Determination Of Total Phenolic Content Research Articles

Determination of total phenolic, flavonoid and monomeric anthocyanin contents and antioxidant properties of 15 different fruit vinegars produced by traditional method

In this study, vinegars were produced using traditional method from 15 different fruits (rosehip, pear, fig, wild pear, apple, plum, hawthorn (yellow and red), pomegranate, grape (cimin, cardinal), peach, cranberry, quince and medlar). It was aimed to determine the total phenolic, total flavonoid and total monomeric anthocyanin contents and antioxidant capacities of vinegars. As a result, it was concluded that the phenolic, flavonoid contents and the antioxidant capacity in all 3 methods (TEAC, FRAP and DPPH) of rosehip vinegar was significantly higher than other vinegars. In addition, wild pear and hawthorn vinegars were very rich in phenolic and flavonoid compounds and these vinegars had very high antioxidant capacity. The results of the study suggest that an alternative consumption method can be provided by producing vinegar, which is a healthy, aromatic and alternative product with high added value, from fruits such as rosehip, wild pear, hawthorn, cranberry, quince and medlar, whose usage and consumption are limited due to their natural structure.

The Impact of Varying Stages of Maturity on the Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) Leafy Vegetable

Yacon tubers are of global interest due to their prebiotic potential while yacon leaves contain phenolic compounds with potential health benefits. In Kenya, yacon is a newly introduced root crop that is of interest to consumers; however, their main challenge to consumption is determining the appropriate time to harvest the leaves. The chemical makeup of yacon leaves varies depending on the planting site, growing season, harvest time, and growth stages. The current research determined the impact of varying stages of maturity on the chemical composition and antioxidant potential of yacon leaves grown in a farm at Naromoru, Kenya. The leaves were harvested at 2, 3, 4, and 5 months of growth, then subjected to oven drying and stored at 4 °C awaiting analysis. The DPPH assay was used to measure radical scavenging activity, and the Folin–Ciocalteu method was followed in the determination of total phenolic content. Chemical composition was done by Kjedahl method (Crude protein), Soxhlet method (crude fat), and oven drying (moisture content). From the results, the level of maturity significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the levels of crude protein, fat and carbohydrates, TPC, and antioxidant activity in the harvested yacon leaves. The crude protein level was highest (28.45%) for the 2nd month of harvest and was lowest in the 5th month (16.75%), while crude fat increased from 3.51% in the 2nd month to 4.20% in the 5th month. Carbohydrates increased from 46.01% to 56.65% in 2nd month to the 5th month, respectively. Both the TPC and antioxidant activity decreased significantly (p < 0.05) as the leaves matured. TPC was highest in the 2nd month of harvest and lowest in the 5th month of harvest, 439.33 and 81.00 mgGAE/100 g, respectively. Thus, harvesting yacon leaves at the early stages of growth is crucial to fully benefit from the phytochemical and nutritional composition of the leaves.

Characterization of multilayer bacterial cellulose-chitosan films loaded with grape bagasse antioxidant extract: Insights into spectral and water properties, microstructure, and antioxidant activity

This work explores the development and characterization of composite multilayer films comprising bacterial cellulose (BC) and chitosan enriched with antioxidant compounds from grape bagasse extract (GE) and glycerol. SEM images revealed a compact structure with successful interactions between BC and chitosan, confirmed by FT-IR analysis. Equilibrium moisture content, water vapor permeability (WVP), swollen capacity, and solubility were systematically investigated, unveiling the influence of glycerol and GE concentrations. Moisture content increased with elevated glycerol and GE levels, attributed to their hydrophilic nature. WVP rose with higher concentrations of hydrophilic compounds, affecting the films' permeability. Swollen capacity decreased, and solubility increased with the addition of GE and glycerol, indicating a more compact film structure. The incorporation of GE conferred antioxidant properties to the films, as evidenced by DPPH and ABTS+ assays, and Total Phenolic Content (TPC) determination. TPC values varied from 0 to 1.75 mg GAE/g dried film, depending on GE. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) highlighted polymeric associations, and UV–Vis spectra demonstrated enhanced UV-blocking properties. Overall, these multilayer films offer promising applications in food packaging, leveraging natural antioxidant sources for an enhanced functionality.

Sesuvium Portulacastrum Potentiates Anticancer Activity by Facilitating the Expression of IRS-1/AKT Signalling: An In vitro Study

ABSTRACT Sesuvium portulacastrum, a coastal medicinal plant with traditional uses has shown promising biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. However, the mechanisms of action active ingredients of this plant have not been studied. Aim of the current study is to investigate the anticancer activity of Sesuvium portulacastrum using in vitro and in silico analysis. The in vitro assays included NO radical scavenging activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content determination. The data were analysed by one-way-ANOVA and p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of tannins, steroids, terpenoids and phenols. Antioxidant activity of S. portulacastrum showed the dose dependent effect of nitric oxide radical scavenging activity. In silico analysis showed a better binding affinity with IR, IRS1 and Akt molecules which demonstrated the action of bioactive compound of S. portulacastrum against IRS-1/AKT signalling pathway.

Antioxidant potential and determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content of Bugis ginseng (Talinum paniculatum Gaertn) leaf water extract

Bugis ginseng (Talinum paniculatum Gaertn.) leaves function as a traditional medicine to increase breast milk production, to increase appetite, to improve the immune system and as an antibacterial as we as medicine for ulcers. Flavonoids are phenolic compounds, one of the secondary metabolites in plants that function as antioxidants. This study aims to determine the total phenol content, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity of water extract of Bugis ginseng leaves. Quantitative determination of total phenols using the Folin-Ciocalteu method was expressed as gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram of extract. Total flavonoid content using the AlCl3 method was expressed as Quercetin equivalent (QE) and in vitro antioxidant activity with DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) expressed in terms of IC50 (inhibition concentration). The results showed that water extraction of ginseng leaves showed a total phenol content of 8.37 mg GAE/g extract, a total flavonoid content of 2.12 mg QE/g extract and an IC50 value of 60.27 ug/ml.

HPLC-ESI/MS-MS metabolic profiling of white pitaya fruit and cytotoxic potential against cervical cancer: Comparative studies, synergistic effects, and molecular mechanistic approaches

Natural approach became a high demand for the prevention and treatment of such diseases for their proven safety and efficacy. This study is aimed to perform comparative phytochemical analysis of white pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) peel, pulp and seed extracts via determination of total flavonoid content, phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity, coupled with HPLC-ESI/MS-MS analysis. Further, we evaluated the synergistic cytotoxic potential with Cisplatin against cervical cancer cells with investigation of underlying mechanism. The highest content of phenolics and antioxidants were found in both seed and peel extracts. The HPLC-ESI/MS-MS revealed identification of flavonoids, phenolic acids, anthocyanin glycosides, lignans, stilbenes, and coumarins. The cytotoxicity effects were evaluated by MTT assay against prostate, breast and cervical (HeLa) and Vero cell lines. The seed and peel extracts showed remarkable cytotoxic effect against all tested cell lines. Moreover, the selectivity index confirmed high selectivity of pitaya extracts to cancer cells and safety on normal cells. The combined therapy with Cisplatin effectively enhanced its efficacy and optimized the treatment outcomes, through the apoptotic ability of pitaya extracts in HeLa cells, as evaluated by flow cytometry. Besides, RT-PCR and western blotting analysis showed downregulation of Bcl-2 and overexpression of P53, BAX among HeLa cells treated with pitaya extracts, which eventually activated apoptosis process. Thus, pitaya extract could be used as adjuvant therapy with cisplatin for treatment of cervical cancer. Furthermore, in-vivo extensive studies on the seed and peel extracts, and their compounds are recommended to gain more clarification about the required dose, and side effects.

Phytotoxicity, antioxidant activity and chemical profile of aqueous extracts from Moroccan caper (Capparis spinosa L.)

Due to its therapeutic and pharmaceutical benefits as well as its culinary applications, caper (Capparis spinosa L.) is quite interesting. This study aimed to evaluate some biological activities of the aqueous extracts of Capparis spinosa L. leaves, including the phytotoxic effect, antioxidant capacity, and the determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The germination bioassay of the cress seeds (Lepidium sativum L.) was used to evaluate the phytotoxic effect. In addition, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical was used as a determinant of antioxidant capacity. The results obtained showed an important antioxidant capacity with an IC50 of 0.212 ± 0.096 mg/mL. Also, a total phenolic content of 116.3 ± 0.06 mg GAE/g DM and 18.9 ± 0.08 mg RE/g DM for flavonoids were obtained. In addition, the extract showed a very significant (p < 0.001) dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the germination and root length of Lepidium sativum L. seeds. The qualitative study carried out by HPLC measurement allowed the detection of chlorogenic acid (3.2 %), vanillin (1.3 %), rutin (1.2 %), and some quercetin derivatives (6.9 %). The results obtained in this study revealed the potential of caper in bioactive molecules. In addition, it could be a natural bioactive product for therapeutic purposes, such as the prevention of oxidative stress and related disorders.

Contribution of Phenolic Compounds to the Antioxidant Activity of Leaf and Flower Extracts of Sinapis pubescens L. subsp. pubescens (Brassicaceae).

Within a study focused on Sinapis pubescens subsp. pubescens wild from Sicily (Italy), an edible species still unexplored, our earlier published work has demonstrated good in vitro antioxidant properties for the flower and leaf hydroalcoholic extracts, exhibiting quite different qualitative-quantitative phenolic profiles. Herein, further research was designed to elucidate the role played by phenolic compounds in the different antioxidant mechanisms highlighted for the extracts. To achieve this goal, the crude extracts were subjected to liquid-liquid partitioning with solvents of increasing polarity; then, the fractions were investigated for their antioxidant properties using different in vitro assays. For both flowers and leaves, the ethyl acetate fractions exhibited the best activity in DPPH and reducing power assays, followed by n-butanol. The total phenolic content determination indicated these fractions as the phenolic-rich ones, which were characterized by HPLC-PDA/ESI-MS analysis. Conversely, the phenolic-rich fractions did not show any chelating activity, which was highlighted for the more hydrophobic ones.

Cassia angustifolia Vahl. Leaves: Determination of Total Phenolic and Sennoside Contents of Different Fractions in Comparison with Their α- Glucosidase and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Effects

Background: Cassia angustifolia Vahl. (Senna) is a medicinal plant containing anthraquinone compounds such as sennoside. Senna is primarily valued for its laxative properties. In Persian medicine, this plant has been also used to treat various disorders such as diabetes and skin hyperpigmentation. Previous studies have shown that different species of senna, such as C. articulata, C. alata, C. Siamea, C. Surattensis inhibit alpha-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. To the best of our knowledge, no previous evidence is available on tyrosinase and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects of the extract and different fractions of C. angustifolia leaves. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of the methanol-water extract and different fractions (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and remaining crude extract) of senna against tyrosinase and α-glucosidase and to investigate their total phenolic and sennoside B contents. Results: Our findings depicted that the methanol-water extract and fractions had no significant anti-tyrosinase activity; however, some fractions were active toward α-glucosidase. The hexane fraction and the remaining crude extract demonstrated the highest inhibition on α-glucosidase compared to acarbose (positive control). In addition, the ethyl acetate fraction contains high phenolic and hydroxy anthraquinone derivatives based on the amount of sennoside B contents equivalent to 382.25 μg/mL of gallic acid and 1.525% of sennoside B, respectively. Moreover, no correlation was observed between the phenolic and sennoside contents of different fractions and their α-glucosidase inhibitory effect. Conclusions: Considering the α-glucosidase inhibition results, the hexane fraction of C. angustifolia can be a valuable fraction for in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic studies as well as further phytochemical studies. Further studies to identify the active substances and the exact mechanism of the bioactive ingredients on the inhibitory effects of α-glucosidase can provide promising results in the future.

Effects of pretreatment and drying temperatures on physicochemical and antioxidant properties of dried duku (Lansium domesticum)

Duku (Lansium domesticum) is a native of Southeast Asia. Duku is a seasonal fruit and highly deteriorated due to high moisture content of more than 80 %, thus difficult to commercialise due to the short shelf life. The transformation of fresh into dried fruit will increase the commercial values as well as be a solution to reduce fruit loss. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of pretreatments and drying temperatures on physicochemical and antioxidant properties in dried duku fruit. The duku fruits (whole, flesh, peels and seeds) were subjected to pretreatment process with ascorbic acid solution, sodium metabisulfite solution, sodium erythorbate solution and blanching. Then, the samples were dried at 50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C and 80 °C, respectively. Determination of total phenolic content (TPC) was carried out based on the Folin-Ciocalteau method. The antioxidant activities were evaluated using ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). The pH values of all parts of duku were decreased as the drying temperature increases. Seed (pretreated with sodium metabisulfite, dried at 80 °C) showed the highest total phenolic content value with 116.84 ± 0.31 mg gallic acid equivalents per g fruit extract (GAE/g), while lowest in flesh (pretreated with ascorbic acid, dried at 50 °C). Seed (pretreated with sodium metabisulfite, dried at 50 °C) has the highest antioxidant capacity with IC50 value of 41.15 µg/ml (ABTS free radical scavenging) and 121.35 µg/ml (DPPH free radical scavenging) compared to other fruit parts, pretreatments and drying temperatures. The findings of this study indicate the potential of all parts of duku fruit as a valuable source of nutrients. Information on the nutritional and antioxidant properties of this Malaysia's seasonal fruit reveals its potential to be commercialized into different food and beverage products.

Chemical analysis and bioactive compounds from agrifood by-products of peruvian crops

Many countries face the problem of agroindustrial waste elimination, which is linked to environmental damage caused by improper waste management. These wastes contain bioactive compounds often discarded due to a lack of knowledge. The objective of this study was to analyze five types of agroindustrial waste from Peru, including avocado (Persea americana) seeds, lucuma (Pouteria lucuma) seeds, grape (Vitis vinifera) pomace, mango (Mangifera indica) peel, and cocoa (Theobroma cacao) pods. This study includes proximal analysis, determination of total phenolic compound content, analysis of phenolic compounds by UHPLC– Q/Orbitrap/ESIMS/MS (Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization Q-Orbitrap mass spectrometry), and the evaluation of antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities of different samples. The results showed that lucuma seeds had the highest protein content of 6.59 g/100 g DW. Mango peels showed the highest fat content of 4.89 g/100 g DW, cocoa pods had the highest crude fiber content of 26.91 g/100 g DW, and cocoa pods exhibited the highest ash content of 7.14 g/100 g DW. The highest carbohydrate content was found in avocado seeds at 85.85 g/100 g DW. Mango peels (56.66 mg GAE/g DW), avocado seeds (56.35 mg GAE/g DW), and cocoa pods (51.52 mg GAE/g DW) extracts showed the highest phenolic compound contents. Mango peel extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activities evaluated by the ABTS (995.01 μmol TEAC/g DW), DPPH (953.54 μmol TEAC/g DW), and FRAP (1661.13 μmol TEAC/g DW) assays. Extracts from cocoa pods, grape pomace, and lucuma seeds showed inhibitory activity on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In contrast, the extract of lucuma seeds was the only one that showed antifungal activity over Penicillium digitatum. As a result, several phenolic compounds were detected in each, indicating their potential use in developing functional foods and food preservation, among other applications.

Nutraceutical potential of Mesembryanthemum forsskaolii Hochst. ex Bioss.: Insights into its nutritional composition, phytochemical contents, and antioxidant activity

Abstract Mesembryanthemum forsskaolii Hochst. ex Bioss is a resilient succulent plant in the Aizoaceae family. This plant has been recognized for its nutritional and metabolic benefits, but its potential remains underexplored. The aim of this research is to analyze the nutritional composition, phytochemical content, and antioxidant potential of M. forsskaolii. The protein content, total sugars, macro-, and micronutrients were estimated in seeds, leaves, and stems of the studied plant. To investigate the phytochemical profiles and antioxidant capacity, GC-MS analysis, determination of total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and total antioxidant activity (TAC) tests, and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assays were conducted. The soluble protein (147.55 mg g−1 DW), total protein (341.23 mg g−1 DW), total carbohydrate (0.258 mg mL−1), and nitrogen (26.152 mg g−1) contents of M. forsskaolii seeds were the highest. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of several compounds, such as β-sitosterol, phthalic acid, and phytol, which have potential antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Seeds showed the greatest presence of phenols, flavonoids, and tannins, indicating high antioxidant activity in FRAP and TAC tests. The ABTS and DPPH scavenging assays showed that the antioxidant activity increased proportionally with concentration in all plant parts. However, seeds consistently demonstrated the greatest capacity. This study provides a detailed analysis on the dietary protein, carbohydrates, essential nutrients, and antioxidants that can be obtained from M. forsskaolii, highlighting its potential as a valuable source of nutrition and phytochemicals.

Comparison of the Scolicidal Activity of Two Leaves Extracts of Myrtus communis from Algeria Against Echinococcus granulosus Sensu Lato Protoscoleces.

During cystic echinococcosis surgery, the use of scolicidal agents such as hypertonic saline (20%) aims to reduce the risk of infection recurrence, but most of the used agents are associated with undesirable side effects. Therefore, the use of natural scolicidal agents such as medicinal plant extracts could reduce these medical issues. The present study aimed to compare in vitro the scolicidal activity between two extracts of the medicinal plant Myrtus communis from Algeria against Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato protoscoleces. Theethanolic and aqueous extraction of plant leaveswas performed. Phytochemical analysis by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and in vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH were evaluated for both extracts. Finally, the in vitro scolicidal activity was tested by different concentrations. The viability was evaluated by the eosin exclusion test. Thephytochemical analysis revealed 28 components for the ethanolic extract and 44 components for the aqueous extract. The major components were 2'-hydroxy-5'-methoxyacetophenone and 4-amino-2-methylphenol, respectively. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 45.9 ± 0.085mg of gallic acid equivalent per g of extract (GAE/g E) and 16.5 ± 0.004mg of quercetin equivalent per g (QE/g E) for the ethanolic extract, and 36.5 ± 0.016mg GAE/g E and 18.2 ± 0.023mg QE/g E for the aqueous extract, respectively. Furthermore, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of M. communis gave a value of IC50 = 0.009 ± 0.0004mg/ml and IC50 = 0.012 ± 0.0003mg/ml for theantioxidant activity, respectively. The in vitro scolicidal activity with concentrations of 50, 75, 100, and 150mg/ml was tested for 5, 10, 15, and 30min, and 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120min for ethanolic and aqueous extracts, respectively. The mortality rate of protoscoleces at concentrations of 100 and 150mg/ml was 98.8 and 100%, respectively, after 5min of exposure to the ethanolic extract, while this rate was 100% at the same concentrations only after 60min of exposure to theaqueous extract. The ethanolic extract showed a stronger scolicidal activity against E. granulosus s.l protoscoleces than the aqueous extract. In the future, otherinvestigations are necessary to elucidate the mechanism of action and the possible toxicity on human cells. Moreover, experimental animal studies are required to investigate the efficacy of different extracts of this plant and its components as natural anti-parasitic alternatives for the treatment of human cystic echinococcosis.

Phytochemical profiling and bioactivity study of Adenia panduriformis in Zambia using UHPLC-MS/MS-MZmine3, GNPS, and METLIN Gen2

Diseases, especially degenerative illnesses, can be treated and avoided altogether, and good health can be enhanced by including health-promoting foods in the diet without side effects. Adenia panduriformis (Passifloraceae) is a wild vegetable consumed as part of the everyday diet in some communities in Zambia. The plant is also used in traditional medicine to effectively treat and manage many diseases, including degenerative diseases. Because of significant health benefits and medicinal attributes, this vegetable has very high merit to be investigated for its phytochemicals and bioactivities. Therefore, this study screened phytochemicals using qualitative chemical tests and Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS), identified metabolites using molecular networking tools and evaluated the total polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity of the methanolic leaf extract of the vegetable. Solvent extraction by maceration recovered metabolites for screening by qualitative chemical tests, extraction by QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) was used to recover metabolites for screening by LCMS/MS, and tentative phytochemical constituents were identified using MZmine3, GNPS (global natural products social molecular networking) and METLIN. Total phenolic content (TPC) determination used the Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) method at 765 nm. Total flavonoid content (TFC) was evaluated using the aluminium chloride colorimetric assay at 510 nm. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay at 517 nm. Phytochemical screening by qualitative chemical tests revealed the presence of many classes of phytocompounds, such as alkaloids, polyphenols, terpenoids, and saponins. TPC was determined to be 122.30 ± 2.00 mg GAE/g, and TFC was 60.17 ± 0.25 mg QE/g. Screening by LCMS/MS revealed the presence of many metabolites, of which 23 phytocompounds were identified using MZmine3, 42 by GNPS, and 21 by METLIN. The crude extract exhibited high DPPH free radical quenching activity with a relatively low IC50 value of 53.48 µg/mL compared to the reference standard ascorbic acid IC50 of 74.47 µg/mL. The significantly lower IC50 value for the wild vegetable than that of ascorbic acid indicates a considerably high efficiency of the metabolites in the vegetable as antioxidants. The presence of many metabolites with health-promoting properties and high antioxidant activity of the leaf extract of A. panduriformis may be the science behind its remarkable health benefits and power to treat and manage a variety of diseases, including degenerative illnesses. This study presents results that indicate the potential of A. panduriformis as a rich source of metabolites with brilliant health-promoting properties and high antioxidant activity, which may open exciting opportunities for further development in the fields of pharmacology and drug development.

Lipase Enzyme Inhibitory Activity of Jombang Leaves Extract (Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg)

Background: Obesity is a condition that occurs due to an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. Lipase enzymes play an important role in the process of fat metabolism, making it a target in obesity treatment strategies. Jombang plant has been used for generations as an alternative treatment for various diseases. The main content of secondary metabolite compounds in jombang plants are phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids. Objective: This study was conducted to determine the activity and potential inhibition of jombang plant (Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg.) against lipase enzyme in vitro. Materials and Methods: The phytochemical screening was determined by a color change reaction with certain reagents, while total phenolic content was carried out using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent spectrophotometrically. The inhibitory activity of 96% ethanol extract of jombang leaves as well as orlistat as positive control was measured by titration method and using olive oil substrate. The extract concentrations used were 125 ppm, 250 ppm, and 500 ppm. Results: Jombang leaf extract contains alkaloid, phenolic, flavonoid and terpenoid compounds qualitatively. Determination of total phenolic content in 96% ethanol extract of jombang leaves was obtained at 12.69 ± 0.91 mgGAE/g. The highest percentage of inhibition was found at a concentration of 500 ppm which amounted to 103.85%. The difference in the percentage of inhibition in all groups showed no significant difference (Sig&gt;0.05). Conclusion: This study shows that jombang leaf extract is able to inhibit lipase enzyme activity with the highest percentage of inhibition was 103,85%.

Impact of Fermentation on Hyptolide and Phytochemical Composition of Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit

Solid State Fermentation has been employed for the biotransformation of the herbal plant Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit is widely distributed in tropical regions of Brazil and is also present in Indonesia. The plant has been used to treat anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, bacterial infection, and wound healing. This study aims to investigate the effects of using a solid-state fermentation method to ferment the leaves of Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit towards the composition of phytochemicals and hyptolides. This study was carried out in several stages, including fermentation of Aspergillus niger leaves, sample extraction with methanol, determination of total phenolic and total triterpenoid content, phytochemical screening, and analysis of hyptolide using HPLC. The research results showed the growth of Aspergillus niger on the leaves of Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit got into the logarithmic phase at 36 hours. Triterpenes and phenolics were present in the phytochemical profile, while alkaloids, tannins, and flavonoids were absent. The total phenolic and triterpenoid content increased by 33.68% and 17.78% respectively. HPLC analysis showed a decrease in hyptolide content in the fermented product. These results indicate the potential of fermented Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit as an additional cancer therapy.

Determination of Total Phenolic Content and Total Flavonoid Content of Nutmeg Flesh (Myristica Fragrans Houtt) Ethanol Extract from South Aceh Province

The nutmeg plant (Myristica fragrans Houtt) is often used as a medicinal ingredient and has medicinal efficacy. Nutmeg samples were obtained from South Aceh district, which is the main commodity obtained in the area. This study aims to measure the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of the ethanol extract of nutmeg flesh. The dried nutmeg flesh was extracted (maceration) using an ethanol solvent, and the extract weight was 18.35%. The TPC and TFC analysis use the UV-visible spectrophotometer method and are measured at wavelengths of 759 nm and 495 nm, respectively. Gallic acid standards were used to measure total phenolic levels and quercetin standards to measure total flavonoid levels. Data of linearity, R square (R2), LoD, and LoQ were also calculated for each standard. The TPC and TFC contents in the ethanol extract of nutmeg flesh were found to be 76.972 ± 0.97 mg GAE/g and 15.625 ± 0.26 mg QE/g respectively. The presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids shows that the ethanol extract of nutmeg flesh has high value metabolites that show good biological activity.

GC-MS profile, total phenolic, and DPPH radical scavenging activity of Saurauia minahassae stembark ethyl acetate extract

Several species of the genus Saurauia have been traditionally used as remedies. However, Saurauria minahassae, as an endemic plant, is still understudied. This study aims to reveal the total phenolics, GC-MS profile, and bioactivity as DPPH free radical scavengers of ethyl acetate extract of S.minahassae collected from Banggai Island, Indonesia. Determination of Total Phenolic Content (TPC) was conducted using the colorimetry method by spectrophotometer. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and TLC-bioautography performed analysis of secondary metabolites and qualitative DPPH free radical scavenging activity, respectively. GC-MS analysis was conducted to identify the chemical compounds of the extract. The extract’s IC50 value and Antioxidant activity index (AAI) were performed by serial microdilution method on the 96-microwell plate. The results showed that TPC was 432.33 mg GAE/g extract. TLC analysis revealed several metabolites, and TLC-bioautography also revealed several compounds active as DPPH free radical scavengers. The ethyl acetate extract of S. minahassae is categorized as a very strong DPPH free radical scavenger or potent antioxidant with an IC50 value of 3.29 ug/ml and AAI of 9.32. GC-MS profile of the ethyl acetate extract of S.minahassae stembark contained several compounds with antioxidant activity. The potential antioxidant activity of S. minahassae stembark extract was contributed by phenolic content and several compounds with antioxidant activity in the extract. This extract could be a good source of natural antioxidants, and S. minahassae sustainability as an endemic plant should be maintained.

New Garden Rose (Rosa × hybrida) Genotypes with Intensely Colored Flowers as Rich Sources of Bioactive Compounds

Garden roses, known as Rosa × hybrida, hold a prominent position as one of the most important and economically valuable plants in horticulture. Additionally, their products—essential oil, rose water, concrete, and concentrate—find extensive use in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries, due to their specific fragrances and potential health benefits. Rose flowers are rich in biologically active compounds, such as phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and carotenoids. This study aims to investigate the potential of five new garden rose genotypes with intensely colored flowers to serve as sources of biologically active compounds. Phenolic profile was evaluated by determination of total phenolic (TPC), flavonoid (TFC), and monomeric anthocyanins (TAC) contents and LC-MS/MS analysis of selected compounds. Antioxidant activity was evaluated via DPPH and FRAP assays, neuroprotective potential via acethylcholinesterase inhibition assay, and antidiabetic activity viaα-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assays. The flowers of investigated genotypes were rich in phenolics (TPC varied from 148 to 260 mg galic acid eq/g de, TFC from 19.9 to 59.7 mg quercetin eq/g de, and TAC from 2.21 to 13.1 mg cyanidin 3-O-glucoside eq/g de). Four out of five genotypes had higher TPC than extract of R. damascene, the most famous rose cultivar. The dominant flavonoids in all investigated genotypes were glycosides of quercetin and kaempferol. The extracts showed high antioxidant activity comparable to synthetic antioxidant BHT, very high α-glucosidase inhibitory potential, moderate neuroprotective activity, and low potential to inhibit α-amylase.

Adaptation of the Folin-Ciocalteu and Fast Blue BB spectrophotometric methods to digital image analysis for the determination of total phenolic content: Reduction of reaction time, interferences and sample analysis

The Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) method is the most common method used for total phenolic content (TPC) determination, but in recent years, a more specific method that does not detect non-phenolic reducing compounds has been developed, the Fast Blue BB (FBBB) assay. In this study, the reference spectrophotometric methods have been adapted to a rising, simple, fast and low-cost technique (Digital Image Analysis, (DIA)) based assay while studying if the reaction time of both methods could be reduced and applied for the determination of TPC in food samples. Moreover, the interaction of ascorbic acid (AA) and fructose (F), with both reagents, has been observed.Two linear methods were obtained by DIA with R2 values of 0.997 and 0.995, low detection limits (LOD), a precision and accuracy below 10%, and no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) with the spectrophotometer. The reaction times were 60 and 30 min for FC and FBBB, respectively. The FC method required lower concentrations of AA and F to observe interactions in contrast to the FBBB, which did not exhibit any interactions with F. DIA has successfully been applied with both methods on a variety of drink samples, with results ranging from 10 to 600 mg GAE/g sample.