauli-Fock approximation. The calculated resonance structure of photoionization cross sections for the 4p shell in the region below the 4s threshold associated with the autoionization of the 4s-np singly excited states and the 4p4p-nln′l′ doubly excited states reproduces the results of recent measurements of total photoabsorption cross sections for the Rb+, Sr2+, and Y3+ ions. It is found that, as the nuclear charge in the isoelectronic sequence increases, the ratio between the direct and correlation parts of amplitudes of the 4s-(n/ɛ)p transition changes and, as the consequence, the minimum of the photoionization cross section of the 4s shell shifts from the continuous spectrum to the region of states of discrete spectrum. This accounts for the strong changes in the shape of the 4s-np resonances in the photoionization cross sections for the 4p shell of Rb+, Sr2+, and Y3+, as well as the distinction between the shapes of the 4s-6p1/2 mirror resonance in the partial 4p1/2 and 4p3/2 photoionization cross sections for the Y3+ ion which do not suppress each other in the total photoionization cross section, as is the case for similar resonances in Rb+ and Sr2+.

Photon-induced multiple particle emissions ofZr90andnatZr from 10 to 140 MeV

A comprehensive analysis of electrodisintegration yields of protons on {sup 90}Zr is proposed taking into account the giant dipole resonance, isovector giant quadrupole resonance (IVGQR), and quasideuteron contributions to the total photoabsorption cross section from 10 to 140 MeV. The calculation applies the MCMC intranuclear cascade to address the direct and pre-equilibrium emissions and another Monte Carlo-based algorithm to describe the evaporation step. The final results of the total photoabsorption cross section for {sup 90}Zr and relevant decay channels are obtained by fitting the (e,p) measurements from the National Bureau of Standards and show that multiple proton emissions dominate the photonuclear reactions at higher energies. These results provide a consistent explanation for the exotic and steady increase of the (e,p) yield and also a strong evidence of a IVGQR with a strength parameter compatible with the E2 energy-weighted sum rule. The inclusive photoneutron cross sections for {sup 90}Zr and {sup nat}Zr, derived from these results and normalized with the (e,p) data, are in agreement within 10% with both Livermore and Saclay data up to 140 MeV.

Measurement of the Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn Integrand forH2from 200 to 800 MeV

A measurement of the helicity dependence of the total inclusive photoabsorption cross section on the deuteron was carried out at MAMI (Mainz) in the energy range 200<Egamma<800 MeV. The experiment used a 4pi detection system, a circularly polarized tagged photon beam and a frozen-spin target which provided longitudinally polarized deuterons. The contribution to the Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn sum rule for the deuteron determined from the data is 407+/-20(stat)+/-24(syst) mu b for 200<Egamma<800 MeV.

Test ofJ-matrix inverse scattering potentials on electromagnetic reactions of few-nucleon systems

The J-matrix inverse scattering nucleon-nucleon potentials (JISP), describing both two-nucleon data and bound and resonant states of light nuclei to high accuracy, are tested on the total photoabsorption cross sections of Deuteron, Triton, 3He and 4He. The calculations in the three- and four-body systems are carried out via the Lorentz integral transform method and the hyperspherical harmonics (HH) technique. To this end the HH formalism has been adapted to accommodate non-local potentials. The cross sections calculated with the JISP are compared to those obtained with more traditional realistic interactions, which include two- and three-nucleon forces. While the results of the two kinds of potential models do not differ significantly at lower energies, beyond the resonance peak they show fairly large discrepancies, which increase with the nuclear mass. We argue that these discrepancies may be due to a probably incorrect long range behavior of the JISP, since the one pion exchange is not manifestly implemented there.

Incoherent pion photoproduction on the deuteron in the first resonance region

Incoherent pion photoproduction on the deuteron is studied in the first resonance region. The unpolarized cross section, the beam asymmetry, and the vector and tensor target asymmetries are calculated in the framework of a diagrammatic approach. Pole diagrams and one-loop diagrams with $\mathit{NN}$ scattering in the final state are taken into account. An elementary operator for pion photoproduction on the nucleon is taken in various on-shell forms and calculated using the SAID and MAID multipole analyses. Model dependence of the obtained results is discussed in some detail. A comparison with predictions of other works is given. Although a reasonable description of many available experimental data on the unpolarized total and differential cross sections and photon asymmetry has been achieved, in some cases a significant disagreement between the theory and experiment has been found. Invoking known information on the reactions $\ensuremath{\gamma}d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}d$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathit{np}$ we predict the total photoabsorption cross section for deuterium. We find that our values strongly overestimate experimental data in the vicinity of the \ensuremath{\Delta} peak.

Photofission and total photoabsorption cross sections in the energy range of shadowing effects

The energy dependence of photofission cross section for heavy nuclei has recently been well described in terms of a Monte Carlo calculation at energies from the pion photoproduction threshold up to 1 GeV [see, for instance, A. Deppman et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 (2001) 182701]. Recent experimental data from CLAS (CEBAF Large Angle Spectrometer) collaboration have extended the measured photofission cross section up to 3.5 GeV for actinide and preactinide nuclei. In this work we address the calculation of photoabsorption and photofission cross sections for actinide and preactinide nuclei above 1 GeV, a region where the shadowing effect plays an important role in the nuclear photoabsorption process.

Photoabsorption onHe4with a Realistic Nuclear Force

The 4He total photoabsorption cross section is calculated with the realistic nucleon-nucleon potential Argonne V18 and the three-nucleon force (3NF) Urbana IX. Final state interaction is included rigorously via the Lorentz integral transform method. A rather pronounced giant resonance with peak cross sections of 3.0 (3.2) mb is obtained with (without) the 3NF. Above 50 MeV strong 3NF effects, up to 35%, are present. Good agreement with experiment is found close to threshold. A comparison in the giant resonance region is inconclusive, since data do not show a unique picture.

Erratum to The total virtual photoabsorption cross section, deeply virtual Compton scattering and vector-meson production

Based on the two-gluon-exchange dynamical mechanism for deeply inelastic scattering at low x ~= Q^2/W^2 <<1, we stress the intimate connection between the total virtual photoabsorption cross section, deeply virtual Compton scattering and vector-meson electroproduction. A simple expression for the cross section for deeply virtual Compton scattering is derived. Parameter-free predictions are obtained for deeply-virtual Compton forward scattering and vector-meson forward production, once the parameters in the total virtual photoabsorption cross section are determined in a fit to the experimental data on deeply inelastic scattering. Our predictions are compared with the experimental data from HERA.

Measurement of Helicity-Dependent Photoabsorption Cross Sections on the Neutron from 815 to 1825 MeV

Helicity-dependent total photoabsorption cross sections on the deuteron have been measured for the first time at ELSA (Bonn) in the photon energy range from 815 to 1825 MeV. Circularly polarized tagged photons impinging on a longitudinally polarized LiD target have been used together with a highly efficient 4pi detector system. The data around 1 GeV are not compatible with predictions from existing multipole analyses. From the measured energy range an experimental contribution to the GDH integral on the neutron of [33.9 +/- 5.5(stat) +/- 4.5(syst)] microb is extracted.

An experimental test of the GDH sum rule

The GDH sum rule for the proton has been tested via measurements at MAMI (200–800 MeV) and at ELSA (0.6–2.9 GeV) and was found to be correct within the experimental uncertainties. Furthermore, in the photon energy range from 815 to 1825 MeV the helicity dependent total photoabsorption cross sections have been measured for the first time at ELSA on the deuteron. Circularly polarized tagged photons impinging on a longitudinally polarized LiD target have been used together with a highly efficient 4 π detector system. From the measured energy range an experimental contribution to the GDH integral on the neutron of (33.9±5.5(stat)±4.5(syst)) μb is extracted. However, existing predictions from multipole analyses around 1 GeV are not compatible with the measured data.

Photoion yield curves of Dy@C 82 in the vacuum UV region

The photoion yield curves for Dy@C 82 z+ ( z = 1 and 2) from Dy@C 82 are measured by using synchrotron radiation in the photon energy range from 24.5 to 39.5 eV. Correction has been made to compensate the effect of transient change of the density of Dy@C 82 in the interaction region, with the help of the yield curve of C 60 z+ produced from C 60 remaining as a trace impurity in the sample. The yield of Dy@C 82 + exhibits a gradually descending curve with a flat region at 30–33 eV, similarly to the yield curve of C 60 + from C 60. The total photoabsorption cross section of Dy@C 82 was evaluated to be (1.2 ± 0.4) × 10 −20 m 2 at the photon energy of 39.5 eV.

Intranuclear-Cascade model calculation of photofission probabilities for actinide nuclei

We have calculated the fission probabilities for 237-Np, 233,235,238-U, 232-Th, and nat-Pb following the absorption of photons with energies from 68 MeV to 3.77 GeV using the RELDIS Monte-Carlo code. This code implements the cascade-evaporation-fission model of intermediate-energy photonuclear reactions. It includes multiparticle production in photoreactions on intranuclear nucleons, pre-equilibrium emission, and the statistical decay of excited residual nuclei via competition of evaporation, fission, and multifragmentation processes. The calculations show that in the GeV energy region the fission process is not solely responsible for the entire total photoabsorption cross section, even for the actinides: ~55-70% for 232-Th, \~70-80% for 238-U, and ~80-95% for 233-U, 235-U, and 237-Np. This is because certain residual nuclei that are created by deep photospallation at GeV photon energies have relatively low fission probabilities. Using the recent experimental data on photofission cross sections for 237-Np and 233,235,238-U from the Saskatchewan and Jefferson Laboratories and our calculated fission probabilities, we infer the total photoabsorption cross sections for these four nuclei. The resulting cross sections per nucleon agree in shape and in magnitude with each other. However, disagreement in magnitude with total-photoabsorption cross-section data from previous measurements for nuclei from C to Pb calls into question the concept of a ``Universal Curve'' for the photoabsorption cross section per nucleon for all nuclei.

4 d → 4 f dipole resonance of the metal atom encapsulated in a fullerene cage: Ce@C82

The yield curves for photoions from Ce@C(82) are measured by using synchrotron radiation in the photon energy range from 90 to 160 eV. Parent Ce@C(82) (z+) and fragment ions C(60) (z+) and C(70) (z+) are observed in a mass spectrum (z=1 and 2). The yield curves for doubly charged ionic species exhibit broad resonance in the photon energy region of from 120 to 140 eV which is ascribed to the 4d-->4f giant dipole resonance of the encapsulated Ce atom. The total photoabsorption cross section of Ce@C(82) was determined from partial photoionization cross sections for formation of the parent and fragment ions to be 5.3(-1.1) (+1.8) and 19.6(-3.9) (+6.5) Mb at photon energies of 110 and 130 eV, respectively.

Ab initio calculation of 7Li photodisintegration

The 7Li total photoabsorption cross section is calculated microscopically, using the semi-realistic AV4' nucleon–nucleon potential. The interaction of the final 7-nucleon system is fully taken into account via the Lorentz integral transform (LIT) method. For the calculation of the LIT we use expansions in hyperspherical harmonics (HH) in conjunction with the HH effective interaction (EIHH) approach. The convergence of the LIT expansion is discussed in detail. The calculated cross section agrees quite well with the available experimental data, which cover an energy range from threshold up to 100 MeV.

Total photoabsorption cross-section of Ar in the sub-keV energy region

The absolute photoabsorption cross-section of Ar in the energy region of 50eV through 1100eV has been measured to a high precision using a multi-electrode ion chamber and monochromatized synchrotron radiation. In order to improve the spectral purity of monochromatized synchrotron radiation, an electron storage ring was operated at an electron beam energy that was considerably lower than the normal mode. For most photon energies the obtained photoabsorption cross-sections are in close agreement with data previously reported. However, some discrepancies are noted in the L-shell ionization region.

Angle-resolved, mass-selected ion spectroscopy of carbon K-shell excited CF3CCH

Abstract Total photoabsorption cross section and peak assignments were presented for CF3CCH in the carbon K-shell region. Anisotropy parameters of fragment ions obtained by means of an angle-resolved mass spectrometer were helpful to the peak assignments of the K-shell excitation into π* and σ* states. Kinetic energy distributions of the H+, CH+, C2H+ and CF 2 + fragment ions were fitted using a Gaussian function with one peak, while those of the CF 3 + fragment ion were analyzed by use of two and three components for the C K-shell excitation of the CF3 and C2H sides, respectively. The kinetic energy distribution of the CF 3 + fragment ion was reasonably understood by the consideration that photofragmentation of the K-shell excited molecule probably competes with intramolecular energy relaxation in which the CF3 group works as an effective energy reservoir. The yields of the CF n + ( n = 2 , 3 ) , C3FH2+ and C3F2H2+ ions were dependent on the site of excitation.

Photofission of actinide nuclei in the nucleon-resonance region: First photonuclear experiment at the Siberia-2 storage ring

Results of an experiment performed to study 238U photofission with the aid of the initial section of the GAMMA channel of the Siberia-2 storage ring at the Kurchatov Institute are presented. These results are predominantly of a methodological value, because a photonuclear experiment was conducted for the first time in this channel. However, the data obtained in this way allowed us to evaluate an upper limit on the probability of the fast fission (fragmentation) of 238U nuclei that was induced by photons of energy up to 2.5 GeV. This is pertinent to the problem of the deviations of the total photoabsorption cross sections for actinide nuclei from a “universal curve.”