Total Marketing Cost Research Articles

Analisis Saluran Pemasaran Tomat (Solanum lycopersicum L.) pada Kelompok Tani Cijapati di Desa Mekarlaksana

Marketing channels that run well will reap huge profits. This research aims to find out; 1) marketing channels for tomatoes in the Cijapati farmer group in Mekarlaksana Village, Cikancung District, Bandung Regency, 2) the amount of margin, costs and profits from marketing tomatoes in the Cijapati farmer group in Mekarlaksana Village, Cikancung District, Bandung Regency, 3) share of the price received by farmers (farmer's share) in the Cijapati farmer group in Mekarlaksana Village, Cikancung District, Bandung Regency. This research is descriptive quantitative using the case study method. The sample of respondents was taken as many as 23 people using the census and snowball sampling method. The research results show that The Cijapati farmer group has established a linear marketing channel for their tomatoes. The distribution process starts from farmers as producers, then moves to wholesalers as main distributors. After that, the tomatoes will be distributed to retailers before finally being sold to final consumers. 2) Total marketing margin of IDR 2,500. Total marketing costs reached IDR 412 from the total expenditure during marketing. From the difference between marketing margin and marketing costs, a marketing profit of IDR 2,088 is obtained. 3) Farmers receive 50% of the total marketing margin of IDR 2,500, which is IDR 1,250, while the remainder is used for marketing costs and profits.

PEMASARAN KOMODITAS TERIPANG (Holothuroidea) DI KECAMATAN TANIMBAR SELATAN KABUPATEN MALUKU TENGGARA BARAT

Sea cucumbers are a delicious food that is favored by the Chinese community and holds high economic value in the market. They are also traded in dried or preserved forms. According to the Fisheries and Marine Database study, various economically valuable species of sea cucumbers have been identified in the West Southeast Maluku Regency, such as Holothuria scrabra, Holothuria fuscogilva, Holothuria edulis, Telenota ananas, Telenota anax, and Tripeneustes gratilla. This research aims to examine the marketing channels and the factors influencing the production of sea cucumber commodities. The results of the study indicate that: 1) the marketing channel for sea cucumber commodities in Tanimbar Selatan District operates as a one-level marketing system. The marketing functions performed by various marketing entities are as follows: producers carry out six marketing functions, local collectors perform all eight marketing functions, and processing enterprises undertake seven marketing functions. The marketing map illustrates that the distribution of sea cucumber commodities occurs in Tanimbar Selatan, involving producers and local collectors, and extends to inter-provincial regions involving local traders and processing enterprises. 2) the total marketing cost for sea cucumber commodities is IDR 22.860,546 for a single marketing period. The marketing entity incurring the highest cost is local collectors (73.51%), followed by consumers (25.83%), and producers (0.65%). Moreover, the marketing margin for sea cucumbers is IDR 32.164/kg. From this margin and the costs incurred, the average profit at the producer level is IDR 214.397/kg, while the average profit at the local collector level is IDR 29.241/kg. 3) simultaneously, the factors of the fishing season, education, price, and transportation costs significantly impact the production volume of sea cucumbers. However, when analyzed separately, only the fishing season factor significantly affects the production volume, while the other three factors do not have a substantial impact.

ANALISIS SALURAN PEMASARAN INDUSTRI TAHU DIKECAMATAN DOLOK MASIHUL KABUPATEN SERDANG BEDAGAI

Under the guidance of Mr. Dedi Kusbiantoro, S.P., M.M. as chairman of the supervisory commission and Mrs. Hj. Henny Pratiwi, S.P., M.M. as a member of the advisory committee. The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of tofu marketing channels, to analyze tofu marketing costs, profits and margins; and to analyze the level of economic efficiency of each tofu marketing channel in Dolok Masihul District, Serdang Bedagai Regency. The choice of research location was done purposively. The sample in this study were 19 respondents who owned the tofu industry. Field research was conducted from March 2022 to April 2022. The method used is marketing margin analysis to determine differences in price levels in marketing channels, this study also uses farmer's share analysis to determine marketing efficiency. The results of the study concluded that the fried tofu housing industry in Dolok Masihul District has 2 (two). In marketing channel I, the total marketing cost is Rp. 30/ptg, the total marketing profit for retailers is Rp. 303.33/ptg, and the marketing margin is Rp. 83.33/ptg. For marketing channel II there is no marketing fee. On stock farmers that marketing channels I and II are included in the efficient category.

A Study on the Marketing Efficiency of Broiler in Bhagalpur District of Bihar, India

A study on broiler marketing was carried out in the Bhagalpur district of Bihar, and the results were presented using tabular analysis. A multi-stage stratified sampling method was utilized to select marketing intermediaries, encompassing those in both primary and secondary markets. The study focused on these intermediaries to collect data on total marketing costs, marketing margins, price spreads, marketing efficiency, and the producer's share of consumer rupees. Additionally, the research aimed to identify the various marketing channels used in the broiler marketing process. The study was undertaken through a bench mark survey method by contacting 70 broiler farms, representing small, medium and large farms. The average number of birds was 280 on small farms, 780 birds on medium farms. and 2970 on large farms. It was clear that the highest being on large farms indicating direct relationship with the farm size.

Exploration of marketing strategies through resource quantification and economic evaluation in Elaeocarpus serratus L., unlocking its potential

Elaeocarpus serratus L. is an indigenous tree that yields edible fruits with high nutritional value, yet the cultivation, marketing in mainstreams and consumption have not intensified so far despite its potential. So, this work aims to realize the unexplored potential of E. serratus as an agroforestry resource by evaluating the economic as well as marketing status of the fruits. The methodology consists of assessing the resource distribution, fruit yield, constraints for domestication and economic viability of E. serratus. According to resource quantification data, cluster 1 had the highest average fruit yield (32.5 kg). The respondents' opinionated harvesting challenges, with a mean Likert score of 3.711, underscore that the majority of fruits were wasted. The processed, salt dipped fruits have the highest selling profit of 150 INR (USD 1.80) per kg. The selling of fruits through different market channels and the t-test analysis of profit of raw and processed fruits indicated a significant difference (P<0.001). The raw and processed fruits have a total marketing cost of 995 INR (12 USD) and 1030 INR (USD 12.44) (for 10 kg). However, the marketing efficiency and degree of market performance were observed to be poor. The lack of value-added products, scattered distributions, seasonal availability and priority for exotic fruits affect their demand. Further, the study emphasizes the need to address marketing challenges and explore the economic potential of E. serratus. This aligns with the broader goal of sustainable management and commercial feasibility of other underutilized fruits globally and the report is the first of our knowledge.

Evaluation of Marketing Pattern of Major Pulses in Bemetara District of Chhattisgarh, India

The current study intends to investigate the major pulses' marketing patterns in Chhattisgarh's Bemetara area. The Bemetara and Saja blocks in the Bemetara district of the state of Chhattisgarh were the study's locations. For the study, farmers who grew pulses in the villages of Garra (30), Khati (30), Lalpur (30), and Nawrangpur (30) were questioned, as well as two villages from each block. The main conclusions of this study showed that big pulses' marketing strategies. For marginal, small, medium, large, and overall, respectively, the marketable surplus in chickpea was 6.70, 8.72, 10.11, 11.61, and 8.61 q ha-1 and 1.12, 2.17, 4.77, 12.41, and 3.60 q farm-1 of their total production (Table no. 1). In pigeon pea, it was 5.62, 8.08, 8.52, 9.97 and 7.49 q ha-1 and 0.61, 2.45, 2.89, 6.53, and 2.36 q farm-1 for their total production (Table no. 2) for marginal, small, medium, large and overall, respectively. The following three widely used marketing channels for the marketing of major pulses were identified. Channel-I: Farmer \(\Diamond\) Consumer, Channel-II: Farmer \(\Diamond\) Retailer \(\Diamond\) Consumer and Channel-III: Farmer \(\Diamond\) Wholesaler\(\Diamond\) Retailer \(\Diamond\) Consumer. Channel wise total marketing cost of major pulses at sample farms, evaluated and demonstrated in the Table 3 For the channel-I total marketing cost was Rs.16.63, for channel-II total marketing cost was in Rs. 34.93 and for channel-III total cost estimated as Rs. 57.96 per quintal. [1] Price spread was maximum in channel-III as Rs 268.68 followed by channel-II as Rs 136.93 and channel-I as Rs 16.63. This is due to fact that as the market chain increases price spread also increases. The price paid by consumer was maximum in channel-III as Rs 5250, followed by channel-II as Rs 5120.08 and channel-I as Rs 5000. Channel-I had the largest producer share in terms of consumer rupees (100%), followed by Channel-II (97.65%) and Channel-I (95.23%). Table No. 5 displays the marketing efficiency findings. According to the table, Channel I (300.66) had a higher efficiency than Channel II (37.39) and Channel III (19.53), in that order. According to the study, channel I was the most successful platform for marketing pulses since it was one of the more efficient marketing channels.

Estimating the Indicators of productive and Marketing Efficiency of the Green Pepper under the Protected Cultivation System in Baghdad Province

The Iraqi agricultural sector is of great importance among other economic sectors, this sector is still facing several challenges in the field of its tasks by providing food for members of society, providing the necessary foreign currencies to finance development plans, and the incompatibility of seasonal production with optimal import periods, which makes vertical expansion one of the necessary means for development this sector, and the trend to the protected agriculture system, as one of the means of agricultural intensification. The research aims to study the productive and marketing efficiency of the green pepper crop under the protected cultivation system, by estimating the production cost functions, estimating the optimal economic size, calculating some financial evaluation criteria for this crop, and identifying the most important production and marketing obstacles facing the farmers of this system. Through estimating the results of the productive and economic indicators of the green pepper in greenhouses, it became clear that there is an economic efficiency in its production, where the return-to-cost ratio was greater than one. The results of estimating the production cost function of green pepper indicated that the crop does not achieve the required level of efficiency in its production, where the optimal size of production was about 3.3 tons, while the average production of the selected sample was about 2.73 tons. The estimated results also indicated that the total marketing costs of green pepper amounted to about 13,244,000 Iraqi dinars, and the marketing efficiency of the crop was about 76%.

An Integrated Analysis of Production, Marketing, and Value Addition in Rose and Gerbera Cultivation and Distribution

This comprehensive study offers an integrated investigation of various elements of rose and gerbera farming, marketing, and value-added operations. First, by evaluating the Cobb-Douglas production function’s coefficients and associated statistics, the production aspect is examined. which reveals strong relationships between inputs such as labour, seedlings, fertilisers, and output yield. Second, the marketing channels used in the distribution of rose and gerbera flowers are identified, with eight separate channels ranging from direct farmer-to-consumer transactions to multi-tiered networks comprising local and Dhaka wholesalers. Third, examine average marketing expenditures for performers or agents in each channel, including expenses for baskets, packing, transportation, storage, waste loss, commission, and other costs. Finally, the net value addition for each agent across various channels is derived by subtracting the selling price from the total marketing costs. The findings shed light on the intricacies of rose and gerbera cultivation and distribution, assisting stakeholders in optimising production methods, marketing approaches, and resource allocation to boost floriculture profits and efficiency in the floriculture industry.

К ВОПРОСУ О ПРИМЕНЕНИИ ЦИФРОВЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ МАРКЕТИНГЕ

The article presents and substantiates the role of information and information flows in the activities of an organization operating in the modern digital era. It shows the influence of information and information technologies on the achievement of organizations’ goals and the implementation of their business tasks. The concepts of digital marketing and information flows of an organization, given in the works of leading domestic and foreign researchers, in their works touching upon these aspects of the digital transformation process of a modern organization, are analyzed. The main mechanisms and patterns of digital transformation of a modern organization are described. The importance of modern digital technologies is revealed, the use of which in the field of marketing significantly increases the process of promoting goods and services, optimizing the time and financial costs of conducting marketing campaigns. The influence of digital information technologies on the transformation of two modern marketing models: consumer marketing and digital marketing is also disclosed in detail. An analysis of the impact of digitalization on marketing coordination depending on the stages of implementation is carried out, as well as an analysis of the distribution of costs of modern market participants on digital marketing and the dynamics of the growth of its share in the total marketing costs of enterprises is given. The indicators of the main types of digital marketing, their distribution in the information environment and the dynamics of changes in recent years are given. The mechanisms of adjustments that digitalization makes to the entire business structure of each organization that is undergoing digital transformation are shown. The disadvantages of the digital transformation of marketing in the modern world are analyzed and disclosed, and brief recommendations for reducing these negative risks are given; the main disadvantages of the digital transformation of the organization are given, and the risks associated with this process are analyzed. Recommendations for improving the efficiency of digital transformation processes of business, its marketing policy and the specifics of using modern digital marketing tools in the context of globalization, digitalization and informatization of the environment of a modern organization are developed and given.

Market Efficiency and Price Spread in Jaipur District, India

“Price spread or farm retail spread” is the difference between the price paid by the consumers and the price received by the producer for an equivalent quantity of farm produce. Sometime, this is called as gross marketing margin. The marketing margin refers to the difference between the price received by seller at a particular stage of marketing and the price paid by him at preceding stage of marketing during an earlier period. The producer’s net share, total marketing costs, total marketing margins, consumer’s price and price spread in channel-III are given in Table 3. Table 3 reveals that, out of price of Rs 5765.00 per quintal paid by consumer, chickpea producer got Rs 5102.00 per quintal which accounted for 88.50 percent share. The share of marketing costs paid by chickpea-producer, wholesaler-cum-commission agent and retailer was 1.37, 2.05 and 0.49 percent of total consumer’s price, respectively. Total share of wholesaler-cum-commission agent was highest followed by chickpea-producer and retailer. Thus, total share of marketing cost of intermediaries in consumer’s price was 3.90 percent Agarwal et al 2015, Hazari et al. 2015. Total margin earned by middlemen, wholesaler-cum-commission agent and retailers was 5.60 and 1.94 percent of price paid by consumer. Wholesaler earned more as compare to retailer. So, total share of market intermediaries in consumer’s price was 7.55 percent. Price spread in channel –I was Rs 660.00 per quintal which was 11.45 percent of consumer’s price Chavhal et al. 2014, Khorne 2014, Bondare et al .2014 and Kumar 2014.

ANALISIS PEMASARAN DAN STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN USAHA NILAM (Pogostemon Cablin Bentha) DI KABUPATEN KONAWE SELATAN

The problem often faced by patchouli farmers is in the marketing process of their products. In general, when marketing patchouli in South Konawe Regency, farmers collaborate through marketing institutions or intermediary traders to market their products. Basically, the high marketing costs cause many farmers to depend on marketing institutions that are able to provide facilities such as transportation and the needs that farmers need to market their products. The aim of this research is to determine and analyze marketing channels, differences in share margins, and marketing efficiency of patchouli plants in South Konawe Regency. The research design used was descriptive quantitative. The respondents for this research consisted of patchouli farmers and traders. The sampling technique was carried out using purposive sampling technique. The data analysis used is calculating the share margin, margin and marketing efficiency. Then descriptive qualitative data analysis was used using SWOT analysis. The research results show that the marketing channels for patchouli oil that have been formed are: Patchouli Farmers to Small Traders to Large Traders to Consumers (Industry). The calculation results show that the Share Margin value is 61.03%, meaning that the determination of the selling price made by farmers is included in the efficient category. It is said to be efficient if the farmer's selling price is more than or equal to 40% of the purchase price at the exporter level. The marketing efficiency value is 15.59%. The smaller efficiency value indicates that the use of existing marketing channels in the research area can be said to be more efficient because of the lower ratio of total marketing costs to selling prices to final consumers. The strategies that need to be implemented are maximizing the productivity of patchouli farming, increasing farmers' knowledge and education, production facilities and infrastructure as well as increasing cultivation and post-harvest technology facilities, utilizing the level of productivity of patchouli as an export crop to earn more income, taking advantage of the large number of productive farmers who are still farming. patchouli, controlling prices from the government so that there are no price games, increasing education, knowledge and experience and skills of farmers in applying cultivation technology, and increasing the number of technological facilities for processing products to meet quality standards set by traders/industry and also be able to reduce the risks that arise due to fluctuating price competition.

Analysis of value chains and added value for the production and marketing of the tomato crop in Salah al-Din Governorate for the year 2021 (Al-Ishaqi - a model)

The study of tracking product flows, showing the stages of value added, determining relationships with other actors in the chain are aimed at identifying the problems and obstacles of the value chain link of tomato crops, calculating the costs and revenues of production and marketing, calculating value added and related indicators. The study was conducted by the governor of Salah al-Din (al-ishaqi-as a model) and the initial data for the study were collected according to a random sample containing samples of actors within the value chain link of tomato crops and used a questionnaire form created specifically for this link. Through the use of quantitative indicators to draw conclusions, which are indicators for analyzing and calculating costs and revenues, the study reached the most important results, the production cycle has achieved an average gross value added (159.156) dinars/kg, according to the conclusion, based on the most important issues and limitations of the production cycle of tomato crops, the total cost of production has reached (1149677) thousand dinars. and the Results the total marketing costs amounted to about (208,712) dinars / dunum, (42,594) dinars / ton and (42,594) dinars/kg, and the marketing costs ranked third in terms of relative importance of the total total costs by (15.4%). The study recommends the need to activate the role of agricultural extension in considering quality conditions and increase farmers ' awareness of the importance of increasing supply over demand.

An Economic Analysis on Marketing of Banana in Ghazipur District of Uttar Pradesh, India

The present study aims to present an Economic Analysis on Marketing of Banana in Ghazipur District of Uttar Pradesh, India. It was founded that there are three marketing channels involved in marketing of banana in Ghazipur district of Uttar Pradesh (channe1- Producer-Consumer), (Channel 2- Producer- Commission Agent- Wholesaler- Retailer) and (Channel 3- Producer- Commission Agent- Retailer – Consumer). The majorly preferred marketing channel by respondents in the study area is Channel 3. In channel 1, total marketing cost is Rs. 31, marketing efficiency of channel 1 is 0 and Price spread seen in channel 1 is Rs.31. In channel 2, total marketing cost is Rs.285, marketing efficiency of channel 2 is 3.01 and Price spread seen in channel 2 is Rs.860.00. In channel 3, total marketing cost is Rs. 280, marketing efficiency of channel 3 is 2.69 and Price spread seen in channel 3 is Rs.755.

ANALYSIS OF MARKETING CHANNELS AND MARKETING COSTS IN QUAIL EGG FARMING IN BOYOLALI REGENCY

This study aims to determine the types of quail egg marketing channels in Boyolali Regency and determine the cost of marketing quail eggs in Boyolali Regency. This research was carried out in Boyolali Regency. The selection of breeder sample uses the purposive sample method while the sample of wholesalers, collectors, retailers and consumers uses a purposive method with predetermined criteria. There were 69 samples taken. The results showed that there are 4 marketing channels in Boyolali Regency There are four marketing channels, namely: a) zero level marketing channels: farmers and consumers. b) Level 1 marketing channels: breeders, wholesalers and consumers. c) Level 2 marketing channels: breeders, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. d) Level 3 marketing channels: breeders, wholesalers, collectors, retailers and consumers. The marketing cost in Boyolali Regency is at the zero level marketing channel, the total marketing cost is IDR3,000. The level 1 marketing channel is IDR11,606. The level 2 marketing channel is IDR9,606. The level 3 marketing channel is IDR6,060 From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the lowest marketing cost is the marketing cost on the zero marketing channel, which is IDR3,000. Low marketing costs mean that the marketing costs are marketing that effective.

Identify Marketing Channel & Marketing Efficiency, Marketing Margin, Marketing Cost, Price Spread of Gobindobhog Rice in Purba Bardhaman District of West Bengal, India

The present study entitled “IDENTIFY MARKETING CHANNEL & MARKETING EFFICIENCY, MARKETING MARGIN, MARKETING COST, PRICE SPREAD OF GOBINDOBHOG RICE IN PURBA BARDHAMAN DISTRICT OF WEST BENGAL, INDIA”. It was founded that there are two marketing channels involved in marketing of Gobindobhog in Purba Bardhaman district of West Bengal (Channel 1 – Producer/Rice mill-Wholesaler-Consumer), (Channel 2- Producer/Rice Mill- Wholesaler- Retailer-Consumer). The majorly preferred marketing channel by respondents in the study area is Channel 2. In channel 1, total marketing cost is Rs.25, total marketing margin is Rs 595, marketing efficiency of channel 1 is 2.58% and Price spread seen in channel 1 is Rs.550. In channel 2, total marketing cost is Rs.255, total marketing margin in channel 2 is Rs. 800, marketing efficiency of channel 2 is 1.71% and Price spread seen in channel 2 is Rs.755.00.

An Economic Analysis of Marketing and Disposal Pattern of Groundnut in Surguja District of Chhattisgarh, India

This study is confined to an economic analysis of marketing and constraints of groundnut in the Surguja district of Chhattisgarh, India. The 90 respondents were interviewed for the study during the year 2015-16. The main objective of the study is to analyze marketing cost, price spread and constraints in marketing of groundnut. Major findings of the study revealed that at their place three marketing channels identified for the groundnut marketing in Sarguja district viz., were Channel – I: Producer → Consumer, Channel – II: Producer → Village Merchants/ Retailers → Consumer, Channel – III: Producer → Commission Agents/ Wholesaler → Retailer → Consumer. The total marketing cost was higher in Channel III (Rs. 365.38) Compared to Channel I and Channel II. and the total marketing margin and price spread was also seen higher in Channel III Rs. (1457.22 and 635.00) because in the Channel III there were two intermediates, whereas in channel I and channel II there was only one Intermediates respectively. The producer share in the consumer rupee was higher in the channel I (97.55%). The market efficiency was higher in Channel I (40.98 %).

An Economic Analysis on Marketing and Brand Awareness of Rifit Plus (Herbicide) in Ghazipur District of Uttar Pradesh, India

The study aims to present an Economic Analysis on Marketing and Brand Awareness of Rifit Plus (Herbicide) in Ghazipur District of Uttar Pradesh, India. It was discovered that two marketing channels were involved in the sale of Rifit Plus (an herbicide) in the Ghazipur district of Uttar Pradesh. These channels were Channel 1 for producers, Wholesalers, and consumers and Channel 2 for producers, wholesalers, retailers, and consumers. Channel 2 is the marketing channel that respondents in the study area most frequently cite as preferable. In channel 1, the overall marketing expense is Rs. 48, the total marketing profit is Rs. 120, and the channel's marketing effectiveness is 2.55%. The overall marketing expense for channel 2 is Rs. 65, the total marketing margin is Rs. 125, and the marketing. Channel 2 is the most popular marketing channel among respondents in the study location. Total marketing cost in channel 1 is Rs. 48, total marketing margin in channel 1 is Rs 120, and marketing efficiency in channel 1 is 2.55%. Channel 2 has a total marketing cost of Rs.65, a total marketing margin of Rs.125, and a marketing efficiency of 2.37%.

A Study on Marketing of Betel Leaves through Different Marketing Channels in Bhograi Block, Balasore District of Odisha

The present study was conducted in the year 2022-23, to identify the different marketing channels in the study area and to analyse total marketing cost, producer’s share in consumer rupee, marketing margins, marketing efficiency and price spread in different marketing channels. Stratified multistage random sampling procedure was adopted to take a sample of 120 respondents from Bhograi block, Balasore, Odisha. The data was collected by personally interviewing the selected respondents with the help of a questionnaire. Four marketing channels were identified for marketing of betel leaves, channel I(Producer-Consumer), Channel II (Producer-Village Trader-Retailer-Consumer), channel III (Producer-Wholesaler-Retailer-Consumer) and channel IV (Producer–Village Trader–Wholesaler-Retailer-Consumer). The price spread was highest in case of channel-IV that was 2850 and lowest in case of channel I that was 400 as there are more middle men in channel IV than channel I. The marketing channel I was more efficient than the other channels but it was not used by the farmers more efficiently as they lack market information so channel II was mostly used by them. Marketing cost was highest in case of Channel IV (Rs.1550) and lowest in case of Channel I (Rs. 400).

An Economic Analysis of Medicinal Herb Colocasia for Leaf Production

Objective: To study the level of input use in colocasia production, estimate the cost and return and disposable pattern. Colocasia herb is rich source of phenols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, sterols and triterpenoids, therefore, used as traditional medicaments. Farmers cultivate this multi cut crop only for leaf production in middle Gujarat. Methods: This leafy crop production mainly depends upon the level of input used. Hence, the use of judicious inputs (nutritional and irrigation) in production process is vital in this multi cut crop cultivation. Results: Average gross return (Rs. 486454.45 ha-1) and net return (Rs. 293452.22 ha-1) were obtained by producers. Price received by farmers at field level was Rs. 2309.20 q-1 and the cost of production (Rs./q) of colocasia was the tune of Rs. 1020.20. This indicated that price received by producers was higher as compared to the cost incurred by them. The total marketing cost incurred by all the middlemen in the identified channel was about Rs. 844.77 q-1. Out of which the highest cost was incurred by village trader followed by retailer, wholesaler cum commission agent and farmer. Average total margin earned by different functionaries was Rs. 3969.39 q-1 and the margin was higher at retailers’ level (Rs. 2182.50 q-1) as compared to village trader (Rs. 1245.23) and wholesaler-cum-commission agents (Rs 541.66 q-1). The producer’s share in consumer’s rupee was quite low (32.35 per cent) and the price spread was Rs. 4814.16 q-1 in the identified marketing channel of colocasia in study area. Conclusion: Overall, colocasia is the remunerative crop for the farmers and needs to shorten the marketing channel.

Study on Marketing of Green Chili in Jorhat District of Assam

"The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying factors affecting marketing, marketing channels and analysing the marketing cost, margin, price spread, and marketing efficiency of farmers in the marketing of green chilies in Jorhat district of Assam. A sample of 80 farmers was selected using multistage stratified random sampling, and 30 market intermediaries were selected from the study area. Production was kept for home consumption, and the seed was one of the factors that indirectly affected the marketable surplus of green chili, significant at 1 percent. However, transportation costs of green chilies directly affected the markable surplus, significant at 10 percent. Among the two marketing channels identified, total marketing cost was low in channel I (` 124.06 per quintal) as compared to channel II (` 178.04 per quintal), signifying that marketing cost was low if the channel has lesser market intermediaries. The best channel for both producer and consumer was found to be channel I, in which producers receive the maximum share of consumers’ rupee (77.06 percent), and consumers purchase the product at the low price ` 7700 per quintal. Marketing efficiency was found to be higher in channel I (3.36). The major constraint faced by the producers in the marketing of green chili was the low selling price that prevailed during the Covid-19 pandemic in the local and distant markets during the peak harvesting time."