Total Glucosinolate Content Research Articles

Liquiritoside Alleviated Pb Induced Stress in Brassica rapa subsp. Parachinensis: Modulations in Glucosinolate Content and Some Physiochemical Attributes.

Current research was conducted to explore the effects of liquiritoside on the growth and physiochemical features of Chinese flowering cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. parachinensis) under lead (Pb) stress. Lead stressed B. rapa plants exhibited decreased growth parameters, chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents. Moreover, Pb toxicity escalated the synthesis of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), flavonoids, phenolics, and proline in treated plants. Nevertheless, foliar application of liquiritoside mitigated Pb toxicity by decreasing oxidative stress by reducing cysteine, H2O2, and MDA contents in applied plants. Liquiritoside significantly increased plant height, shoot fresh weight and dry weight, number of leaves, and marketable value of Chinese flowering cabbage plants exposed to Pb toxicity. This biotic elicitor also enhanced the proline, glutathione, total phenolics, and flavonoid contents in Chinese flowering cabbage plants exposed to Pb stress compared with the control. Additionally, total glucosinolate content, phytochelatins (PCs), and non-protein thiols were effectively increased in plants grown under Pb regimes compared with the control plants. Overall, foliar application of liquiritoside can markedly alleviate Pb stress by restricting Pb translocation in Chinese flowering cabbage.

Young Shoots of White and Red Headed Cabbages Like Novel Sources of Glucosinolates as Well as Antioxidative Substances.

Most literature data indicate that the diet rich in plant products reduces the risk of developing chronic non-communicable diseases and cancer. Brassica vegetables are almost exclusively synthesizing glucosinolates. Glucosinolates are higher in sprouts than in mature plants, being related to the activity of the specific myrosinase involved in the degradation of glucosinolates during developmental stages. This study compares the content of total glucosinolates with their profile and, rare in the literature, also with products of their degradation. Average amounts of total glucosinolates in young shoots of white and red headed cabbage were 26.23 µmol/g d.m. and 27.93 µmol/g d.m., respectively. In addition, antioxidative properties of 21-day-old shoots of white and red headed cabbage were assessed. The area of negative peaks after post-column derivatization with the ABTS reagent, indicating antioxidant activity of young red cabbage shoots, was 20185, compared to the value determined for young white cabbage shoots (3929). The results clearly indicate that, regardless of the vegetable species, young shoots of white and red headed cabbage can be an important source of bioactive substances in the diet, thus being an important element of cancer chemoprevention.

Effect of soaking and heating stimulation on the formation of isothiocyanates in Eruca sativa Mill. seeds and sprouts

The present work investigated the effects of soaking followed by heating on the metabolism of glucosinolates (GLs) in rocket seeds and sprouts. Soaking for 1 h increased myrosinases (MYR) activity of seeds. Heating at 70°C for 10 min after soaking resulted in the highest isothiocyanates (ITCs) formation in seeds. Both immerse-heating and steam-heating decreased the total GLs content in seeds and 2-day old sprouts. However, steam-heating showed minor effect on total GLs content when compared with immerse-heating. Both methods showed a decreased MYR activity in seeds and sprouts. Nevertheless, heating had a positive impact on ITCs formation. Under immerse-heating, ITCs formation was the highest in seeds and sprouts at 70°C heating. However, under steam-heating, ITCs formation in seeds and sprouts was higher at 70 and 60°C, respectively. The results indicated that steam-heating treatment was effective for improving ITCs formation in rocket seeds and 2-day old sprouts.

Precursor-Boosted Production of Metabolites in Nasturtium officinale Microshoots Grown in Plantform Bioreactors, and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Biomass Extracts

The study demonstrated the effects of precursor feeding on the production of glucosinolates (GSLs), flavonoids, polyphenols, saccharides, and photosynthetic pigments in Nasturtium officinale microshoot cultures grown in Plantform bioreactors. It also evaluated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of extracts. L-phenylalanine (Phe) and L-tryptophan (Trp) as precursors were tested at 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0 mM. They were added at the beginning (day 0) or on day 10 of the culture. Microshoots were harvested after 20 days. Microshoots treated with 3.0 mM Phe (day 0) had the highest total GSL content (269.20 mg/100 g DW). The qualitative and quantitative profiles of the GSLs (UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS) were influenced by precursor feeding. Phe at 3.0 mM stimulated the best production of 4-methoxyglucobrassicin (149.99 mg/100 g DW) and gluconasturtiin (36.17 mg/100 g DW). Total flavonoids increased to a maximum of 1364.38 mg/100 g DW with 3.0 mM Phe (day 0), and polyphenols to a maximum of 1062.76 mg/100 g DW with 3.0 mM Trp (day 0). The precursors also increased the amounts of p-coumaric and ferulic acids, and rutoside, and generally increased the production of active photosynthetic pigments. Antioxidant potential increased the most with 0.1 mM Phe (day 0) (CUPRAC, FRAP), and with 0.5 mM Trp (day 10) (DPPH). The extracts of microshoots treated with 3.0 mM Phe (day 0) showed the most promising bacteriostatic activity against microaerobic Gram-positive acne strains (MIC 250–500 µg/mL, 20–21 mm inhibition zones). No extract was cytotoxic to normal human fibroblasts over the tested concentration range (up to 250 μg/mL).

Enhancing Growth and Glucosinolate Accumulation in Watercress (Nasturtium officinale L.) by Regulating Light Intensity and Photoperiod in Plant Factories

Recent advancements in light-emitting diode technology provide an opportunity to evaluate the correlation between different light sources and plant growth as well as their secondary metabolites. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal light intensity and photoperiod for increasing plant growth and glucosinolate concentration and content in watercress. Two-week-old seedlings were transplanted in a semi-deep flow technique system of a plant factory for 28 days under four photoperiod–light intensity treatments (12 h—266 µmol·m−2·s−1, 16 h—200 µmol·m−2·s−1, 20 h—160 µmol·m−2·s−1, and 24 h—133 µmol·m−2·s−1) with the same daily light integral. The mean values of shoot fresh and dry weights were the highest under the 20 h—160 µmol·m−2·s−1 treatment, although there was no significant difference. Net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance gradually decreased with decreasing light intensity and increasing photoperiod. However, total glucosinolate concentration was significantly higher under 20 h—160 µmol·m−2·s−1 and 24 h—133 µmol·m−2·s−1 compared with 12 h—266 µmol·m−2·s−1 and 16 h—200 µmol·m−2·s−1. The total glucosinolate content was the greatest under 20 h—160 µmol·m−2·s−1 treatment. These data suggest that the 20 h—160 µmol·m−2·s−1 treatment promoted the maximum shoot biomass and glucosinolate content in watercress. This study supplies the optimal light strategies for the future industrial large-watercress cultivation.

Postharvest yellow LED lighting affects phenolics and glucosinolates biosynthesis in broccoli sprouts

Nowadays, literature is still limited on the effects that LEDs may trigger during postharvest. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of continuous monochromatic Yellow or Green light on total and individual phenolic and glucosinolate content of 9-day broccoli sprouts stored up to 15 days at 5 °C as a ready-to-eat product. In addition, a broad-spectrum White LED light, a Fluorescent light and storage in Darkness were used as treatments. An improvement in the total phenolic content (TPC) of 15 % and 13 % was observed under Yellow and White LED lighting, respectively, throughout the shelf-life as compared to Darkness. While Green LEDs did not affect the TPC, an increase of 34.5 % on the total glucosinolate content (TGC) was associated to this treatment on day 4. The highest increase of the TGC was observed under Yellow lighting (77 %, compared to Darkness). In contrast, Fluorescent and Darkness did not affect the TPC, but reduced the TGC (69 and 62 % compared to values at harvest, respectively). Our study demonstrates that a postharvest Yellow LED lighting stimulates the TPC and the TGC accumulation, opening the way for its further applications along the shelf life of other horticultural commodities.

Characterization of extractable components of fresh and fermented Huarong large-leaf mustard and their inhibitory effects on human colon cancer cells

Leaf mustard is a popular cruciferous vegetable, and its chemical composition and biological activities have seldom been investigated. The aim of this study was to characterize the primary extractable components of fresh and fermented leaf mustard and determine their growth inhibitory effects on human colon cancer cells. Our results show that the contents of total soluble sugar, fat, protein, and glucosinolates in the extract of fresh leaf mustard (EFrLM) were significantly higher than those in the extract of fermented leaf mustard (EFeLM), while the inverse was true for amino nitrogen and total polyphenol contents. A total of 45 compounds and 72 volatile components were further identified in the two extracts by LC-MS and GC-MS, respectively. EFrLM and EFeLM displayed no inhibitory effects on normal human colon myofibroblast CCD-18Co cells, but both induced cell cycle arrest and extensive cellular apoptosis in HCT116 cells. Cell cycle-related genes and signaling proteins (cyclin B, cyclin D1, and cyclin E) were downregulated, and apoptosis-related genes and signaling proteins (caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3) were upregulated. Notably, EFeLM exhibited a stronger inhibitory effect than EFrLM on HCT116 cells. The results of this study lay a solid foundation for understanding the chemical constituents and biological activities of leaf mustard and highlight its anticancer potential.

Effects of Temperature, Relative Humidity, and Carbon Dioxide Concentration on Growth and Glucosinolate Content of Kale Grown in a Plant Factory.

The growth of plants and their glucosinolate content largely depend on the cultivation environment; however, there are limited reports on the optimization of ambient environmental factors for kale grown in plant factories. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of temperature, relative humidity, and the carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration on kale growth and glucosinolate content in different growth stages of cultivation in a plant factory. Kale was grown under different temperatures (14, 17, 20, 23, and 26 °C), relative humidities (45, 55, 65, 75, and 85%), and CO2 concentrations (400, 700, 1000, 1300, and 1600 ppm) in a plant factory. Two and four weeks after transplantation, leaf samples were collected to evaluate the physical growth and glucosinolate contents. The statistical significance of the treatment effects was determined by two-way analysis of variance, and Duncan’s multiple range test was used to compare the means. A correlation matrix was constructed to show possible linear trends among the dependent variables. The observed optimal temperature, relative humidity, and CO2 range for growth (20–23 °C, 85%, and 700–1000 ppm) and total glucosinolate content (14–17 °C, 55–75%, and 1300–1600 ppm) were different. Furthermore, the glucosinolate content in kale decreased with the increase of temperature and relative humidity levels, and increased with the increase of CO2 concentration. Most of the physical growth variables showed strong positive correlations with each other but negative correlations with glucosinolate components. The findings of this study could be used by growers to maintain optimum environmental conditions for the better growth and production of glucosinolate-rich kale leaves in protected cultivation facilities.

Water Deficiency and Induced Defense Against a Generalist Insect Herbivore in Desert and Mediterranean Populations of Eruca sativa.

In natural and agricultural ecosystems, plants are often simultaneously or sequentially exposed to combinations of stressors. Here we tested whether limited water availability (LWA) affects plant response to insect herbivory using two populations of Eruca sativa from desert and Mediterranean habitats that differ in their induced defenses. Considering that such differences evolved as responses to biotic and possibly abiotic stress factors, the two populations offered an opportunity to study ecological aspects in plant response to combined stresses. Analysis of chemical defense mechanisms showed that LWA significantly induced total glucosinolate concentrations in the Mediterranean plants, but their concentrations were reduced in the desert plants. However, LWA, with and without subsequent jasmonate elicitation, significantly induced the expression of proteinase inhibitor in the desert plants. Results of a no-choice feeding experiment showed that LWA significantly increased desert plant resistance to Spodoptera littoralis larvae, whereas it did not affect the relatively strong basal resistance of the Mediterranean plants. LWA and subsequent jasmonate elicitation increased resistance against the generalist insect in Mediterranean plants, possibly due to both increased proteinase inhibitor expression and glucosinolate accumulation. The effect of LWA on the expression of genes involved in phytohormone signaling, abscisic acid (ABA-1) and jasmonic acid (AOC1), and the jasmonate responsive PDF1.2, suggested the involvement of abscisic acid in the regulation of defense mechanisms in the two populations. Our results indicate that specific genotypic responses should be considered when estimating general patterns in plant response to herbivory under water deficiency conditions.

Effects of selenate applied at two growth stages on the nutrient quality of Cardamine violifolia

Cardamine violifolia is an edible selenium (Se) hyperaccumulator that is mainly distributed in Enshi, China. Here, C. violifolia treated with different selenate concentrations (i.e., 0, 1.5, 20, and 80 μmol L − 1) at the rosette and podding stages in a hydroponic experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of Se accumulation on the nutrient quality of this crop. The shoots accumulated high levels of Se at the rosette and podding stages, and the main Se forms at these stages were selenocystine and selenate. The effects of selenate on the chlorophyll, carotenoid, soluble sugar and protein, total free amino acid, and vitamin C contents of C. violifolia differed between the rosette and podding stages. Selenate treatment reduced total flavonoid and increased the total phenolic acid content at the podding stage. Total glucosinolate content decreased after selenate treatment at the rosette stage. Ten volatile compounds were found in C. violifolia shoots and the dominant volatile observed at the two stages was benzyl isothiocyanate. Selenate treatment demonstrated mixed influences on the volatile compounds. For example, at the rosette stage, selenate treatment inhibited the emission of benzyl isothiocyanate and benzyl isocyanate but promoted the generation of 12,15-octadecadiynoic acid methyl ester. Moreover, selenate treatment reduced the emission of isobutyl isothiocyanate at the podding stage of C. violifolia. These results provide us novel insights into the comprehensive effects of Se on the nutrient quality of Se hyperaccumulators.

BrPP5.2 Overexpression Confers Heat Shock Tolerance in Transgenic Brassica rapa through Inherent Chaperone Activity, Induced Glucosinolate Biosynthesis, and Differential Regulation of Abiotic Stress Response Genes.

Plant phosphoprotein phosphatases are ubiquitous and multifarious enzymes that respond to developmental requirements and stress signals through reversible dephosphorylation of target proteins. In this study, we investigated the hitherto unknown functions of Brassica rapa protein phosphatase 5.2 (BrPP5.2) by transgenic overexpression of B. rapa lines. The overexpression of BrPP5.2 in transgenic lines conferred heat shock tolerance in 65–89% of the young transgenic seedlings exposed to 46 °C for 25 min. The examination of purified recombinant BrPP5.2 at different molar ratios efficiently prevented the thermal aggregation of malate dehydrogenase at 42 °C, thus suggesting that BrPP5.2 has inherent chaperone activities. The transcriptomic dynamics of transgenic lines, as determined using RNA-seq, revealed that 997 and 1206 (FDR < 0.05, logFC ≥ 2) genes were up- and down-regulated, as compared to non-transgenic controls. Statistical enrichment analyses revealed abiotic stress response genes, including heat stress response (HSR), showed reduced expression in transgenic lines under optimal growth conditions. However, most of the HSR DEGs were upregulated under high temperature stress (37 °C/1 h) conditions. In addition, the glucosinolate biosynthesis gene expression and total glucosinolate content increased in the transgenic lines. These findings provide a new avenue related to BrPP5.2 downstream genes and their crucial metabolic and heat stress responses in plants.

Red Cabbage Rather Than Green Cabbage Increases Stress Resistance and Extends the Lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans.

Many studies have demonstrated that cabbages possess various biological activities, and our previous studies confirmed that cyanidin-3-diglucoside-5-glucoside (CY3D5G), the major core of red cabbage anthocyanins, exhibited in vitro antioxidant activity. This study further investigated the protective effects of CY3D5G derivative from red cabbage juice (RCJ) on oxidative stress and lifespan in cells and Caenorhabditis elegans, green cabbage juice (GCJ) was used as control. RCJ rather than GCJ significantly improved cell viability and decreased lactate dehydrogenase release in H2O2-induced caco-2 cells. RCJ significantly increased survival during oxidative and heat stress and mean lifespan in C. elegans by 171.63% and 31.64%, and 28.16%, respectively, while GCJ treatment showed no significant effects (p < 0.05). These results might be attributed to significantly (p < 0.05) higher contents of total phenolics, ascorbic acid, glucosinolates, and anthocyanins in RCJ compared to those in GCJ. Additionally, both of them decreased autofluorescence and reproductive capacity, increased body length, but did not alter the intracellular ROS level. Prolonged lifespan by RCJ might require heat-shock transcription factor pathway, sirtuin signaling, and calmodulin kinase II pathway, independent of insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling pathway. RCJ showed promising antioxidant properties in caco-2 cells and C. elegans, which provided more information on the health benefits of cabbage.

Overexpression of the glucosyltransferase gene BoaUGT74B1 enhances the accumulation of indole glucosinolates in Chinese kale

Glucosinolates are a diverse class of secondary metabolites that play a vital role in the plant defense response. Here, we investigated the function of the UDP-glucosyltransferase 74B1 (UGT74B1) gene in glucosinolate biosynthesis in Chinese kale. A 1401 bp coding sequence of BoaUGT74B1 was cloned from Chinese kale cultivar ‘Sijicutiao’. Among different organs, BoaUGT74B1 has the highest expression level in young seeds. Among different flower tissues, BoaUGT74B1 has the highest expression level in the pistil; the gene was downregulated in flower tissues as flowers matured. Subcellular localization showed that BoaUGT74B1 is located in chloroplasts. A purified ~50 kD fusion protein was obtained from Escherichia coli after prokaryotic expression of BoaUGT74B1. BoaUGT74B1 introduced into the white-flower cultivar ‘Sijicutiao’ and yellow-flower cultivar ‘Fuzhouhuanghua’ of Chinese kale by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was strongly in both cultivars. Expression levels of BoaUGT74B1 in the overexpressed plants ‘Sijicutiao’ and ‘Fuzhouhuanghua’ were 1.53- to 2.93-fold and 3.07- to 5.30-fold higher, respectively than that of the wild type; the total indole glucosinolate content in these two overexpressed plants was 1.30- to 7.11-fold and 2.13- to 4.44-fold higher, respectively, compared with that in wild-type plants. Each indole glucosinolate accumulated in significant amounts in all overexpressed plants; 4‑methoxy glucobrassicin enhanced most in ‘Sijicutiao’ overexpressed plants, in concentrations up to 12.14-fold higher than the control; glucobrassicin enhanced most in ‘Fuzhouhuanghua’ overexpressed plants, reaching levels 22.76x that of its wild-type counterpart. Therefore, these findings indicate that BoaUGT74B1 plays an important role in the accumulation of indole glucosinolates in Chinese kale, and suggest the possible usefulness of this gene to improve the nutritional quality and resistance against biotic stress of Chinese kale.

Evaluation of Phytochemical Content As Well As Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Oven- and Freeze-Dried Hydroponic- and Soil-Grown Kale-Derived Extracts

Abstract Objectives Hydroponic farming is a sustainable alternative to traditional soil farming. Kale is a powerhouse food rich in nutrients, polyphenols and glucosinolates. Dehydration of kale leaves for extract preparation can be done by freeze- or oven-drying. These methods can significantly affect the phytochemical content and antioxidant capacity of plant food extracts. Thus, we aimed to compare the polyphenolic and glucosinolate content and the antioxidant capacity of hydroponic- vs soil-grown and oven- vs freeze-dried kale extracts. Methods Hydroponic kale was grown in an indoor vertical hydroponic farm while soil kale was purchased from a local grocery store. Kale was then freeze- or oven-dried prior to ethanolic extraction (80%) assisted by an ultrasonic bath followed by purification with chloroform. Total polyphenol (TPC), flavonoid (TFC) and glucosinolate content (TGC) of kale extracts were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu, aluminum chloride, and palladium(II) chloride, respectively. Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and free radical scavenging power (FRAP) were used to measure antioxidant capacity and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used to measure radical scavenging capacity of kale extracts. Results Oven-dried soil-grown kale extract had significantly higher TPC and TGC than freeze-dried soil-grown as well as hydroponic-grown oven- and freeze-dried kale extracts. Soil-grown kale had higher TFC than hydroponic kale extracts; however, the TFC was not significantly different between freeze- and oven-dried kale extracts for soil- or hydroponic-grown kale extracts. Oven-dried soil-grown kale extract had the highest TEAC, which was significantly different than all the other extracts. FRAP and DPPH was significantly higher in freeze-dried soil-grown kale-derived extracts compared to all the other extracts. Conclusions Results indicate that soil-grown kale extracts had the highest TPC, TGC, and antioxidant capacity. In addition, oven-drying led to greater TFC, TGC in kale extracts than freeze-drying while freeze-drying led higher amounts of TPC compared to oven-drying. Further, freeze-dried kale extracts had higher antioxidant capacity than oven-dried. Thus, further studies are needed to examine and compare the antioxidant effects of these forms of kale extract in vivo. Funding Sources Georgia State University Honors College.

Variation of Glucosinolate Contents in Clubroot-Resistant and -Susceptible Brassica napus Cultivars in Response to Virulence of Plasmodiophora brassicae.

The present study investigated the changes in total and individual glucosinolates (GSLs) in roots and leaves of different clubroot-resistant and -susceptible oilseed rape cultivars following artificial inoculation with Plasmodiophora brassicae isolates with different virulence. The results showed significant differences in clubroot incidence and severity as well as in the amount of total and individual glucosinolates between oilseed rape cultivars in response to virulence of the pathogen. Single among with total aliphatic and total indolic glucosinolate contents were significantly lower in leaves of susceptible cultivars compared to resistant ones due to the infection. Similarly, single and total aliphatic as well as indolic glucosinolate contents in roots were lower in susceptible cultivars compared to resistant cultivars analyzed. The different isolates of P. brassicae seem to differ in their ability to reduce gluconasturtiin contents in the host. The more aggressive isolate P1 (+) might be able to suppress gluconasturtiin synthesis of the host in a more pronounced manner compared to the isolate P1. A possible interaction of breakdown products of glucobrassicin with the auxin receptor transport inhibitor response 1 (TIR1) is hypothesized and its possible effects on auxin signaling in roots and leaves of resistant and susceptible cultivars is discussed. A potential interplay between aliphatic and indolic glucosinolates that might be involved in water homeostasis in resistant cultivars is explained.

Induced changes in bioactive compounds of broccoli juices after fermented by animal- and plant-derived Pediococcus pentosaceus

To investigate the metabolism of bioactive compounds in broccoli juice fermented by animal- and plant-derived Pediococcus pentosaceus, levels of glucosinolates (GS), sulforaphane, and sulforaphane-nitrile; activity of myrosinase; and profiles of organic acids, vitamins, and amino acids were determined. Three aliphatic GS and four indolyl GS were identified. After fermentation by plant- and animal-derived P. pentosaceus, myrosinase activity, contents of total GS and sulforaphane nitrile, and levels of malic acid, acetic acid, ascorbic acid, and thiamine significantly decreased in pasteurized broccoli juice, whereas levels of sulforaphane, lactic acid, and citric acid significantly increased. Fermentation by plant-derived P. pentosaceus decreased levels of riboflavin and β-carotene and increased total levels of free amino acids, in contrast to the trends observed in broccoli juice after fermentation by animal-derived P. pentosaceus. This study indicates that P. pentosaceus may potentially be used in starter cultures to improve the nutritional and functional properties of fermented foods.

Effects of cabbage cultivars on the food consumption and utilization parameters of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.)

Food consumption and utilization parameters of Plutella xylostella (L.) were studied on the leaves of eight cabbage cultivars under laboratory conditions (27 ± 2 °C, 70 ± 5 % RH, 16 L: 8D photoperiod). The present study evaluated the effect of different biochemical factors of cabbage cultivars on the food consumption and utilization parameters of P. xylostella. All the food consumption and utilization parameters differed significantly among the cabbage cultivars. The highest values of relative consumption rate (RCR) and relative growth rate (RGR) were observed on the cabbage cultivars ‘NS 183’, ‘DEB 806’, ‘Green Express’ and ‘Mohor’. The highest values of the efficiency of conversion of ingested (3.94 %) and digested (4.95 %) food was observed on the cabbage cultivar ‘DEB 806’. In contrast, the 4th instar P. xylostella larvae fed on the cabbage cultivar ‘Lucky Ball’ exhibited the lowest values of RCR (1.31 mg food consumed/mg body weight/ day), RGR (0.33 mg weight gain/mg body weight/ day), ECI (2.47 %) and ECD (2.95 %). The food consumption and utilization parameters of P. xylostella were positively correlated with the protein: carbohydrate (P:C) ratio of cabbage cultivars. The food consumption and utilization parameters of P. xylostella showed a non-significant correlation with the total glucosinolate content and total phenolic content of cabbage cultivars. The present study will help to identify effective resistant or tolerant cabbage cultivars for the development of Integrated Pest Management strategies against P. xylostella.

Effect of Long-Term Frozen Storage on Health-Promoting Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity in Baby Mustard.

This study investigated the effects of blanching and subsequent long-term frozen storage on the retention of health-promoting compounds and antioxidant capacity in frozen lateral buds of baby mustard. Results showed that all glucosinolates were well preserved during frozen storage, and 72.48% of total glucosinolate content was retained in the unblanched treatment group after 8 months, as were chlorophylls, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, total phenolics, soluble sugars, soluble proteins, and antioxidant capacity. The loss of nutritional qualities mainly occurred in the 1st month of frozen storage, and nutritional qualities in the unblanched treatment group were significantly better than those in the blanched treatment group during frozen storage. Blanching before freezing reduced contents of high-content glucosinolates and ascorbic acid, as well as antioxidant capacity levels. Therefore, we recommend using long-term frozen storage to preserve the quality of baby mustard to achieve annual supply, and freezing without blanching.

Irrigation timing as a glucosinolate alteration factor in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) (Gya Labuk and Tsentay Labuk) in the Indian Trans-Himalayan region of Ladakh

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a root vegetable with Glucosinolates (GSLs), which is a secondary metabolite that has conducive to human health and promotes anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities in cells. We conducted a study to determine if irrigation timing has an impact on the GSL properties and pungency of two radish cultivars from Ladakh, which are locally called Gya Labuk and Tsentay Labuk. The four irrigation timing as the morning (6.00 AM), noon (12.00 P M), and evening (4.00 PM) and control (anytime) irrigated twice a week. The GSL profile of roots and leaves was done using High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Through this process, we identified nine GSL compounds in root and leaf of radish, which included five that were aliphatic and four that were indole glucosinolate compounds. The most abundant GSL in radish root and leaf was Glucoraphasatin (GRH), which accounts for 89.38–89.51 % and 74.85–88.58 %of the total GSL in the two cultivars grown in Ladakh i.e. Gya Labuk and Tsentay Labuk respectively. The total GSL ranged from 120.12 ± 4.89–225.22 ± 79.77 μmol g-1 in Gya Labuk root and 121.17 ± 6.79–296.68 ± 23.53 μmol g-1 in Tsentay Labuk root. The GRH value ranged from 46.43 ± 13.52–174.94 ± 8.71 μmol g-1 in the leaves of Gya Labuk and ranged from 64.82 ± 5.70–149.12 ± 7.09 μmol g-1 in the leaves of Tsentay Labuk. In our investigation, we found that noon irrigated radish had higher total GSL content in both root and leaves as compared to ones irrigated at other times. We also found that dark coloured radish (Gya Labuk) root had a lower concentration of GSL than light coloured ones (Tsentay Labuk). The highest GSL was observed in Tsentay Labuk with light coloured roots while the low GSL was in Gya Labuk with dark pink coloured root.

Differential glucosinolate profiles of radish leaves in response to postharvest drying treatment

The aboveground parts of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) are typically discarded after harvesting the roots. However, numerous bioactive compounds have been identified in radish leaves, and dried leaf products have garnered attention as a health food owing to their high fiber content. Here, we assessed the morphological and physiological characteristics of the leaves of 14 commercial radish cultivars and the effects of postharvest drying treatment on their glucosinolate (GSL) contents. The morphological and physiological characteristics of radish leaves exhibited considerable variation, depending on the cultivar. ‘Baekbong’ and ‘Baekja’ presented higher values for the assessed morphological and physiological characteristics than other cultivars. ‘Baekja’ had the best growth parameters, including leaf length and fresh and dry weights, among the tested cultivars. The total and individual GSL content was the highest in the cultivars ‘Sincheongilpum’ and ‘Taebaek’ at harvest. However, after 10 d of postharvest drying in a greenhouse at ambient temperature, the GSL content was the highest in the cultivars ‘Cheongbok plus’ and ‘Taebaek’. The results of the multivariate data analyses indicated that ‘Taebaek’ is a highly distinctive cultivar in terms of shoot physiology, morphology, and GSL content. The GSL content and profiles were differentially affected by both radish cultivar and postharvest drying treatment.