Total Protein Intake Research Articles

The Impact of Bariatric Surgery on Nitrogen Balance at Six months Post-surgery.

Obesity, defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health, rose from 8.6 to 10.5% in Singapore's residents. Bariatric surgery, the primary treatment for severe obesity, induces fat and muscle loss. Adequate protein intake is vital for preventing muscle loss. This study examines nitrogen balance in individuals with obesity pre- and post-surgery. Sixteen participants with severe obesity (BMI ≥ 32.5kg/m2) undergoing bariatric surgery (14 sleeve gastrectomy, 2 Roux-en-Y gastric bypass) and 20 normal-weight controls (BMI < 25kg/m2) were recruited. Nitrogen balance, calculated from dietary protein intake and urine nitrogen excretion, was assessed. Participants with obesity were re-evaluated 6months post-surgery. Data were analyzed using parametric methods. At baseline, controls had a BMI of 20.8 ± 2.1kg/m2; those with obesity had 40.9 ± 7.3. Daily calorie and protein intake for participants with obesity were not statistically significantly different from controls (calorie intake at 1467 ± 430 vs. 1462 ± 391kcal, p = 0.9701, protein intake 74.2 ± 28.7 vs. 64.6 ± 18.3g, p = 0.2289). Post-surgery, BMI, fat-free mass, fat mass, total energy intake, carbohydrate, and protein intake decreased significantly (p < 0.01). Protein oxidation and urine nitrogen excretion did not change after bariatric surgery. However, nitrogen balance significantly reduced from 2.62 ± 5.07 to - 1.69 ± 5.07g/day (p = 0.025). Dietary protein intake is inadequate in individuals with obesity at 6months post-bariatric surgery and contributes to a state of negative nitrogen balance.

Associations of body composition with physical activity, nutritional intake status, and chronotype among female university students in Japan

BackgroundHaving higher muscle mass in early adulthood is an important factor in preventing sarcopenia. However, university students undergo lifestyle changes compared to their high school years, which may lead to changes in body composition, such as an increase in body fat and a decrease in muscle mass. The study aimed to investigate the association between body composition and lifestyle behaviors, including chronotype, among Japanese female university students, due to the prevalence of underweight among young females in the country.MethodsThe physical activity level (PAL), daily dietary intake status, morningness-eveningness questionnaire (MEQ) score, and body composition of 230 students were assessed in this cross-sectional study. Body composition was measured using a multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analyzer, and body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (%BF), and skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) were determined.ResultsIndividuals who were evening type (ET) had a higher %BF and lower SMI than those who were non-ET, but no differences in body weight or BMI were found. Although ET individuals had lower total energy intake, protein intake, and PALs than non-ETs, the differences were small. However, multiple regression analyses showed that SMI was significantly positively associated with MEQ and PAL, and %BF was significantly negatively associated with MEQ and PAL.ConclusionThese results suggest that female university students with lateness of chronotype and low physical activity have a body composition imbalance resulting in higher body fat and lower muscle mass. Therefore, young females may need to take chronotype-specific measures (especially ET individuals) to help them maintain an appropriate body composition.

Circular food system approaches can support current European protein intake levels while reducing land use and greenhouse gas emissions

Protein transition and circular food system transition are two proposed strategies for supporting food system sustainability. Here we model animal-sourced protein to plant-sourced protein ratios within a European circular food system, finding that maintaining the current animal–plant protein share while redesigning the system with circular principles resulted in the largest relative reduction of 44% in land use and 70% in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions compared with the current food system. Shifting from a 60:40 to a 40:60 ratio of animal-sourced proteins to plant-sourced proteins yielded a 60% reduction in land use and an 81% GHG emission reduction, while supporting nutritionally adequate diets. Differences between current and recommended total protein intake did not substantially impact minimal land use and GHG emissions. Micronutrient inadequacies occurred with less than 18 g animal protein per capita per day. Redesigning the food system varied depending on whether land use or GHG emissions were reduced—highlighting the need for a food system approach when designing policies to enhance human and planetary health.

Are higher protein intake and distribution of protein intake related to higher appendicular muscle mass among an older Japanese population?: A cross-sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2017.

Protein intake is an important component in retaining muscle mass, especially among older people. This study examined the relationship between total protein intake and/or the distribution of protein intake in each meal and appendicular muscle mass, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHNS) in Japan. Data from the NHNS were re-analyzed in this study. We used data from a one-day dietary record, physical examination, and lifestyle questionnaire completed by 1766 participants aged over 60 years. Appendicular muscle mass was assessed by multiple-frequency bioimpedance measurement. Leucine intake was calculated by the weighted average amino acid content from all 98 food subcategories used in the NHNS, based on amino acid composition data in the 2020 Standard Tables of Food Composition. Participants with higher protein intake showed significantly higher appendicular muscle mass. This relationship was independent of physical activity, including steps taken per day, exercise habit, and physical labor. Frequent intake of ≥0.4 g protein/kg/meal was not related to appendicular muscle mass. The combination of higher total protein intake and higher physical activity seemed to have the largest association with appendicular muscle mass. Higher protein intake may be related to higher appendicular muscle mass, independent of higher physical activity, among older Japanese people. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 634-640.

Bean Consumption during Childhood Is Associated with Improved Nutritional Outcomes in the First Two Years of Life.

Bean consumption during childhood may play a role in promoting early-life health given their high nutritional quality. To examine the associations of children's bean consumption with the socio-demographic characteristics of the child and mother and the child's nutrient intake, we analyzed data from the WIC-ITFPS-2, which followed children and their mothers at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 18, and 24 months (m) following birth. Caregivers (mostly mothers) responded to an interview-administered 24 h recall on their child's dietary intake at each time point. The intake of dried beans, chili, yellow beans, and lima beans was quantified. Correlate measures included socio-demographic characteristics. Outcome measures of interest focused on the intake of macronutrients (grams and % kcals) and micronutrients at 11 (infancy) and 24 m (toddler) only. To ensure statistical power, we only examined the associations of dried beans and chili with socio-demographics (Chi-square tests) and nutritional outcomes (ANOVA) at 11 and 24 m. The proportion of children who consumed dried beans or chili was very low in the first 6 m of age, started to increase at 7 m (1.2% and 0.4%) and 11 m (4.9% and 2.3%), and reached a high level at 18 m (10.5%) and 24 m (5.9%), respectively. Consumption of yellow or lima beans was rare (<0.1%). At 11 and 24 m, dried bean consumption was higher in children who were White (vs. Black). Dried bean and chili consumption was higher in children who were of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity (vs. non-Hispanic or non-Latino ethnicity). Children who consumed dried beans and chili at 11 or 24 m had a higher intake of total energy, protein, total fiber, potassium, folate, and magnesium compared with non-consumers. The bean consumption was low amongst children, differed by race and ethnicity, and was associated with improved macro- and micronutrient intake in children at 11 and 24 m.

Investigating nutritional status and body composition in children with cerebral palsy; the Eat, Sleep Play-CP study

Cerebral palsy (CP), or to use the Te Reo term “Hōkai Nukurangi”, is an umbrella name for a group of permanent neurodevelopmental disorders, affecting movement and posture(1), and is the most common childhood onset physical disability globally. The available literature on the nutritional status of children with CP describes high rates of malnutrition, however data appears to be skewed towards children of higher levels of impairment impacting functional independence. Less is known about the nutritional status of children with lower levels of impairment. The aim of the “Eat, Sleep, Play-CP” study was to evaluate total energy intake, total protein intake and the timing of protein intake in relation to physical activity for children with CP across all functional levels living in Aotearoa New Zealand. Children with CP aged 5-12 years were invited to participate in an observational assessment of dietary intake using parent reported 24-hour dietary recall (Intake 24) on three non-consecutive days, accompanied by a questionnaire capturing self-reported sleep and physical activity patterns. Body composition was assessed via whole body dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scan. Nine participants (6 males, median age: 10 years, n = 2 Māori), across Gross Motor Function Classification System levels I-IV, and Eating and Drinking Classification System levels I-III took part in the study. The median total energy intake was 7267kJ/d (range 5355-10731.96kJ/d), and median protein intake was 67g/d (range 49-111g/d). According to the Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand (NRV)(2), 3 of the 9 participants (33%) were within the recommended range for energy intake according to their age and reported physical activity levels. Of the other 6, 4 were below and 2 were above the recommended ranges. All 9 met the recommended protein intake (NRV). Participants had a median percentage body fat of 40% (range 20-46%), and non-fat mass of 58% (range 52-76%). Five participants fell within the overweight or obese range for their age and sex, three of whom were within the recommended range of total energy daily intake according to NRVs. This outcome may indicate that for some children with CP, recommendations could be over-estimating the actual requirements. These early results may bring in to question current practice around guidance for energy intake requirements for children with CP and their whānau to support healthy body composition. Further investigations are needed to establish whether specific energy intake guidelines are required for children with CP.

Association between protein intake, diet quality, and obesity in Australian adults: A comparison of measurement units

The role of protein in decreasing the risk of cardiometabolic diseases has been proposed, yet the findings are inconsistent, possibly due to how protein intake was expressed(1). This study aimed to examine how different ways of expressing protein intake may influence its relationships with diet quality and obesity. This study used data from the Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (NNPAS) 2011-12, focusing on adults aged ≥19 years, excluding those who were pregnant or lactating, and had both anthropometric and dietary data (n = 7637). Total protein intake was assessed by up to two 24-hour dietary recalls and reported in two measurement units, namely g/day and % of energy intake. Usual protein (g) and energy intakes (kJ) were modelled using the Multiple Source Method(2). Diet quality was assessed using the Dietary Guidelines Index (DGI)(3). Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were used as measures of obesity. Multiple linear regressions were performed stratified by sex, and adjusting for age, country of birth, Socio-economic Indexes for Areas, physical activity level, energy misreporting, usual energy intake (for diet quality), and non-protein energy intake (for obesity). Positive associations between protein intake and diet quality were confirmed across measurement units. Protein intake expressed in % of energy intake (β-coefficient: men = 0.97; women = 1.21, p&lt;0.001) had a higher β-coefficient than those reported in g/day (β-coefficient: men = 0.19; women = 0.30, p&lt;0.001). Linear regression models showed a positive association between protein intake and BMI for men and women, either expressed in g/day (β-coefficient: men = 0.02, p&lt;0.001; women = 0.03, p = 0.001) or % of energy intake (β-coefficient: men = 0.14, p&lt;0.001; women = 0.12, p = 0.002). The relationship between protein intake expressed in g/day and waist circumference was also statistically significant (β-coefficient: men = 0.04, p = 0.004; women = 0.05, p = 0.035). However, protein intake expressed as % of energy intake was correlated with waist circumference for men only (β-coefficient: men = 0.26, p = 0.001; women = 0.19, p = 0.075). The consistent findings across measurement units suggested that the unit of g/day and % of energy intake can be used for examining associations between protein intake and diet quality. However, associations between protein intake and measures of obesity varied between protein units and sex. These findings suggest that the selection of protein measurement units in relation to obesity outcomes might need to consider the characteristics of study population (e.g., sex, energy intake). Overall, the outcomes of this study suggest that how protein is expressed may impact the associations between protein intake, diet quality, and obesity, and therefore require further considerations when examining the role of protein in cardiometabolic health.

IJCM_119A: A comparative cross-sectional study of dietary and physical activity pattern in a rural area of Karnataka

Background: In a country of 1.3 billion people with cultural and lifestyle diversities, several previous attempts have been made to compile the burden of cardiovascular diseases. 3.2 million people die each year due to physical inactivity. Traditionally, studies of diet and CVD risk have focused on individual foods and macronutrients. Yet, food is typically consumed in combination and not in isolation. Objective: To compare the dietary pattern and physical activity among 2 different age groups of people in a village of coastal Karnataka. Methodology: A cross-sectional study conducted in a rural area of coastal Karnataka with sample size of 320 (160 each from 20–30 years &amp; 50–60 years group). The dietary pattern involving daily intake of carbohydrates, fats, proteins and total calories was assessed using the 7-day dietary cycle. Physical activity pattern was assessed using IPAQ study tool. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS; parametric and non-parametric tests were done. p&lt;0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results: 20 - 30 years age group had a consumption pattern of daily carbohydrates, proteins and fat intake of 24.11 g%, 10.89 g% &amp; 20.41 g% as compared to 32.96 g%, 13 g% and 29.44 g% respectively in the 50 - 60 years age group. Total calorie intake, daily carbohydrate, protein and fat intake was significantly more in the 20-30 years age group as compared to 50-60 years age group. Gram-percentage consumption of carbohydrates, proteins and fats as part of total calories was significantly lesser as compared to 50-60 years age group. 50.6% of the 20-30 years &amp; 13.8% of the 50-60 years age group were physically inactive. Conclusion: The study population followed an unbalanced diet with addition of trans fat and added sugars. Majority were physically inactive and the daily work load has decreased considerably with people spending most of their leisure time by sitting.

Association of Combining Diet and Physical Activity on Sarcopenia and Obesity in Elderly Koreans with Diabetes.

This study aimed to identify the combined factors of physical activity and diet associated with non-sarcopenic non-obese status in 1586 diabetic patients aged ≥65 years from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016 to 2019). Participants were categorized into non-sarcopenic non-obesity (NSNO), sarcopenia non-obesity (SNO), non-sarcopenic obesity (NSO), and sarcopenic obesity (SO) groups. NSNO had lower insulin, HOMA-IR, and triglycerides compared to NSO and SO. NSNO had lower perceived stress, higher nutrition education and dietary supplement intake. As assessed by the Korean Healthy Eating Index, NSNO scored higher total than SNO and SO, in breakfast and energy balance compared to SO, and in the adequacy of vegetables and meat/fish/egg/bean compared to SNO. NSNO had significantly higher energy and protein intake and physical activity, with BMI/waist circumference lower than NSO, SO, and comparable to SNO. Physical activity was positively associated with NSNO. Low Total KHEI score and protein intake level reduced the odds ratio (OR) of NSNO, particularly when physical activity was insufficient, with OR = 0.38 for KHEI Q1 and OR = 0.32 for protein T1. In conclusion, physical activity, diet quality, and protein intake are associated with NSNO prevalence in Korean elderly with diabetes, and energy balance through active intake and expenditure may be effective.

Abstract P194: Consumption of Added Sugar and Added Sugar-Rich Foods and Beverages is Associated With Accelerated Epigenetic Aging in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study

Background: Added sugar (AS) and AS-rich foods and beverages have shown unfavorable associations with overall and cardiovascular health; however, their associations with epigenetic age has not been studied. Aim: To examine the associations of AS intake and AS-rich carbohydrate (CHO) food score with the pace of epigenetic aging in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Methods: There were 850 adults included in this cross-sectional study using data from Year 20 (2005-06). Trained interviewers administered a diet history, and foods were coded using Nutrition Data System for Research (NDSR), which outputs nutrients, including AS, and food groups. An AS-rich CHO food score was created including refined grain breads and rolls, quick breads, sweet bakery products, ready-to-eat cereals, candy, sugar products, and sugar-sweetened beverages. Year 20 epigenetic age measures were calculated from DNA methylation data, generating acceleration measures GrimAge acceleration (GrimAA) and PhenoAge acceleration (PhenoAA). Multivariable linear regression evaluated the associations of GrimAA and PhenoAA across quartiles of AS and AS-rich CHO food score, adjusted for demographic characteristics and lifestyle factors (see footnotes in table). Results: Participants who consumed more AS completed fewer years of education, were less likely to be current drinkers or smokers, and more likely to be ever smokers. They had lower intakes of total CHO, protein, total fat, and saturated fat, and fewer servings of vegetables, red and processed meat, eggs, and diet beverages. Consuming more AS was positively associated with PhenoAA (p trend =0.029), but not GrimAA (p trend =0.85). The AS-rich CHO food score was also positively associated with PhenoAA (p trend &lt;0.001), but not GrimAA (p trend =0.14). Conclusions: Consuming greater amounts of AS and AS-rich CHO foods and beverages were associated with an increased risk for accelerated epigenetic aging.

Stage Shifting by Modifying the Determinants of Breast Cancer Stage at Diagnosis: A Simulation Study.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Canadian women; nearly 25% of women diagnosed with cancer have breast cancer. The early detection of breast cancer is a major challenge because tumours often grow without causing symptom. The diagnosis of breast cancer at an early stage (stages I and II) improves survival outcomes because treatments are more effective and better tolerated. To better inform the prevention of and screening for breast cancer, simulations using modifiable rather than non-modifiable risk factors may be helpful in shifting the stage at diagnosis downward. Breast cancer stages were simulated using the data distributions from Alberta's Tomorrow Project participants who developed breast cancer. Using multivariable partial proportional odds regression models, modifiable lifestyle factors associated with the stage of cancer at diagnosis were evaluated. The proportions or mean levels of these lifestyle factors in the simulated population were systematically changed, then multiplied by their corresponding estimated odds ratios from the real data example. The effects of these changes were evaluated singly as well as cumulatively. Increasing total dietary protein (g/day) intake was the single most important lifestyle factor in shifting the breast cancer stage downwards followed by decreasing total dietary energy intake (kcal/day). Increasing the proportion of women who spend time in the sun between 11 am and 4 pm in the summer months, who have had a mammogram, who have been pregnant or reducing the proportion who are in stressful situations had much smaller effects. The percentage of Stage I diagnoses could be increased by approximately 12% with small modifications of these lifestyle factors. Shifting the breast cancer stage at diagnosis of a population may be achieved through changes to lifestyle factors. This proof of principle study that evaluated multiple factors associated with the stage at diagnosis in a population can be expanded to other cancers as well, providing opportunities for cancer prevention programs to target specific factors and identify populations at higher risk.

Demographic, clinical, and sociocognitive determinants related to physical activity and dietary intake in patients with ovarian cancer: A cross-sectional study

ObjectiveTo study physical activity and dietary intake among patients with ovarian cancer and to examine which demographic, clinical, and sociocognitive determinants are associated with these behaviours. MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 139 patients with ovarian cancer scheduled for (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy. Physical activity was measured with the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly questionnaire (PASE). Dietary intake was measured with a questionnaire assessing energy and protein intake and a questionnaire assessing adherence to the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) lifestyle recommendations. Demographic, clinical, and sociocognitive (e.g., self-efficacy) determinants of physical activity and dietary intake were examined using backward linear regression analyses. ResultsPatients reported a median PASE score of 50 (IQR 24–94), a mean ± SD dietary intake of 1831 ± 604 kcal/day and 76 ± 27 g protein/day. Patients adhered to 3 out of 5 WCRF lifestyle recommendations. The absence of comorbidities, lower physical outcome expectations, and higher cancer specific outcome expectations were independently associated with higher physical activity levels. Higher age, lower cancer specific outcome expectations, and higher diet-related self-efficacy were significantly associated with adhering to more WCRF lifestyle recommendations, whilst no variables associated with total caloric or protein intake were identified. ConclusionsPatients with ovarian cancer have low physical activity levels and a suboptimal diet, particularly low fruit and vegetable consumption and dietary fibre intake. Interventions aiming to improve physical activity and dietary intake could focus on increasing self-efficacy and outcome expectations, and should consider age and comorbidity as factors that may impact behaviour.Trial registration: Netherlands Trial Registry NTR6300.

Protein intake and its association with sleep quality: results from 3 prospective cohort studies.

Sleep quality is a critical factor for daytime functioning and chronic disease risk. We investigated the association between intakes of total protein and protein subtypes and sleep quality in three U.S. cohorts. In the Nurses' Health Study (NHS), NHS2, and Health Professionals Follow-up study (HPFS), dietary intake was assessed every 4 years using validated food frequency questionnaires. Sleep quality was measured once with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index or adapted versions. With ordinal logistic regression, odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to estimate the odds of having better sleep quality versus poorer sleep quality depending on protein intake (%Energy) based on the average of the prior two dietary questionnaires. In 32,212 women from NHS, 51,126 women from NHS2, and 14,796 men from HPFS, total protein intake was not associated with sleep quality. However, the intake of protein from vegetable sources showed no association or a positive association with sleep quality (OR for quartile 4 versus quartile 1 in NHS: 1.12, 1.04-1.20, P-trend < 0.001; NHS2: 1.01, 0.95-1.07, P-trend = 0.90; HPFS: 1.11, 0.99-1.23, P-trend = 0.05), whereas divergent results were observed for animal protein sources. Overall, intakes of processed red meat and poultry were associated with worse sleep quality, whereas no or positive associations were observed for dairy and fish protein. Our results suggest that plants as a source of protein may be associated with better sleep quality than animal sources of protein. Further studies are warranted to validate our findings.

Dietary protein-to-carbohydrate ratio effects development and metabolism in Drosophila larvae and imago

Background. Nutrition during growth and development affects various traits not only in larvae but also imago including lifespan, reproduction, feeding, metabolism, and stress resistance. In this study, we have tested the hypothesis of whether the dietary protein-to-carbohydrate (P:C) ratio in the developmental diet could be related to subsequent changes in metabolic profile and physiological parameters in Drosophila larvae and imago. Materials and Methods. Drosophila melanogaster Canton-S strain were used in this study. Larvae were fed diets with different P:C ratios. Experimental media were composed of either 2 % or 5 % dry yeast and 0 %, 1 %, or 10 % of sucrose. We tested developmental rate, wet or dry body weight and the levels of certain metabolites inclu­ding glucose, glycogen, triacylglycerides and total lipids. The developmental rate was assessed by counting the number of generated pupae every 6/6/12 hours. For wet or dry weight measurement, 20 larvae or flies were weighed and transferred to plastic vial with a cut bottom. The flies were dried at 60 °C with the subsequent weighing after two days. Another two-day flies cohort were separated by sex and frozen in liquid nitrogen for further biochemical assays. Hemolymph glucose, total lipid concentration, triacyl­glycerides (TAG), body glucose and glycogen contents were determined spectrophotometrically. Results. We found that a low 0.08 P:C ratio in the diet slowed down pupation by ~20 % and decreased body weight in larvae. Hemolymph glucose levels in both larvae and imago were inversely associated with dietary P:C. Larvae developing on a diet with a low P:C ratio displayed a lower level of glycogen pool, but a higher level of lipids. Developmental dietary P:C ratio also influences metabolic traits such as hemolymph glucose, glycogen, TAG and total lipids in male and female imago. A higher total protein intake combined with restriction of sucrose consumption had glucose-lowering and lipids-lowering effects. Conclusions. Our study demonstrated that nutritional conditions during larval development trigger adaptive changes that provide a level of regulation necessary to surpass dietary stress in Drosophila imago.

Serum Metabolomic Markers of Protein-Rich Foods and Incident CKD: Results From the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Rationale & ObjectiveWhile urine excretion of nitrogen estimates total protein intake, biomarkers of specific dietary protein sources have been sparsely studied. Using untargeted metabolomics, this study aimed to identify serum metabolomic markers of six protein-rich foods and to examine whether dietary protein-related metabolites are associated with incident chronic kidney disease (CKD). Study DesignProspective cohort study. Setting & Participants3,726 participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study without CKD at baseline. ExposureDietary intake of six protein-rich foods (fish, nuts, legumes, red and processed meat, eggs, poultry), serum metabolites. OutcomesIncident CKD [eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 with ≥25% eGFR decline relative to visit 1, hospitalization or death related to CKD, or end-stage kidney disease. Analytical ApproachMultivariable linear regression models estimated cross-sectional associations between protein-rich foods and serum metabolites. C-statistics assessed the metabolites’ ability to improve discrimination of highest versus lower three quartiles of intake of protein-rich foods beyond covariates (demographics, clinical factors, health behaviors, and intake of nonprotein food groups). Cox regression models identified prospective associations between protein-related metabolites and incident chronic kidney disease (CKD). ResultsThirty significant associations were identified between protein-rich foods and serum metabolites (fish, n=8; nuts, n=5; legumes, n=0; red and processed meat, n=5; eggs, n=3; poultry, n=9). Metabolites collectively significantly improved discrimination of high intake of protein-rich foods compared to covariates alone (difference in C-statistics=0.033, 0.051, 0.003, 0.024, and 0.025 for fish, nuts, red and processed meat, eggs, and poultry-related metabolites, respectively; p<1.00 x 10-16 for all). Dietary intake of fish was positively associated with 1-docosahexaenoylglycerophosphocholine (22:6n3), which was inversely associated with incident CKD (HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.75-0.89, p=7.81×10-6). LimitationsResidual confounding and sample storage duration. ConclusionsWe identified candidate biomarkers of fish, nuts, red and processed meat, eggs, and poultry. A fish-related metabolite, 1-docosahexaenoylglycerophosphocholine (22:6n3), was associated with lower risk of CKD.

Feeding behavior, intake pattern, and nutrient sufficiency of sheep fed sorghum straw silage and concentrate

This study aimed to determine the behavior, intake pattern, and nutritional sufficiency level of sheep fed sorghum straw silage and concentrate. Twelve male local sheep weighing 13.13 ± 2.39 kg were kept in individual pens with a size of 80 × 125 cm2. The concentrate comprised soybean meal, rice bran, ground corn, mineral premix, and urea. Forage and concentrate were given at the same time in different feed bunks and were available all the time. The data observed were related to behavior, feed intake, and growth. The behavioral activities observed were duration of eating, mineral block licking, drinking, rumination, laying, and other activities. The feed intakes observed were hourly intake and daily intake. Behavioral data and dry matter intake patterns were analyzed descriptively, while nutritional sufficiency was analyzed using a one-sample t test compared to the nutrient requirements of local sheep for an increase in body weight of 100 grams per day. The activities carried out within 24 hours were eating (24.00%), ruminating (19.05%), mineral block licking (3.45%), drinking (0.28%), laying (31.02%), and other activities (31.02%). The feed intake ratios of sorghum straw silage and concentrate were 10.89% and 89.11%, respectively, with an average daily gain of 140.00 g per head per day. The total dry matter intake was 737.34 g, consisting of a total intake of crude protein and total digestible nutrients of 16.48% and 71.44%, respectively, exceeding the needs of local sheep for a daily gain of 100 g per day. Sheep can use sorghum straw silage as a forage source and regulate their consumption to meet their nutritional needs.

P825 Comprehensive dietitian-delivered dietary advice effectively achieves dietary change in adults with Ulcerative Colitis, whereas generalised written dietary advice does not

Abstract Background Diet is an important consideration in microbial therapy trials. It is unclear whether provision of generalised written dietary advice is sufficient to induce dietary change as part of a therapeutic regimen or whether personalised diet advice is required. This study examines the effectiveness of different dietary advice modes provided in dietary and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) studies in adults with mild-moderately active ulcerative colitis (UC). Methods This observational study examined before and after dietary intake data from three prospective dietary and FMT studies held from 2018 to 2021 at a South Australian tertiary inflammatory bowel disease service. In all studies, adults ≥18 years with mild-moderately active UC completed 3 or 7-day weighed food diaries measuring habitual diet at 0 and 8 weeks after provision of dietitian-developed dietary advice. In studies one and two, a medical officer provided participants a written UC healthy eating pamphlet. The pamphlet contained generalised dietary recommendations for UC, targeting reduction of total and animal protein and increasing fermentable fibres including resistant starch to recommended serve sizes. In study three, a research dietitian provided a 1-week guided meal plan, diet manual with recipes and verbal personalised dietary counselling advising on the same recommendations and strategies. In all studies, participants were encouraged to eat to appetite. Dietary intake, including key nutrients of interest (protein and fermentable fibres), at weeks 0 and 8 was assessed using Foodworks 10TM nutritional analysis software and analysed using paired statistical tests. Results Across studies one and two, 28 adults with mild-moderately active UC received written dietary advice. In study three, 30 adults received personalised verbal and written dietary advice. Outlined in Table 1, verbal and written advice significantly reduced total protein and animal protein intakes by 20% (p=0.007) and 34% (p=0.002) respectively. Total fibre and resistant starch intakes significantly increased by 64% (p&amp;lt;0.001) and 353% (p&amp;lt;0.001) respectively. Comparatively, written advice alone had no significant change on any key nutrient intakes. Neither dietary advice mode significantly changed energy or micronutrient intakes. Conclusion Written dietary advice alone was insufficient to achieve dietary change. In contrast, verbal and written dietary advice with the same intended change on dietary intake, delivered by a research dietitian effectively achieved dietary changes. This emphasises that comprehensive written and verbal dietary education delivered by a dietitian should be included in microbial-modulating study designs where dietary change is an intended outcome.

The Importance of Dietary Protein Quality in Mid- to High-Income Countries

In wealthy countries, the protein intake of adults is usually considered to be adequate, and considerations of protein quality are often deemed irrelevant. The objective was to examine dietary protein intakes of adults in developed countries in the context of dietary protein quality. An analysis of NHANES population data on actual protein intakes in the United States (a developed country) demonstrated that for a dietary Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS) of 100%, 11% of the adult (19–50 y) population had habitual protein intakes below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and 22% below the Recommended Dietary Allowance. The percentage of the population with utilizable protein intakes potentially falling below the EAR increased as the assumed DIAAS declined. Analysis of the NHANES data and several other datasets also indicated that total protein intakes can be limiting or close to limiting for the elderly and some vegetarians and vegans. Here, lower dietary protein quality can potentially lead to inadequate utilizable protein intakes. For many people in specific physiological states (e.g., weight loss, endurance sports, resistance exercise) attempting to meet higher dietary protein targets often with accompanying lowered energy intakes, low dietary protein quality can lead to protein calories expressed as a proportion of total calories, falling outside what may be acceptable limits (maximum of 30% protein calories from total calories). In general, individuals within the adult population may be susceptible to macronutrient imbalance (whenever total protein intakes are high, daily energy intakes low) and for diets with lower protein quality (DIAAS <100%). Our analysis shows that dietary protein quality is relevant in mid- to high-income countries.

Habitual Dietary Intake and Adherence to Dietary Guidelines of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) belongs to a group of autoimmune conditions characterized by chronic inflammation and mucosal ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract. The etiology of IBD is complex. The etiological factors include environmental factors, among which diet is important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diet of IBD patients. This case–control study was carried out on 82 patients with IBD; the control group consisted of 80 clinically healthy subjects. Food intake was assessed using a 24 h recall and frequency food questionnaire. Energy intake in the IBD group was insufficient and significantly lower than in the control group. The energy intake in the group of patients with active IBD was significantly lower than in the group of subjects in remission. The total fat and protein intake was significantly lower in the IBD group compared to the healthy subjects. IBD patients were characterized by underconsumption of all food groups analyzed, except for the intake of red meat and poultry. Our study showed inadequate intake of energy and most nutrients in IBD patients, even during the remission period. The study indicates the need for routine assessment of dietary intake and nutrition among IBD patients, as well as potential dietary interventions aimed at improving the energy and nutritional quality of diet in order to optimize treatment outcomes and prevent the development of accompanying diseases.

The relation of dietary protein intake before and during the pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM): A GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies

Although previous studies investigated the relation of protein intake and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), their findings were controversial. Therefore, we aimed to summarize this association, through a comprehensive systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Electronic databases including MEDLINE (PubMed), ISI Web of Science, Scopus and motor engineering of Google Scholar were systematically searched up to April 2023. Observational studies which investigated odds of GDM in relation to protein intake were included. A total of 31,005 participants with 3451 cases of GDM from 13 eligible investigations were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Comparing the highest and lowest intakes of total, animal, and plant proteins revealed the summary RRs of 1.82 (95% CI: 1.42, 2.33), 1.79 (95% CI: 1.50, 2.14), and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.81, 1.20), respectively, indicating a significant positive association between total and animal protein intake and GDM. In the dose-response analyses, each 5% increment in energy intake from total protein during pregnancy was related to 20% increased odds of GDM (RR=1.20; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.33). In the non-linear dose-response analyses, we found a non-linear association for animal protein intake during pregnancy (P for non-linearity <0.001); so that, a risk increase was seen from zero to 10% of energy intake from animal proteins, however, a risk reduction was seen after 10% of energy intake. However, there was not any significant non-linear trend between plant protein intake during pregnancy and risk of GDM. Based on the GRADE assessment, the quality of evidence for total, animal and plant protein was rated as "moderate", "moderate" and "very low", respectively. We found a significant positive association between total protein intake and GDM; however, the associations of animal and plant protein intake with GDM were dose-dependent.