Iron Binding Capacity Research Articles

Factors Impacting Outcome and Prognosis of Invasive Fungal Sinusitis: How Vital is Iron Metabolism?

Iron is an important micronutrient involved in cell biology through vital reactions. We examined the correlations between iron metabolism parameters and the course of invasive fungal sinusitis. Patients with invasive fungal sinusitis were enrolled. Serum iron and ferritin levels, total iron-binding capacity, and transferrin saturation were measured at the initiation of treatment. Patients were followed for 6months, and the clinical course was categorised as improvement or worsening/death. A total of 35 patients were enrolled. The average ferritin levels in mucormycosis patients was 944.9ng/ml, versus 110.7ng/ml for aspergillosis patients. Iron levels were significantly lower in mucormycosis than in aspergillosis (29.14µg/dl vs. 68.55µg/dl). Total iron-binding capacity was significantly different between the two groups (16.76µg/dl vs. 330.36µg/dl). After 6months, improvement, worsening, and death were noted for 18, 8, and 9 patients, respectively. Higher iron levels and lower ferritin levels were linked with improvement. Total iron-binding capacity was significantly higher in improved patients (2314 vs. 151). Iron metabolism parameters play significant roles in the preemptive judgment of the course of fungal sinusitis. Based on these findings, studies on drugs affecting iron metabolism should be conducted.

The causal effect of iron status on risk of anxiety disorders: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

Observational studies had investigated the association of iron metabolism with anxiety disorders. The conclusions were inconsistent and not available to reveal the causal or reverse-causal association due to the confounding. In this study we estimated the potential causal effect of iron homeostasis markers on anxiety disorders using two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Summary data of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with four iron-related biomarkers were extracted from a recent report about analysis of three genome-wide association study (GWAS), the sample size of which ranged from 131471 to 246139 individuals. The corresponding data for anxiety disorders were from Finngen database (20992 cases and 197800 controls). The analyses were mainly based on inverse variance weighted (IVW) method. In addition, the heterogeneity and pleiotropy of the results were assessed by Cochran's Q test and MR-Egger regression. Basing on IVW method, genetically predicted serum iron level, ferritin and transferrin had negative effects on anxiety disorders. The odd ratios (OR) of anxiety disorders per 1 standard deviation (SD) unit increment in iron status biomarkers were 0.922 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.862-0.986; p = 0.018) for serum iron level, 0.873 (95% CI 0.790-0.964; p = 0.008) for log-transformed ferritin and 0.917 (95% CI 0.867-0.969; p = 0.002) for transferrin saturation. But no statical significance was found in the association of 1 SD unit increased total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) with anxiety disorders (OR 1.080; 95% CI 0.988-1.180; p = 0.091). The analyses were supported by pleiotropy test which suggested no pleiotropic bias. Our results indicated that genetically determined iron status biomarkers causally linked to the risk of anxiety disorders, providing valuable insights into the genetic research and clinical intervention of anxiety disorders.

Clinical and Clinico-Pathological Observations of the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate in Dogs Affected by Leishmaniosis and Other Inflammatory Diseases.

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) has been used in canine medicine in several disorders, above all, to evaluate levels of inflammation. This study evaluated the ESR in canine leishmaniosis (CanL) and other inflammatory conditions. Three groups of dogs were examined: CanL affected dogs without clinical signs (INFECTED group, #25) or with clinical signs (SICK group, #43) and dogs affected by acute or acute-on-chronic conditions (OTHER DISEASE group, #65). The ESR was compared with acute phase proteins or reactants either positive or negative (leukogram, fibrinogen, iron, unsaturated iron binding capacity, ferritin, haptoglobin, and albumin) and immunological markers (gamma-globulins, IgG, and IgM). The ESR was higher in the SICK group than in the INFECTED group (median 39 vs. 11 mm/h; p < 0.0001), as well as in the OTHER DISEASE than in the INFECTED groups (median 41 vs. 11 mm/h; p < 0.0001). The ESR appeared outside the reference range for all dogs in the SICK and OTHER DISEASE groups and almost with similar values (mm/h; median 39, 95% CI 31-51 vs. 41, 95% CI 12-87; p > 0.05). The extent of changes in ESR can help to establish the severity of CanL and other inflammatory disorders. As a point-of-care test, the ESR can be used to screen dogs for unhealthy conditions, and its values correlate with the severity of any disease, including CanL.

Molecular Mechanisms of Iron Transport and Homeostasis Regulated by Antarctic Krill-Derived Heptapeptide-Iron Complex.

In this study, the molecular mechanisms of iron transport and homeostasis regulated by the Antarctic krill-derived heptapeptide-iron (LVDDHFL-iron) complex were explored. LVDDHFL-iron significantly increased the hemoglobin, serum iron, total iron binding capacity levels, and iron contents in the liver and spleen to normal levels, regulated the gene expressions of iron homeostasis, and enhanced in vivo antioxidant capacity in iron-deficiency anemia mice (P < 0.05). The results revealed that iron ions within LVDDHFL-iron can be transported via the heme transporter and divalent metal transporter-1, and the absorption of LVDDHFL-iron involved receptor-mediated endocytosis. We also found that the transport of LVDDHFL-iron across cells via phagocytosis was facilitated by the up-regulation of the high mobility group protein, heat shock protein β, and V-type proton ATPase subunit, accompanied by the regulatory mechanism of autophagy. These findings provided deeper understandings of the mechanism of LVDDHFL-iron facilitating iron absorption.

The Role of Reticulocyte Hemoglobin Content in Diagnosing Iron Deficiency in Childhood Cancer

Abstract Background The prevalence of iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in children with cancer is not well studied. The detection of ID and IDA using sensitive laboratory tools may facilitate early diagnosis and treatment in this cohort. In this regard, reticulocyte hemoglobin (Ret-He) content serves as a cost-effective measurement that remains unaffected by inflammation, unlike the ferritin test. Aim The objective of this study is to analyze the role of Ret-He as a diagnostic tool to identify functional and absolute ID and IDA in children with cancer. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in children aged 0 to 18 years. Blood samples were collected to compare Ret-He values with iron status, reflected by hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), serum iron (SI), total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and ferritin and transferrin saturation. The overall discriminative power of Ret-He in detecting ID and IDA was assessed using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Results Of the 135 children included in the study, 58 (43.0%) had anemia. Among them, 20 (14.8%) had IDA (8 [5.9%] absolute and 12 [8.9%] functional), while 25 (18.5%) had ID (16 [11.9%] absolute and 9 [6.7%] functional). The Ret-He value was significantly related to iron status (p ≤ 0.002). Ret-He was also shown to have a significant correlation with the abovementioned hematological parameters (p = 0.000), except TIBC. Multivariate analysis revealed a significant relationship between Hb (p = 0.051), MCH (p = 0.000), and MCHC (p = 0.001) and Ret-He. Ret-He values of 33.7, 32.7, 32.4 and 28.6 pg were established as optimal cut-off values to identify functional ID, absolute ID, functional IDA, and absolute IDA, respectively. Conclusion Ret-He is a reliable diagnostic tool for absolute and functional IDA in children with cancer.

Association of Iron Profile with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus:Review

This minireview assesses the correlation between iron profile levels and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Iron, ferritin, transferrin saturation, and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) are examples of iron profiles. Every study included in this review shows that type 2 diabetics' blood serum has less iron overall and less iron-binding capacity. Conversely, the same studies' findings showed that individuals with type 2 diabetes had higher levels of ferritin in their blood serum. In terms of transferrin (iron) saturation, a number of studies show that it is rising, while a smaller number shows that it is falling in the blood serum of those who have type 2 diabetes. These investigations led to the conclusion that there is substantial evidence linking the iron profile to type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM). Reduced transferrin levels are connected to a lower risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, but higher serum iron, ferritin, and transferrin saturation are associated with an increased risk. There is also genetic evidence that links elevated systemic iron status to a higher risk of type 2 diabetes.

Iron Status and Risk of Heart Disease, Stroke, and Diabetes: A Mendelian Randomization Study in European Adults.

The relevance of iron status biomarkers for coronary artery disease (CAD), heart failure (HF), ischemic stroke (IS), and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is uncertain. We compared the observational and Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses of iron status biomarkers and hemoglobin with these diseases. Observational analyses of hemoglobin were compared with genetically predicted hemoglobin with cardiovascular diseases and diabetes in the UK Biobank. Iron biomarkers included transferrin saturation, serum iron, ferritin, and total iron binding capacity. MR analyses assessed associations with CAD (CARDIOGRAMplusC4D [Coronary Artery Disease Genome Wide Replication and Meta-Analysis Plus The Coronary Artery Disease Genetics], n=181 522 cases), HF (HERMES [Heart Failure Molecular Epidemiology for Therapeutic Targets), n=115 150 cases), IS (GIGASTROKE, n=62 100 cases), and T2D (DIAMANTE [Diabetes Meta-Analysis of Trans-Ethnic Association Studies], n=80 154 cases) genome-wide consortia. Observational analyses demonstrated J-shaped associations of hemoglobin with CAD, HF, IS, and T2D. In contrast, MR analyses demonstrated linear positive associations of higher genetically predicted hemoglobin levels with 8% higher risk per 1 SD higher hemoglobin for CAD, 10% to 13% for diabetes, but not with IS or HF in UK Biobank. Bidirectional MR analyses confirmed the causal relevance of iron biomarkers for hemoglobin. Further MR analyses in global consortia demonstrated modest protective effects of iron biomarkers for CAD (7%-14% lower risk for 1 SD higher levels of iron biomarkers), adverse effects for T2D, but no associations with IS or HF. Higher levels of iron biomarkers were protective for CAD, had adverse effects on T2D, but had no effects on IS or HF. Randomized trials are now required to assess effects of iron supplements on risk of CAD in high-risk older people.

A randomized controlled trial of sweet basil leaf powder-enriched cookies for anemia management in adolescent girls.

The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of sweet basil leaf powder as a natural source of iron for the treatment of anemia in adolescent girls. Purposive sampling technique of two-stage sampling; part of the nonprobability sampling approach. Out of 2400 approached adolescent girls, 1645 agreed to participate and their nutritional status was assessed. Of these, 89.95% had clinical signs and symptoms of anemia, and 59.79% were found to be anemic based on Hb levels. From the anemic group, 65.18% were randomly selected to receive either B0 (Control), B1 (12.699 g FeSO4.7H2O/100 g), and B3 (16 g SBLP/100 g) cookies for 4 months. At the end of the intervention, the assessment of nutritional status, complete blood count, serum iron, serum ferritin, serum total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and transferrin saturation was explored. Hematological parameters such as Hb, Hct, TIBC, MCV, MCH, MCHC, serum iron, and serum ferritin were significant (p ≤ .05). The result showed that the serum Fe was highest in group B3 while a significant decline was noted for group B0. Serum ferritin for B1 was better than B3. The entire treatment for transferrin saturation showed a highly significant increasing trend in B3 and B1, regardless of the control. TIBC levels raised in the control group while in all other treatments, it declined. The study demonstrated that SBLP-fortified cookies can be an effective treatment option for anemia, as evidenced by significant improvements in key hematological parameters.

Evidence for genetic causality between iron homeostasis and Parkinson's disease: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study

BackgroundParkinson's disease (PD) is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system, and its specific etiology is still unclear. At present, it is believed that the main pathological basis is the reduction of dopamine concentration in the brain striatum. Although many previous studies have believed that iron as an important nutrient element participates in the occurrence and development of PD, whether there is a causal correlation between total iron binding capacity(TIBC), transferring saturation(TSAT), ferritin and serum iron in iron homeostasis indicators and PD, there has been a lack of effective genetic evidence. MethodsWe used Mendelian randomization (MR) as an analytical method to effectively evaluate the genetic association between exposure and outcome, based on the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) data to date. By using randomly assigned genetic instrumental variables (SNPs, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) that are not affected by any causal relationship, we effectively evaluated the causal relationship between iron homeostasis indicators and PD while controlling for confounding factors. ResultsBy coordinated analysis of 86 SNPs associated with iron homeostasis markers and 12,858,066 SNPs associated with PD, a total of 56 SNPs were finally screened for genome-wide significance of iron homeostasis associated with PD. The results of inverse variance weighting(IVW) analysis suggested that iron（ β = - 0.524; 95%cl=-0.046 to −0.002; P=0.032) was considered to have a genetic causal relationship with PD. Cochran's Q, Egger intercept and MR-PRESSO global tests did not detect the existence of heterogeneity and pleiotropy (P>0.05). Mr Steiger directionality test further confirmed our estimation of the potential causal direction of iron and PD (P=0.001). In addition, TIBC (β=-0.142; 95%Cl=-0.197–0.481; P=0.414), TSAT (β=-0.316; 95%Cl=-0.861–0.229; P=0.255), and ferritin (β=-0.387; 95%Cl=-1.179–0.405; P=0.338) did not have genetic causal relationships with PD, and the results were not heterogeneous and pleiotropic (P>0.05). In addition, TIBC (β=-0.142; 95%Cl=-0.197–0.481; P=0.414), TSAT (β=-0.316; 95%Cl=-0.861–0.229; P=0.255), and ferritin (β=-0.101; 95%Cl=--0.987 to −0.405; P=0.823) did not have genetic causal relationships with PD, and the results were not heterogeneous and pleiotropic (P>0.05). TIBC (P=0.008), TSAT (P=0.000) and ferritin (P=0.013) were all consistent with the estimation of MR Steiger directivity test. ConclusionOur study found that among the four iron homeostasis markers, there was a genetic causal association between serum iron and PD, and the serum iron level was negatively correlated with the risk of PD. In addition, TIBC, TSAT, ferritin had no genetic causal relationship with PD.

Serum Ferritin Level and Total Iron Binding Capacity Relationship with Iron Deficiency Anemia During Pregnancy and Labour

Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a prevalent condition globally, impacting maternal and fetal health outcomes significantly. The condition is especially concerning during pregnancy, given its association with complications such as preterm labor and increased maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality rates. Objective: The study aimed to assess the prevalence of IDA among pregnant women and its correlation with fetal-maternal complications, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of current healthcare interventions in managing the condition. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Shikhzayad Women Hospital, Larkana, over six months from January 1, 2022, to July 1, 2022. Fifty pregnant women with IDA at various gestational stages were selected and evaluated for serum ferritin and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC). The severity of anemia and its correlation with feto-maternal complications were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results: Out of the 50 women studied, 6 had mild anemia, 37 had moderate anemia, and 7 had severe anemia. Serum ferritin levels showed that 10 participants had levels between 5-10 mg/L, 20 had levels between 10-50 mg/L, 10 had levels between 50-150 mg/L, and 10 had normal levels (150-300 mg/L). Elevated TIBC levels (400-600 ug/ml) were observed in 30 women. Feto-maternal complications included emergency cesarean sections (28 cases), postpartum hemorrhage (8 cases), disseminated intravascular coagulation (6 cases), cardiac failure (4 cases), and maternal death (4 cases). Pregnancy outcomes were reported as 5 first-trimester abortions, 2 second-trimester abortions, 4 preterm deliveries, 15 cases of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), 9 intrauterine deaths (IUD), and 5 neonatal deaths (NND). Conclusion: IDA remains a significant determinant of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. This study underscores the urgent need for enhanced preventive strategies, including iron supplementation and dietary education. Further large-scale research is required for a comprehensive understanding of IDA's impact and the development of targeted interventions.

FETO/Maternal Complications in Iron Deficiency Anemia during Pregnancy and Labor

Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a prevalent nutritional disorder globally, especially in developing countries, impacting both maternal and fetal health. The condition exacerbates the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including increased morbidity and mortality rates. Objective: This study aimed to examine the prevalence and impact of IDA on feto-maternal health during pregnancy and labor, as well as to evaluate the efficacy of antenatal care programs in managing this condition. Methods: A six-month cross-sectional study was conducted at Shaikh Zayad Hospital, Larkana, from October 2021 to March 2022. Fifty pregnant women, ranging from primigravida to multigravida, were recruited through emergency and outpatient departments. Comprehensive data collection included demographic information, clinical history, and a full spectrum of laboratory tests for IDA. The severity of anemia and related complications were assessed, and the collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results: Of the participants, 74% suffered from moderate anemia, while 12% and 14% had mild and severe anemia, respectively. Serum ferritin levels indicated iron deficiency in 40% of the women, with an elevated total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) in 60% of cases. Maternal complications were prevalent, with 52% encountering unspecified emergency conditions and 16% experiencing postpartum hemorrhage. Fetal complications included intrauterine growth restriction (30%), intrauterine death (18%), and neonatal death (10%). Conclusion: IDA presents a significant health risk during pregnancy, correlated with a high incidence of maternal and fetal complications. This study emphasizes the importance of proactive management and monitoring of iron levels throughout pregnancy. Establishing comprehensive antenatal care that includes nutritional education and iron supplementation is crucial for preventing IDA and improving pregnancy outcomes.

Analysis of the Relationship of Serum Ferritin, Urate, and Some Hematological Parameters with Disease Activity in Gout Patients

Background and objectives: Gout is a type of arthritis. Acute gout is a common rheumatological disease that mostly affects first metatarsopharyngeal joint. Chronic gout is the condition that characterized by repeated episodes of acute gout. The objective of this study was to further explore the relationship between iron, ferritin, and other hematological markers with serum urate and gout. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in the Department of Rheumatology of Rizgary Teaching Hospital, Erbil, and Northern Iraqi Kurdistan. A total of 85 cases were enrolled in this study, 76 males and 9 females. There mean age (SD) was 46.6 (±11.2) years. All participants were known to have gout and fulfilled the criteria for diagnosis of gout. Serum ferritin, C-reactive protein, Serum iron, total iron binding capacity, and serum urate level were measured in addition to renal function tests and liver function tests were measured. Results: The mean (SD) for urate was 9.04 (±1.16) mg/dL, 76 (89.4%) patients with high serum uric acid had high level of ferritin in the blood meanwhile; 9 patients have normal ferritin level. There was a significant positive correlation (76 out of 85 patients) between serum ferritin level and serum urate (p&lt;0.005 and rho=0.237). A positive correlation was found between C reactive protein and urate level, in contrast there was no correlation of iron level and urate level. Conclusion: The ferritin and C reactive protein levels were significantly high among gouty patients.

Relationship between Iron Saturation Indices and Psychiatric Disorders among Persons Seeking Care at Selected Psychiatry Health Facilities in Ghana

Aim: This study investigated the relationship between iron metabolism and psychiatric disorder and whether iron saturation indices could predict disease severity.&#x0D; Study Design: The study was a case-control study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted between December 2020 to March 2022 in some selected psychiatric facilities in Ghana.&#x0D; Methodology: Venous blood was collected and serum iron, TIBC, ferritin, transferrin and full blood count were quantified to calculate intraindividual variation and to assess the relationships of these iron saturation indices to severity of psychiatric disorders.&#x0D; Results: Serum iron (38.98±14.55 µmol/L), ferritin (100.23±84.98 ng/mL) and transferrin saturation (44.35±14.6%) were significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in group with psychiatric disorders compared with the controls (29.25±8.0 µmol/L; 75.25±42.71 ng/mL and 28.66±7.1%). However, total iron binding capacity (TIBC) (102.47±15.01 µmol/L), UIBC (73.22±13.12 µmol/L) and transferrin (4.08±0.6 g/L) concentrations were considerably greater in control group than in the case subjects (88.95±19.73 µmol/L; 49.97±18.32 µmol/L and 3.54±0.79 g/L). One unit increase in BMI is associated with 1.27 (aOR=1.27, p&lt;0.001) times risk of psychiatric disorders and males are 6 (aOR=5.87, p&lt;0.005) times at risk of disorders. At a cut off of ≤65.79 µmol/L, UIBC can distinguish psychiatric disorders from controls.&#x0D; Conclusion: Serum iron and transferrin saturation appears to be good prognostic markers of diseases severity but serum iron at cut off of &gt;35.23 µmol/L better classified individuals of severe form of psychiatric disorder.

Effect of different iron ratios on interaction and thermodynamic stability of bound whey protein isolate

Whey protein isolates (WPI) are known to have mineral-binding capacity to promote iron absorption. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of iron ratio on the conformational structure of iron-bound whey protein isolate (WPI-Fe) and its thermodynamic stability. It was shown that the iron to protein ratio affects both the iron binding capacity of WPI and the iron valence state on the surface of WPI-Fe complexes. As the iron content increases, aggregation between protein molecules occurs. In addition, WPI-Fe nanoparticles have thermodynamic stability and Fe2+ has a high affinity with WPI for spontaneous exothermic reactions. This study demonstrates that WPI-Fe complexes can be used to efficiently deliver high-quality iron source (Fe2+) for future iron supplements.

Excellent iron-chelating capacity of Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) skirt hydrolysate fermented by Bacillus subtilis M17-b7

Peptide ferrous chelate is a new type of biological iron, which has the advantages of high absorption rate, safety and no digestive tract irritation. In this study, microbial fermentation was used for the first time to prepare iron-chelating peptides. Forty-eight strains were applied to ferment scallop skirts. A dominating strain was eliminated by using the iron binding capacity of the scallop skirt hydrolysate as the screening index. The scallop skirt hydrolysate fermented by Bacillus subtilis M17-b7 showed excellent iron-chelating capacity (96.20% ± 0.03%). Meanwhile, the structure, morphology and bioactivity of fermented scallop skirt hydrolysate (FSH) and fermented scallop skirt hydrolysate-iron (FSH–Fe) were measured. Based on the amino acid composition and spectral analysis, it was confirmed that the significant amino acids contains carboxyl, carbonyl, and amino groups. The result of scanning electron microscope indicated that the surface of FSH became porous and the particles were bigger after chelating with ferrous. Moreover, the peptide-ferrous chelate was more stable in salt solutions and simulated gastric juice compared with ferrous sulfate. It is also noteworthy that the preparation of ferrous chelate peptides by fermentation is cost-effective compared with enzymatic hydrolysis. Therefore, this study provides theoretical support for the use of fermentation as a promising tool to produce peptide-ferrous chelate.

Comparative evaluation of anti-anemic effect of Sucrosomial iron in experimental model of iron deficiency anemia in Wistar rats

Abstract Anemia is a grave public health issue that affects 25% of the global population. Conventional iron formulations used in treatment have drawbacks such as poor bioavailability and gastric intolerability. The current study aimed to evaluate the anti-anemic effects of different iron salts in Wistar rats with iron deficiency anemia (IDA). IDA was induced by the validated pre-clinical model by retro-orbital bloodletting (1 ml) for 21 days along with an iron-deficient diet in Wistar rats. The rats (n=48) were assigned into 8 groups: Control group, IDA rats, IDA rats receiving either vehicle or different iron salts (ferrous sulfate, ferrous ascorbate, ferrous fumarate, and Sucrosomial iron) for 21 days at a dose of 30 mg/kg p.o. Hematological parameters and iron store indices were assessed at each visit. Anemia induction markedly reduced hemoglobin levels in all IDA groups on day 21. In contrast, iron supplements showed significant improvement in hematological profile after 21 days of treatment. Interestingly, the Sucrosomial iron-supplemented group (group 8) showed significantly higher improvement in hemoglobin levels and hematocrit than did conventional iron supplements such as ferrous sulfate (group 5), ferrous ascorbate (group 6) and ferrous fumarate (group 7) (p &lt;0.05 for each group, respectively). Sucrosomial iron also showed slightly better improvement in iron store indices (serum iron &amp; ferritin levels, total iron binding capacity and transferrin saturation [%]) when compared with other iron supplements (non-significant difference). Authors concluded that Sucrosomial iron has a significant potential to improve IDA in Wistar rats compared to conventional iron salts. Sucrosomial iron can be useful for the management of IDA either prophylactically or therapeutically.

Influence of Frequent Phlebothomy on Blood Iron Concentration, Haematological, Metabolic and Endocrine Parameters in Rams

Abstract Frequent phlebotomies, even when only a small volume of blood is taken for diagnostic purposes, can lead to the development of iron deficiency with hematological and metabolic changes. The study aimed to determine the influence of frequent blood loss by phlebotomy on blood iron concentration (Fe), hematology, metabolic and endocrine parameters and their relationships. Blood samples were collected from 30 blood donor rams for 6 consecutive weeks, with approximately 10% of blood collected weekly. Such chronic blood loss resulted in a decrease in Fe. Indicators of iron transport in the bloodstream changed, so the value of total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) and unsaturated iron-binding capacity (UIBC) increased, while the value of transferrin saturation percentage (TS%) decreased. Hematological changes included a decrease in red blood cells, hemoglobin, mean red blood cell volume and hematocrit and a tendency for reticulocyte count and red cell distribution width to increase. Chronic blood loss resulted in a specific metabolic response that included the increase in glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate-aminotransferase, and insulin resistance, while thyroxine, triiodothyronine and cortisol decreased and there was a tendency for lactate to increase and BHB to decrease. The mentioned blood parameters correlated with Fe and additionally showed greater changes when Fe was extrapolated to the level of clinical deficit (Fe=9μmol/L). These correlations suggest the need to monitor the metabolic and endocrine status during chronic blood loss, in addition to Fe and erythrocyte indices. Compared with previous results in other animal species, Fe may have a direct influence on metabolic processes in rams.

Point Shear Wave Elastography Detected Liver Stiffness Increased in Pediatric Patient With Thalassemia Major.

Transient elastography (TE) and point shear wave elastography (pSWE) are 2 elastographic ultrasound examinations used in liver stiffness (LS) measurement. It was shown that the LS value detected by TE in pediatric β-thalassemia major patients has increased, and there was no LS evaluation obtained with pSWE in literature. Thus, in this study, it was aimed to evaluate LS with pSWE examination in children with thalassemia major and to determine LS-related parameters in these patients. Sixty-three schoolchildren with a diagnosis of β-thalassemia major and 21 healthy controls between the ages of 7 and 18 years were included. In addition to routine anamnesis, physical examination, and laboratory examinations, renal and liver ultrasounds were performed. Liver stiffness values were measured by pSWE examination. Serum levels of urea, aspartate-aminotransferase, alanine-aminotransferase, iron, and ferritin were significantly higher in patients, and serum creatinine, iron binding capacity, and hemoglobin levels were found to be significantly lower (P < 0.05 for each). Liver stiffness values were significantly higher in patients compared with healthy controls. In linear regression analysis, serum iron and iron binding capacity values were found to be closely related with LS (P < 0.001 vs. β = 0.482 and P = 0.047 vs. β = 0.237, respectively). Liver stiffness values obtained by pSWE examination increase significantly in patients. According to the results of our study, in addition to the previously known TE method, we think that the LS evaluation obtained by pSWE, a new method that can make more accurate measurements, can be used in the possible early detection of target organ damage in children with thalassemia major.

Assessment of nutritional status in chronic periodontitis patients: A cross-sectional study.

This cross-sectional study compared the nutritional status of chronic periodontitis (CP) patients who presented with various degrees of severity with systemically healthy individuals using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA®) tool along with laboratory analysis of macro- and micronutrients. This research enrolled a total of 84 participants, of which 63 belonged to the CP group while 21 served as healthy controls. The CP patients were divided into three groups of 21 each, based on severity as mild, moderate, and severe. Clinical periodontal parameters (plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing depth, clinical attachment level/loss, total number of teeth present [NOT-P], furcation involvement, pathological migration, and tooth mobility), biochemical parameters (lipid, protein, iron profiles, and Vitamin D3 and B12), and the MNA® tool were used to assess the nutritional status of all the participants. The results were analyzed statistically. NOT-P, MNA score, lipid profile (except very-low-density lipoprotein), iron profile (except total iron-binding capacity), and Vitamin D3 showed high significant differences (P < 0.001) among the groups. However, Vitamin B12 and protein profile except for total protein revealed significant differences (P < 0.05). CP can be a contributing risk factor for the development of malnutrition. MNA® tool can be used for assessing the nutritional status of CP patients.

Biochemical Markers of Iron Status Among Iraqi Patients at Different Severity Levels of Celiac Disease

In people with a hereditary predisposition, gluten consumption causes celiac disease, a multifactorial autoimmune condition. The ensuing small intestine inflammatory process develops specific antibodies and causes various gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms with varying degrees of severity. Evaluation of the blood iron profile at various histological celiac disease severity in Iraqi patients was the goal of the current study. Seventy-five Iraqi patients with celiac disease, with a mean age of 18.68± 11.13 years, were the study's participants. These people tested positive for celiac antibodies and experienced gastrointestinal symptoms. Based on the disease histological severity, they were divided into two groups: marsh (III a, b, c) group and marsh (0, I) group. For comparison purposes, 46 people who appeared to be in good health and matched in age and gender to the patients utilized in the study were also included. The levels of iron, transferrin, hemoglobin, ferritin, total iron binding capacity, unsaturated iron binding capacity, and the percentage of transferrin that is saturated with iron were all measured. In comparison to the other patient groups under study, celiac patients (marsh III) group, and particularly those of group (marsh III c), showed a substantial drop (p&lt;0.05) in iron, the percentage of transferrin saturating with iron, the levels of each ferritin and of hemoglobin. The total iron binding capacity and the unsaturated iron binding capacity showed a significant elevation (p&lt;0.05) in (marsh III c) patients’ group, meanwhile non-significant differences (p&gt; 0.05) were found in transferrin concentration. Moreover, significant differences (p&lt; 0.05) were obtained in the iron profile between celiac patients who followed strict gluten free diet and those patients with gluten contained diet.