Total Flavonol Content Research Articles

Hepatoprotective Activity of Isolated Flavonoids of Ficus glomerata in Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats

The present examination was planned to isolate flavonoids from Ficus glomerata leaves separates, and surveyed their hepatoprotective action against CCl4 instigated liver toxicity in rodents. The petroleum ether, ethanol and aqueous extracts were prepared and screened for phytochemical examination. The in vitro antioxidant activity namely DPPH, Superoxide Scavenging, total polyphenol content and total flavonol content activity of ethanol and aqueous extract were investigated. The distinctive portions were detached from ethanol extracts by utilizing column chromatography. The fractions F5, F7 and F8 were screened for hepatoprotective activity. The phytochemical study demonstrated the flavonoids and polyphenol components present in ethanol and aqueous extract. The findings of in viro antioxidant activity suggested the ethanol extract have higher quantity of polyphenol and flavonoid component compared to aqueous extract. The fractions F5, F7 and F8 shows prominent hepatoprotective activity by altogether diminishing the CCl4 initiated modification in SGOT, SGPT, ALP, ACP, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin in blood. The isolated compound altered the SOD, GPx, CAT and lipid peroxidation level, it indicates the antioxidant activity of isolated components. The findings of study recommend that the flavonoid compound F7 of Ficus glomerata showed higher hepatoprotective activity compared F5 and F8.

Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Leaves, Barks, Stems and Fruits of Alphitonia philippinensis (Rhamnaceae) From Brunei Darussalam

Phytochemical screening of Alphitonia philippinensis extracts revealed the presence of cardiac glycosides, tannins, saponins and steroids in different plant parts. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total flavonol content (TFlC) were measured using spectrophotometric methods where gallic acid and quercetin were the standards. Antioxidant activity of extracts was assessed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2̉-azino-bis(3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), free radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays using ascorbic acid and trolox were used as standards. Among the four different crude methanol extracts studies, leaves showed highest antioxidant capacity. EC50 values of the leaves extract from DPPH and ABTS method found 32 and 45 μg/mL respectively. The higher antioxidant activity of the leaves extract could be correlated with the presence of higher total phenolic content, total flavonoid, and total flavonol contents. According to antioxidant contents and assay results leaves extract possesses highest antioxidant property following fruits, barks and stems.

The correlation between botanical source and the biologically active compounds of propolis

DOI : 10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2019.435408 In this research, five propolis samples collected from Turkey were investigated to observe the correlation between botanical sources and chemical contents of the samples and in this way emphasize the influence of botanical sources of propolis on its chemical characterization. As a first step, to determine the botanical sources of the samples, microscopic analysis was performed. According to the microscopic analysis results; two samples that were collected from Rize (P1 and P2), were characterized as most probably being chesnut propolis; while one sample collected from Tekirdag (P3) was evaluated as being a mixed type, in the other Tekirdag sample (P4), the pollens belonging to the taxa of the Brassicaceae family were found as dominant. The sample collected from Sivas (P5); was also recognized as mixed type. The second step of the research was the chemical analyses of the propolis samples. According to the results; the balsamic contents of the propolis samples ranged between 59.97 and 83.31%, total phenolic contents were ranged between 27.56±0.05 and 171.93±0.28 mgGAE/g. The minimum flavone and flavonol content of 0.28±0.01% was found in the P1 sample described as chesnut propolis and colected from Rize. The maximum value 5.1±0.07% was found in the P4 sample as was total phenolic content. Flavanones and Dihydroflavonols contents varied between 6.58±0.009-12.94±0.007%. According to the GC-MS results the investigated samples contained compounds belonging to the various groups. With regard to the Excel correllation, the balsamic content showed a negative correlation with total phenolic content, flavone and flavonol content, flavanones and dihydroflavonols content. Cite this article as : Gencay Celemli O, Atakay M, Sorkun K (2019). The correlation between botanical source and the biologically active compounds of propolis. Istanbul J Pharm 49 (2): 81-87.

고온숙성법에 의해 제조된 도라지 함유 십전대보환의 영양성분, phytochemicals 및 생리활성

In this study, general Sibjeondaebohwan (G-SDH) and high-temperature aged Sibjeondaebohwan (HTA-SDH) samples were prepared using ten herbal medicinal plants including balloon flower. The nutritional components (five nutrients, fatty acids, and free amino acids), phytochemicals (phenolic acids and flavonols), radical scavenging activities (DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl), digestive enzyme inhibitory activities (α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase), and immune system activation of G-SDH and HTA-SDH were analyzed and compared. The contents of crude ash, fat, and protein, carbohydrate, total fatty acid, and total free amino acid of G-SDH were significantly higher than those of HTA-SDH. The major free amino acids and fatty acids in G-SDH were aspartic acid and oleic acid and those in HTA-SDH were glutamic acid and oleic acid. Compared to G-SDH, higher concentrations of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, Mailliard reaction products, total phenolic acids and total flavonols of HTA-SDH were estimated. After high-temperature aging, the total phenolic and flavonol contents increased from 272.03 to 303.31 μg/g and 310.71 to 372.58 μg/g, respectively. The DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities and the α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and pancreatic lipase inhibition activities in HTA-SDH were 85.65%, 89.93%, and 63.69%, and 61.06%, 34.21%, and 64.89%, respectively, which were considerably higher than those in the G-SDH. In addition, HTA-SDH showed the effect of controlling immune function.

Comparative evaluation of maceration, microwave and ultrasonic-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from propolis

The aim of this study was to compare different techniques in order to achieve a high extraction of phenolic compounds from propolis. For this purpose, it was investigated the use of double maceration (24h at room temperature with continuous agitation at 250rpm), double microwave treatments (1min at 140W) and double ultrasound-assisted extraction (15min at 20kHz) using 70% ethanol. The extraction efficiency was measured based on extraction yield, total phenolic content, flavones and flavonol content, and flavanone and dihydroflavonol content. The ultrasonic extraction had an extraction yield higher than microwave extraction and maceration. The yield of the propolis ranged between samples and between the years of propolis harvesting. Of the twelve quantified phenolic compounds, p-coumaric acid was the most abundant (271.65mg/g propolis).

Bioactive compounds in wines produced in a new area for vitiviniculture in Brazil

Wines are known for its high content of bioactive compounds that can be influenced by the region and climate where the grapes are produced. New regions of production are normally developed using techniques and standards for other traditional regions, but is important to characterize the wine profile, which is different according to the terroir, and can be important for future geographic indications. The aim of this study was to evaluate color, antioxidant activity, anthocyanin content and phenolic compounds profile in wines produced in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Wines were produced in different wineries of the same region using the varieties Syrah, Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc (red), Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc (white) and Syrah (rose), from municipalities of Cordislândia, Boa Esperança and Três Corações, located in the south of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Wines produced in Minas Gerais State presented contents of t-resveratrol, total phenolics, anthocyanins, flavonols, flavanols and phenolic acids consistent to the contents observed in wines from traditional regions of production. However, the terroir and the grape variety can result in a differentiation of compounds observed in wines. Syrah red wines produced in Boa Esperança stood out with higher amounts of anthocyanins (24.29 mg L-1), phenolic acids (123,19 mg L-1 ) and flavonols (35.55 mg L-1), when compared to wines from the same variety from other municipalities and other evaluated red wines. Sauvignon Blanc wines from Boa Esperança presented higher contents of phenolic acids and total flavonols, when compared to wines of the same variety produced in Cordislândia. Chardonay wines presented higher total phenolics content, when compared to ohther evaluated white wines. Rose wine produced in the South of Minas Gerais presented the phenolic acids content of 36,33 mg L-1 and total flavonols content of 29,7 mg L-1. The highest antioxidant activity using the DPPH method, (% of free radicals scavenging - FRS) was observed for Syrah wines from Três Corações, (75.37%), but not different from Cabernet Sauvignon wines from Cordislândia (72.50%), values that can be correlated with the largest content of phenolics observed in wines as phenolic compounds (3009 mg L-1). No differences were observed in the contents of the antioxidant activity of white wines. This results indicate that the studied wines present the necessary nutritional and beneficial characteristics to compete in the supply of bioactive compounds during consumption, when compared to wines produced in traditional and different regions in Brazil and other countries.

Innovative perspectives on Pulicaria dysenterica extracts: phyto-pharmaceutical properties, chemical characterization and multivariate analysis.

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the influence of different extraction procedures [decoction, homogenizer-assisted extraction (HAE), infusion, maceration, Soxhlet and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)] on the chemical profiling and biological properties of methanol and water extracts of Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh. The chemical profiles of the extracts were evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS). The antioxidant properties and enzymes (lipase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, tyrosinase and cholinesterases) inhibitory potential of the extracts were evaluated. The chemical profiles were dependent on the type of extraction methods as well as on the type of solvent. The methanolic extracts showed higher levels of total phenolic, flavonoid, and phenolic acid content, while the highest total flavonol content was observed in the HAE-water extract. Forty different compounds were identified from P. dysenterica. In relation to the potential in vitro anti-diabetic effects, the highest activity against the studied key enzymes was observed for the macerated extract (α-amylase: 0.58 ± 0.03 and α- glucosidase: 1.65 ± 0.03 mmol ACAE g-1 ). The HAE-methanol extract was the most potent inhibitor of cholisterases, whereas the highest activities against tyrosinase were observed for UAE-methanol extract, followed by macerated and Soxhlet. The inhibitory activity of the studied extracts against lipase were in the order: soxhlet > macerated> HAE-methanol > UAE-methanol. This study has established scientific baseline data on the therapeutic properties of P. dysentrica, thereby advocating the need for further investigations in an endeavour to develop novel pharmaceuticals from this plant. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Attributes of Paris polyphylla Smith from Sikkim Himalaya

Introduction: Paris polyphylla Smith is a high value medicinal plant available in Sikkim Himalaya which is well known in local traditional medicine system. Scientific study to ascertain its claimed biological activity is lacking. The objective of this work was to determine the antioxidant and anticancer activity of Paris polyphylla rhizomes. Methods: Phytochemical analysis were carried out by standard methods. Antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract was carried out by DPPH, ABTS, OH-radical and Fe2+chelating activity assays. Cytotoxicity of the extract was determined by MTT assay on three cancer cell lines: HeLa, HepG2 and PC3. Results: Of the P. polyphylla from two altitudinal zones, P. polyphylla from Tholung (PPT), the one from the higher altitude showed higher total phenolic contents in methanolic extracts of rhizomes as compraed to that from the lower altitude i.e., P. polyphylla from Uttaray (PPU). PPT also showed a higher content of total falvonoid and total flavonols. Both types of plant were excellent scavenger of DPPH and ABTS radical and Fe2+ chelator. A trend of a relatively greater antioxidant activity of PPT was established through these assay methods. In MTT assay, both the extract showed significant dose-dependent inhibition of HeLa cell growth after 72 hrs of treatment, while the extract had a moderately positive effect on the inhibition of PC3 and HepG2 cells growth. Conclusion: The study suggested a strong antioxidant activity and appreciable cytotoxic activity of P. polyphylla from Sikkim Himalaya. Of the two varieties, PPT was more pronounced in both type of activities.

Natural variability and antioxidant properties of commercially cultivated switchgrass extractives

Optimum utilization of lignocellulosic bioenergy feedstock, such as switchgrass, via recovery of value-added phytochemicals and reduction of waste streams will increase the economic feasibility as well as the sustainability of integrated biorefineries. Switchgrass contains significant amount of overlooked non-structural components, i.e. extractives, which encompasses phenolic derivatives with potential antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. As a perennial crop, it is essential to assess the natural variability of switchgrass extractives content and composition in order to determine the feasibility of its extraction and utilization. In this study, three switchgrass cultivars were harvested from four commercial farms in their second and third growing seasons. Their respective extractive fractions were characterized for the presence of free sugars, total phenolics (TPC), hydroxycinnamic acid (HCAs) derivatives, total flavonols, and other important phytochemicals. Biomass harvested in the third growing season displayed greater amounts of TPC, HCAs, and total flavonols. Environmental conditions such as total precipitation, and cultural practices including harvest time, played important roles in the accumulation of TPC. The switchgrass extractives also exhibited DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity with a positive correlation between inhibiting concentration (IC50) value and total flavonols content.

Identification and Functional Analysis of a Flavonol Synthase Gene from Grape Hyacinth.

Flavonols are important copigments that affect flower petal coloration. Flavonol synthase (FLS) catalyzes the conversion of dihydroflavonols to flavonols. In this study, we identified a FLS gene, MaFLS, expressed in petals of the ornamental monocot Muscari aucheri (grape hyacinth) and analyzed its spatial and temporal expression patterns. qRT-PCR analysis showed that MaFLS was predominantly expressed in the early stages of flower development. We next analyzed the in planta functions of MaFLS. Heterologous expression of MaFLS in Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) resulted in a reduction in pigmentation in the petals, substantially inhibiting the expression of endogenous tobacco genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis (i.e., NtDFR, NtANS, and NtAN2) and upregulating the expression of NtFLS. The total anthocyanin content in the petals of the transformed tobacco plants was dramatically reduced, whereas the total flavonol content was increased. Our study suggests that MaFLS plays a key role in flavonol biosynthesis and flower coloration in grape hyacinth. Moreover, MaFLS may represent a new potential gene for molecular breeding of flower color modification and provide a basis for analyzing the effects of copigmentation on flower coloration in grape hyacinth.

The effects of chitosan and salicylic acid on elicitation of secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity of safflower under in vitro salinity stress

This study investigated the effects of different concentrations of two elicitors, namely chitosan (CHT) (25 and 50 mg L−1) and salicylic acid (SA) (50 and 100 mg L−1) on the production of secondary metabolites (SMs) and antioxidant activity of safflower callus under salinity stress. The content of total phenolics, total flavonoids, total flavonols, anthocyanin and antioxidant activity with 1,1-diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH), significantly increased under salinity stress including 1.5% (w/v) sodium chloride. Under salinity stress, the highest content of total phenolics and total flavonoids were observed under elicitation by 50 (mg L−1) of SA and 25 (mg L−1) of CHT, but the highest callus growth rate (0.048 mm day−1), highest content of total flavonols (4.2 mg RE g−1 FW) and the highest DPPH activity (61.48% of inhibition) were observed under elicitation by 50 (mg L−1) of SA under salinity stress. This indicated partial superiority elicitation of SA over CHT for callus growth and SMs production of safflower under salinity stress. This new elicitation opens new avenues for the selection and exploitation of the best elicitors and their dosages for the enhancement of commercially important SMs in safflower as an important medicinal plant at cellular level. Effects of chitosan and salicylic acid on elicitation of SMs of safflower under in vitro salinity stress.

Correction to Higher Antioxidant Activity, Total Flavonols, and Specific Quercetin Glucosides in Two Different Onion ( Allium cepa L.) Varieties Grown under Organic Production: Results from a 6-Year Field Study.

We carried out a 6-year study to assess the effect of conventional, organic, and mixed cultivation practices on bioactive compounds (flavonoids, anthocyanins) and antioxidant capacity in onion. Total flavonoids, total anthocyanins, individual flavonols, individual anthocyanins, and antioxidant activity were measured in two varieties (‘Hyskin’ and ‘Red Baron’) grown in a long-term split-plot factorial systems comparison trial. This is the first report of repeated measurements of bioactive content over an extensive time period in a single crop type within the same trial. Antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP), total flavonol content, and levels of Q 3,4′ D and Q 3 G were higher in both varieties under fully organic compared to fully conventional management. Total flavonoids were higher in ‘Red Baron’ and when onions were grown under organic soil treatment. Differences were primarily due to different soil management practices used in organic agriculture rather than pesticide/ herbicide application.

The effect of different drying techniques on phytochemical content and in vitro antioxidant properties of Australian‐grown prickly pears ( Opuntia ficus indica )

Abstract Prickly Pear (Opuntia ficus indica) is commonly consumed but limited by short harvesting seasons and shelf life. Drying may resolve such issues. The effects of different methods were examined to investigate the phytochemicals in Australian prickly pear (PP). White, orange and purple fruits were dried using freeze-drying, microwave, draft-oven, and dehydrator-drying (35°C, 55°C, and 75°C). Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonol Content (TFC), Total Betalain Content (TBC), Betacyanin (BE), and Betaxanthin (IE) and antioxidant characteristics (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH], Cupric Ion Antioxidant Reducing Capacity [CUPRAC], and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power [FRAP]) were determined as methanolic extracts (skin/flesh). The highest content is as follows: TPC (149 ± 5.06 µgGAE; microwave; purple skin), TFC (76.6 ± 1.98 µgCE; microwave; purple-skin), TBC (4.17 ± 0.846 mg/100 g; freeze-dried; orange-skin and flesh), BE (2.29 ± 1.00 mgBE/100 g; freeze-dried; purple-flesh), IE (3.42 ± 0.569 mgIE/100 g; freeze-dried; purple-flesh); DPPH (224 ± 41.2 µMTE; freeze-dried; white-flesh), CUPRAC (2,937 ± 43.3 µMTE; microwave; purple-skin) and FRAP (1,377 ± 27.0 µMTE; microwave; purple-skin). Significant differences (p < 0.05) occurred between drying methods. When compared to freeze drying, microwaving, in some cases elicited the highest content. Practical applications The gap between the nutrient-dense prickly pear fruit, and its consumption is prominent, particularly in Australia. This is potentially the consequences of social misconceptions, a short harvesting season and shelf life, thus potentially contributing to Australia's growing food waste challenge. Therefore, such obstacles could be reduced with the use of the most appropriate drying technique in order to extend the products shelf life. Our manuscript investigates the effect of different drying techniques on the phytochemical content of the prickly pear fruit. The investigated drying methods were considered accessible to small agricultural producers, the predominant farmers for this fruit in Australia. The findings of this paper can be potentially implemented in agricultural practice, assisting with year-round food supply and reduce on-site foods waste.

Determination of Flavonoids and Carotenoids and Their Contributions to Various Colors of Rose Cultivars (Rosa spp.).

Rose is one of the most valuable ornamental crops worldwide. In this study, the composition of hydrophilic and lipophilic pigments in petals of six rose cultivars at seven developing stages was investigated using high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Four anthocyanins, 20 flavonols, and 10 carotenoids were detected in petals of tested cultivars. Major individual anthocyanin, flavonol, and carotenoid were cyanidin/pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside, kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside, and (9Z)-violaxanthin, respectively. Significant differences were observed in pigments content in petals of different rose cultivars. The yellow petals of YI and GC exhibited no to very small amounts of anthocyanins, moderate amount of total flavonols, and highest content of total carotenoids. Similarly, pink petals of PF, WQ, and YX showed average concentration of total anthocyanins, highest concentration of total flavonols, and small amount of carotenoids. Further, orange petals of CH showed highest content of total anthocyanins, lowest content of total flavonols, and average content of total carotenoids. Correlation analysis demonstrated that there were many pigments influencing petal colors. Moreover, multiple linear regression indicated that pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside, total anthocyanins and (9Z)-violaxanthin were the major factors. In addition, this study showed that orange cultivar CH, pink cultivar PF and yellow cultivar YI can have great potential as a natural source for the extraction of pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside, and (9Z)-violaxanthin, respectively. These investigations would contribute toward understanding the mechanism on the development of flower colors and provide a theoretical basis for the breeding of rose with specific color.

Flavonol Profile Is a Reliable Indicator to Assess Canopy Architecture and the Exposure of Red Wine Grapes to Solar Radiation.

Exposure to solar radiation is a determining factor of grape composition. Flavonol synthesis is upregulated by solar radiation leaving a fingerprint on flavonol profile. This study aimed to test the factors affecting flavonol accumulation and profile and their potential as an indicator to assess the overall exposure of red wine grape berry to solar radiation. We performed three experiments to study the response of flavonol accumulation and profile to (1) three different solar radiation exclusion treatments during berry development; (2) canopy porosity and leaf area index (LAI); and (3) spatial variability of water status, vigor and ripening and cultural practices in commercial vineyards. Results showed a strong relationship between global radiation, inverse dormant pruning weights or canopy porosity (inversely proportional to LAI) and % kaempferol or % quercetin. Furthermore, the increase in concentration of the above two flavonols was associated with a reduction of % myricetin. Total flavonol content, % kaempferol, % quercetin, and % myricetin had significant correlations with inverse dormant pruning weights, but these were less sensitive to over-ripening or water deficits. Flavonol profile was associated to site hydrology (wetness index) through changes in vigor, and to LAI; and responded to shoot thinning or fruit-zone leaf removal. These results support the reliability of the flavonol profile as an assessment parameter for studies aiming to discuss canopy architecture or the effect of solar radiation on grapevine berries.

Nanostructured TiO2-induced photocatalytic stress enhances the antioxidant capacity and phenolic content in the leaves of Vitis vinifera on a genotype-dependent manner

Over the past decades, nanotechnology has received great attention and brought revolutionary solutions for a number of challenges in scientific fields. Industrial, agricultural and medical applications of engineered nanomaterials have increased intensively. The ability of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), when excited by ultra-violet (UV) light, makes them useful for effectively inactivate various pathogens. It is known that ROS also have signalling role in living organisms, therefore, TiO2 NPs-induced ROS can influence both enzymatic and non-enzymatic defence systems, and could play a role in the resistance of plants to pathogens. Herein, we studied the photocatalytic stress responses of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) as model plant, when exposed to a well-known photocatalyst, Degussa P25 TiO2 NPs. The photocatalytically produced ROS such as superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen were confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Foliar exposure of five red cultivars (Cabernet sauvignon, Cabernet franc, Merlot, Kékfrankos and Kadarka) was carried out in blooming phenophase under field condition where plants are exposed to natural sunlight with relatively high UV radiation (with a maximum of ~ 45 W m−2). After two weeks of exposure, the effects of photogenerated ROS on the total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, flavonol profile and the main macro-, microelements of the leaves were studied in detail. We found that foliar application of TiO2 NPs boosted the total phenolic content and biosynthesis of the leaf flavonols depending on the grapevine variety. Photocatalytically active TiO2 NPs also increased K, Mg, Ca, B and Mn levels in the leaves as shown by ICP-AES measurements.

Medicinal properties of whole fruit extracts of Nauclea latifolia Smith.: Antimicrobial, antioxidant and hypoglycemic assessments

The continuous search for novel compounds against microbial infections and oxidative stress-induced debilitating diseases like diabetes has intensified in recent years. This study evaluated the phytochemical constituents, time-kill antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic potentials of whole fruit extracts of Nauclea latifolia Smith. The antibacterial potential was evaluated using micro-broth dilution method and the degree of mortality was examined at different concentrations over a period of 2 h against Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella sonnei as representative organisms. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and iron chelating assays. The antidiabetic potential was determined by evaluating the inhibitory effects of the extracts on the activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, while the modes of the enzymes inhibition were assessed using Lineweaver-Burk kinetics.The crude extract displayed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 0.19 and 1.56 mg/mL. The lowest MIC value displayed by the n-hexane, ethylacetate and n-butanol fraction was 0.19, and 0.39 mg/mL by the chloroform fraction. Total mortality was recorded by n-butanol fraction at 3xMIC (0.57 mg/mL) after 15 min of contact time and ethylacetate fraction after 60 min of contact time against Stapylococcus aureus at the same concentration. Also total mortality was recorded after 60 min of contact time at 3xMIC by n-butanol fraction against Shigella sonnei. The ethyl acetate fraction has the highest total phenol (413.4 mg/g) and total flavonol (8.3 mg/g) contents which is significantly different (p < .05) from all other extracts. For the flavonoid content, the n-butanol fraction had the highest content (35.6 mg/g) followed by n-hexane, ethylacetate and chloroform fraction, respectively. N-butanol fraction showed the highest radical scavenging activities while chloroform and n-butanol fraction showed strong inhibitory potentials against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively. The results obtained showed that whole fruit of Nauclea latifolia elicited noteworthy antimicrobial, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities which are attributed to the presence of its phytoconstituents and thus support its folkloric uses in the treatment of microbial infections and oxidative stress-mediated diseases like hyperglycemia.

Characteristics of flavonol glycosides in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seed coats

Seed coats of coloured dry beans contain biologically active compounds. Flavonol glycosides were identified from acetone extracts of seed coats of black beans, pinto beans, and red kidney beans and evaluated for antioxidant activity. High Performance Liquid Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging capacity were used to measure flavonols and antioxidant capacity, respectively. The main flavonol glycosides in black beans were the 3-O-glycosides of kaempferol, quercetin and myricetin; pinto beans contained kaempferol 3-O-glycosides, while red kidney beans contained quercetin 3-O-glycoside and quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin). A flavonol triglycoside was identified in dark red kidney bean. Despite differences in total flavonol content, extracts from Eclipse, (black bean) and Windbreaker (pinto bean) had the significantly higher antioxidant activities than other bean seed coats. Results suggest seed coats of Windbreaker and Eclipse may have potential as functional food ingredients, though benefits may not be simply due to flavonols.

The Total Phenol, Flavonol Amounts and Antiradical Activity of some Oreganum Species

Total phenol contents of O.vulgare were found between 54.23 mg GAE/g (U4) and 124.55 mg GAE/g (U2), respectively. While total phenol contents of O.minutiflorum change between 49.50 mg GAE/g (U5) and 126.92 mg GAE/g (S3), total flavonol contents were found between 623.87 mg RE/g (U5) and 854.53 mg RE/g (U2). Antioxidant capacity ranged from 42.31 mg AAE/g (U5) to 103.04 mg AAE/g (S3). Total phenol contents of O. majorana changed between 51.86 mg GAE/g (S3) and 125,23 mg GAE/g (S2). Antiradical activity and antioxidant capacity values were found between 695.85 IC50= mg/mL (U5) and 1217.51 IC50= mg/mL S3 and 55.43 mg AAE/g (S3) to 110.90 mg AAE/g (U5), respectively.

Inactivation of food borne pathogens by lipid fractions of culinary condiments and their nutraceutical properties

Lipid fraction from four different culinary condiments namely black seed (Nigella sativa), fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare), bay leaf (Laurus nobilis) and coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum) were investigated for total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, total flavonoid content, total flavonol content and antibacterial attributes. Antimicrobial properties were determined against food-borne bacteria through agar well diffusion, drop agar diffusion, macrobroth dilution with simultaneous determination of their minimum inhibitory concentrations and changes in cellular morphology was analyzed through Scanning electron microscopy. Generally, ethanolic lipid fractions were more effective bioactively as compared to methanolic LFs. Parallel results were obtained for antibacterial activities with the highest antibacterial activities exhibited by ethanolic LFs. The results positively support the use of these lipid fractions in generating new systems to inhibit bacterial growth, extend the shelf life and enhance the safety of the packaged food product. The examined oils can also be used for therapeutic purposes.