Total Flavonoid Compounds Research Articles

Zn treatment effects on biological potential of fennel bulbs as affected by in vitro digestion process

Zn treatment effects on the stability of polyphenols, MDA (malondialdehyde) content, antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibition activities of two varieties of fennel bulbs were studied by using an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion model. Likewise, the effect of Zn on viability cells of E. coli was also performed. The results revealed that high amounts of total phenolic and flavonoid compounds were released during the digestion process, especially after the intestinal phase. Additionally, the antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory activity were affected by the gastrointestinal digestion process and seems to be correlated with total phenol contents. On the other hand, the viability of E. coli was not affected by the activity of our tested bulbs during passage through the artificial digestion model, but the treated bulbs activity contribute relatively to the inhibition growth of bacteria. The survival of E. coli in fennel bulbs was challenged with simulated gastrointestinal fluids and the results showed that the E. coli strains, despite having experienced a viability reduction at the intestinal phase, were able to overcome the exposure to the gastrointestinal synthetic fluids. This E. coli ability reinforces the need for good hygienic measures to assure safe fresh produce, even for those that are rich in antibacterial compounds.

Anthemis chia: Biological capacity and phytochemistry

Anthemis species are also of great importance in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, phytochemical compositions, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of ethyl acetate (EtOAc), methanol (MeOH) and water extracts obtained from Anthemis chia L. flowers were investigated. The total phenolic and flavonoid compound analysis revealed that the richest one in terms of these compounds was the MeOH extract [65.22 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAEs)/g extract and 73.32 mg quercetin equivalents (QEs)/g extract, respectively]. As a result of liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC–ESI–MS/MS) analysis, it was determined that the main components of the extracts were chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid, hyperoside, caffeic acid, apigenin 7-glucoside and luteolin 7-glucoside. Except for the ferrous ion chelating assay, all other antioxidant activity tests resulted in the superiority of the MeOH extract. As a result of the relative antioxidant capacity index (RACI) analysis (including total phenolic and flavonoid compound contents) performed in order to compare the data obtained from antioxidant activity tests, it was confirmed that the antioxidant activity potential of MeOH extract was higher than other extracts. The activity values of this extract in the phosphomolybdenum, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays were determined to be 350.36, 655.18, 435.78, 265.33 and 325.25 mg trolox equivalents (TEs)/g extract, respectively. In addition to the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extracts, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, hyperoside and apigenin 7-glucoside are also thought to contribute to antioxidant activity. MeOH extract also exhibited the highest activity in α-amylase and tyrosinase inhibitory activity tests. α-Amylase and tyrosinase inhibitor activity of the MeOH extract was measured as 413.66 mg acarbose equivalents (ACEs)/g extract and 290.22 mg kojic acid equivalents (KAEs)/g extract, respectively. Flavonoids seem to contribute more to enzyme inhibitory activity than phenolics. However, caffeic acid is also thought to contribute significantly to the tyrosinase inhibitory activity. As a result, it was concluded that A. chia flowers could be used as an alternative antioxidant, skin whitening and anti-diabetic agent in the food, cosmetic and medical industries.

Antioxidant Activity Test and Determination Of Total Flavonoids Levels of Kedondong Laut (Nothopanax fructicosum (L.) Miq) Leaf Extract

Kedondong laut (Nothopanax fruticosum (L.) Miq.) is a plant from the family Araliaceae. Leaves of kedondong laut useful for diuretik, analgesics, as an antidiarrheal and arthritis. The characteristics of sea kedondong are shrubs, yellowish green, the size of small flowers are green and the fruit is greenish purple and the height of the tree reaches up to 3 meters. Extracted by stratified extraction using solvents n-Hexane, ethyl acetate, and 96% ethanol with a percent rendender for n-Hexane solvent 1.504% ethyl acetate 2.784%, ethanol 3.698%. The results showed that each extract of kedondong laut leaves (Nothopanax fructicosum (L.) Miq has antioxidant activity with IC50 value of n-hexane extract of 33.839µg/mL, ethyl acetate extract of 12.604µg/mL and ethanol extract of 2.222 µg/mL ethanol extract of kedondong laut leaves (Nothopanax fructicosum (L.) Miq) has higher antioxidant power than n-hexane extract and ethyl acetate, the total flavonoid compound content is 0.09902 gQE/g extract or 9.902%, ethyl acetate extract is equal to 0.13253 gQE /g extract or 13.253%, and 96% ethanol extract at 0.09345 gQE / g extract or 9.345%, ethyl acetate extract has a greater flavonoid content than n-hexane extract and 96% ethanol.

Effect of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn) Seed Extract on Bacterial Activities and Growth of Human Liver Cancer Cells

Silymarin is a polyphenolic flavonoid mixture isolated from milk thistle which is believed to be responsible for the plant’s hepatoprotective action. Silymarin is hepatoprotective flavonoid drug available as bio marker in Silybun marianum (common name milk thistle). Silymarin is being used in treatment of various liver disease of different etiology because of its hepatoprotective action. Phytochemicals are playing a vital role for the treatment of different types of diseases and still used in both traditional and modern medication system. The phytochemical analysis of milk thistle seeds extract indicated that the plant is rich in secondary compounds. The results revealed that milk thistle seeds contain high amount of total phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant compounds. The antibacterial activities of the ethanol seeds extract of milk thistle was tested against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aures) and Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella entirica). Antibacterial effects of crude extract were performed using modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique to determine the zone of inhibition. The results demonstrated that ethanol seeds extract of milk thistle is shown strong inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aures and Salmonella entirica compared to the control. Also, milk thistle seeds extract showed highly anticancer activity. This medicinal plant could be developed into affordable and safe standardized herbal products and may serve as a source of new molecules for broad-spectrum anticancer, antimicrobial agents.

Antifungal Activity of Red Dragon Peel (Hylocereus polyrhizus)

Red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) is a species of plant that provides natural pigment which is betalain. Betalain is one of the pigments that give a natural color to flowers and fruits. Moreover, of betalain in red dragon fruit peel, there is a bioactive compound such as polyphenol and flavonoid with antioxidant and antifungal activities. This research was objected to extract pigments and other secondary metabolites from red dragon fruit peel using ethanol, methanol, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate solvents, continued with determined potential activity against Candida albicans by using Resazurin Microtiter Assay (REMA) method. Furthermore, total phenolics compounds (TPC) and total flavonoid compounds (TFC) were determined from all the extracts. The results of antifungal activity showed various inhibition percentage against the fungal at 500 ppm. The ethyl acetate showed the highest activity among the extracts with 74.27% inhibition followed by pigment extracts (60.88%). Furthermore, from test TPC and TFC determination, the ethyl acetate possessed the highest amount with the value of 34.38 mg gallic acid equivalent/g fresh weight and 28.62 mg quercetin/g fresh weight, respectively. Therefore, to find the active compounds, multiple analysis is needed.

Antioxidant and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activities of Kecapi (Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f) Merr.) Leaf Extract

Sandoricum koetjape has been used as folk medicine for the treatment of several diseases. The study was undertaken to determine antioxidant property of S. koetjape extract. The xanthine oxidase inhibitory effect was also evaluated. The dried powder of S. koetjape leaves was extracted with methanol. The extract was then successively partitioned with different solvents: n-hexane, ethyl acetate, buthanol and water. Phytochemical, total phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoid compounds (TFC) were analysed. DPPH scavenging assay was conducted to evaluate antioxidant activity. Xanthine oxidase inhibitor were determined using spectrophotometer. The results showed that amongst of tested extract, methanol extract contained high amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. For antioxidant and XO inhibitor, ethyl acetate fraction revealed strong activity with IC50 values of 3.70 and 50.18 µg/mL, respectively. XO inhibition by ethyl acetate extract was found to be a competitive inhibition that mimics inhibition mechanism of allopuriol. LC-MS/MS chromatogram exhibited that the extract contains dehydrotumulosic acid, methyl ophiopogonanone A, quercetin-4′-glucoside, luteolin-7-β-D-glucopyranosid and neokurarinol. The result of this study indicated that the potency of S. koetjape extract as antioxidant and XO inhibitor.

Spatial and Temporal Bioactive Compound Contents and Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Kale (Brassica oleracea L.) Under UV-B Exposure Near Harvest Time in Controlled Environments.

UV-B irradiation has been used to enhance the secondary metabolite content in plants, but its spatial effect on plants has not been considered. The objective of this study was to compare spatial photosynthetic traits and bioactive compound accumulation in kale (Brassica oleracea L. var Acephala) according to the distribution and length of UV-B exposure near harvest. Plants were exposed to UV-B of 0-3, 3-6 and 6-9Wm-2 for 4h per day at 5days (Exp. 1) and 4.2Wm-2 at 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1days (Exp. 2) before harvest. In spatial distribution, the higher the UV-B intensity, the lower the mean Fv /Fm (maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII) and the higher the concentration of total flavonoid compound (TFC). With UV-B stress, Fv /Fm and fluorescence transient parameters decreased except for DI0 /CS (dissipated energy flux per cross section) and PIabs (performance index of PSII). When exposed to UV-B radiation for 2days before harvest, the total phenolic compounds and TFC per plant were highest, not always proportional to the local Fv /Fm but affected by dry weight. Short-term UV-B stress near harvest would be more efficient for the accumulation of bioactive compounds by minimizing the loss of plant weight.

EFFECT OF THE EGYPTIAN PROPOLIS ON THE BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS CONTENT IN TOMATO PLANTS

Propolis is an organic substance that considered a biostimulant agent and plays a vital role in increasing bioactive compounds content in plants. The study investigated the properties of two different kinds of propolis i.e., Egyptian and Chinese propolis. The physical and chemical analyses results of the Egyptian propolis showed that it contain 253.703 mgGAE/g total phenolic compound, 76.766 mgQE/g total flavonoid compound and 5.417 g/100g total alkaloid. Also, the effect of five concentrations of aqueous extract of the Egyptian propolis was studied as a foliar spray on tomato plants, which were (1, 2, 10, 20, 100 mg propolis ml-1). Tomato plants treated with propolis (100 mg/ml) showed a significant effect in antioxidant content and other bioactive compounds compared to control plants.

Antioxidant activity screening of seven Indonesian herbal extract

Abstract. Sukweenadi J, Yunita O, Setiawan F, Kartini, Siagian MT, Danduru AP, Avanti C. 2020. Antioxidant Activity Screening of Seven Indonesian Herbal Extract. Biodiversitas 21: 2062-2067. Kumis kucing (Orthosiphon stamineus), pegagan (Centella asiatica), seledri (Apium graveolens), kunyit (Curcuma domestica), temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza), tempuyung (Sonchus arvensis) and meniran (Phyllanthus niruri) are herbs that commonly used in the Indonesia folk medicine. The constituents that responsible for several important biological activities are phenolic and flavonoid compounds which also possess antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity of those seven Indonesian herbal extracts was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP methods. The extraction was done with the reflux method by using 80% ethanol as a solvent. The total phenol and total flavonoids from each herbal extract were measured using Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and spectrophotometry. Antioxidant activity results by DPPH method on O. stamineus, C. asiatica, A. graveolens, C. domestica, C. xanthorrhiza, S. arvensis, and P. niruri showed IC50 value at 132; ND; 2221; 361; 538; 1118; and 102 ppm, respectively. Results from ABTS method, showed IC50 value at 22; 1199; 169; 100; 82; 143; and 20 ppm respectively. While results from the FRAP method showed that the ethanolic extract of P. niruri at a concentration of 20 ppm possesses the strongest antioxidant activity (17.41 ppm AEAC/ppm extract). The content of total phenolic compounds are 22.50; 0.67; 2.16; 11.40; 7.80; 7.22; and 2.62% GAE, while the total flavonoid compounds were 19.88; 6.67; 4.06; 71.02; 34.62; 3.78; and 8.34% QE, respectively. It can be concluded that ethanolic extract of P. niruri and O. stamineus obtain the highest antioxidant activity based on DPPH, ABTS and FRAP method.

Bio-enrichment of phenolic, flavonoids content and antioxidant activity of commonly used pulses by solid-state fermentation

Phytochemicals in pulses are good source of natural antioxidants but present in bound form and conventional processing methods are not enough for release of these phenolic compounds. So, in this research, microbial treatment of pulses named red lentil, cowpea, pigeon pea, urad and mung bean was done to investigate the fermentation response on release of polyphenolics and antioxidant compounds. Results obtained showed that phenolic and flavonoids contents along with the antioxidant potential of all the pulses increased under fermentative effect of Aspergillus awamori at concentration of 1 × 10−6 spores/ml. The effect of fermentation on increased amount of phenolics and antioxidants recorded as in order i.e. pigeon pea > urad > mung bean > cowpea > red lentil. A significant (p < 0.01) correlation was accomplished among total phenol, flavonoid contents with radical scavenging activity which was observed maximum in pigeon pea i.e. r2 = 0.955 and r2 = 0.976, respectively. Likewise significant positive correlation (p < 0.01) between total phenolic and flavonoids compounds with three different enzymes (i.e. α-amylase, glucosidase and xylanase) had justified the role of microbial enzymatic secretions in liberation of phenolic, flavonoids and antioxidant components during solid state fermentation.

The Growth and Enhancement of Functional Ingredients for Health Improvement of Perilla Leaves Using LED Light Source with QD Application

Quantum dot (QD) has been used in various fields of mechanics and medical display. However, there is no studies of the application into agricultural fields. QD is an excellent source of the light production which is necessary for the plant growth. We demonstrated whether the application of Quantum dot lamps (QDLs) improves in quantity and quality of the perilla leaf production. Four types of QDLs which emit different wavelengths of lights were installed in the perilla greenhouse in Milyang, Korea. Our results showed that QDLs significantly increased in the perilla leaf growth compared with the control LED lamps. In addition HPLC analysis showed that perilla leaves exposed by Q2R lamps significantly increased contents of biologically functional components, such as chlorophyll, total flavonoid and phenolic-acid compounds, and several phenolic compounds (caffeic acid, coumaric acid, felulic acid and vanilic acid). The antioxidative capacity of perilla leaves extract varies depending on the type of QDLs. This is the first study providing important information regarding the application of quantum dot technology into the agricultural field.

A novel antioxidant source: evaluation ofin vitrobioaccessibility, antioxidant activity and polyphenol profile of phenolic extract from black radish peel wastes (Raphanus sativusL. var.niger) during simulated gastrointestinal digestion

SummaryThe aim of this study was to evaluate the potency of polyphenolic extract from black radish (Raphanus sativusL. var.niger) root peel waste (PEBRRP) as an antioxidant food additive. PEBRRP was found a powerful antioxidant extract, in which had 172.9 ± 11.5, 462.72 ± 3.05, and 796.51 ± 10.4 mg TE per g dw of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) by CUPRAC, DPPH, and FRAP assays, respectively. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of PEBRRP were found as 305.51 ± 5.2 mg GAE per g dw and 171.58 ± 6.2 mg CAE per g dw, respectively. The ferulic acid (28.02 ± 4.5 mg per g dw) and epicatechin (19.82 ± 3.6 mg per g dw) were identified as the main polyphenols in undigested PEBRRP. The bioaccessibility of total phenolic and total flavonoid compounds of PEBRRP was found approximately 5%, and the antioxidant capacity of bioaccessible PEBRPP fraction was determined 6% in CUPRAC, 36% in DPPH and 47% in FRAP methods.

Investigation of the Biological Activities of Different Extracts from Dipsacus laciniatus Aerial Parts

Background: The aerial parts of Dipsacus laciniatus are traditionally used in the treatment of colds as cold tea; decoction prepared from its roots and aerial parts are used for the treatment of diabetes and cancer, respectively. The extraction procedures and solvents are important steps in the processing of bioactive constituents from the plant materials. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticholinesterase and cytotoxic activities for the first time in plant’s different extracts. Methods: The antioxidant activities of extracts were examined using FRAP and CUPRAC methods, including total phenolic and flavonoids contents. In addition, the antimicrobial, anticholinesterase and cytotoxic activities of extracts were investigated using microdilution, Ellman and MTT methods, respectively. Results: In the present study, methanol extract showed stronger iron (III) ion reduction (FRAP) and copper (II) ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) than other extracts and also contained higher total phenolic and flavonoid compounds. It was also found that there was a linear relationship between antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in this study. It was demonstrated that the chloroform and methanol extracts showed moderate antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis and C. albicans strains. The chloroform extract had a strong and selective cytotoxic activity for the MCF-7 and HT-29 cell lines, while the methanol extract showed low cytotoxic activity on the same cell lines. In addition, according to the obtained data, chloroform extract showed a toxic effect on normal cell line (NIH/3T3), but other extracts showed no toxic effect. Conclusion: Since methanol extract has no toxic effect on normal cell line and has strong antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antimicrobial activity, it is thought that this extract may be useful as an antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antimicrobial agents in the future.

Antioxidant Properties and Protective Effect of Aqueous Anti-Ulcer Drug (AQAUD) against Aspirin-induced Gastric Ulcers in Albino Rats

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant properties and protective effects of aqueous anti-ulcer drug (AQAUD) against aspirin-induced gastric ulcer in albino rats.&#x0D; Methods: In this study, 30 male albino rats were divided into 5 groups of 6 each. Rats in group I served as normal control and received food and water. Animals in group II received food and water in addition to aspirin (400 mg/kg.b.wt) orally on the 14th day. Rats in groups III, IV and V received “AQAUD” (250 mg/kg.b.wt), (500 mg/kg.b.wt) and Omeprazole (20 mg/kg.b.wt) respectively for 14 days and aspirin (400 mg/kg.b.wt) orally on the 14th day. In vitro antioxidant property of “AQAUD” was assessed by its nitric oxide and hydroxyl radicals scavenging properties. The ulcer protective effect of “AQAUD” was assessed by determining the free and total acidity, ulcer index and % protection in the stomach content. The antioxidant potential in animals was evaluated by determining the concentrations of malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were assayed in the stomach homogenates to further assess antioxidant potential. Total phenolics and flavonoid compounds were quantified to know the antioxidant content. Histopathological assessment of the gastric mucosa was used to assess the protective potentials of “AQAUD”. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 21.&#x0D; Results: The results revealed that free acidity and ulcer indexes were significantly (p&lt;0.05) reduced by “AQAUD”. There was a significant decrease in SOD activity of the stomach homogenates when compared to the aspirin group, with values for “AQAUD” 250 mg/kg.b.wt and “AQAUD” 500 mg/kg b.wt as 37.24±5.39ux10-2/mg protein and 23.64±2.91ux10-2/mg protein respectively. Result of acute toxicity testing showed that “AQAUD” is generally safe up to 5000 mg/kg b.wt.&#x0D; Conclusion: The results revealed that treatment with aspirin caused loss of gland architecture with erosion of epithelial layer, but AQAUD treatment ameliorated the effect of aspirin administration. The study revealed that “AQAUD” has considerable antioxidant potentials and can effectively protect against gastric ulcers.

Changes in the nutritional composition and antioxidant capacity of chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) during germination process.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of germination on the content of protein, lipids, fiber, ashes, tryptophan, vitamin C, total phenolic and total flavonoid compounds, as well as on the protein digestibility and antioxidant activity of chia seeds germinated for 1, 2, 3, and 4days. The results showed that germination for 2days augmented the protein content of chia seeds by 13% while fiber, tryptophan, total phenolic and flavonoid contents increased by 46%, 93%, 300%, and 197%, respectively, after 4days of germination. Vitamin C was not detected in dry seeds but increased up to 2.33mg/100g at fourth day of germination. The antioxidant capacity increased approximately 100% but protein digestibility decreased by 14% at day 4 of germination. Germination can be a good method to increase the nutritional and nutraceutical potential of chia seed for its use in the design of functional foods.

In vitro antioxidant capacity and phytochemical characterization of Eryngium kotschyi Boiss.

Context: Eryngium kotschyi is one of the species of Eryngium genus and was endemic to Turkey. It was known, that traditionally uses of this plant in the South-Western part of Turkey for the treatment of various diseases. Aims: To evaluate the antioxidant capacities of methanol extract and ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water sub-extracts as well as to determine the phytochemical composition and to quantify the major antioxidant compounds in the active sub-extract. Methods: Besides the total phenolic compounds and total flavonoid compounds, the antioxidant capacity of E. kotschyi was evaluated by DPPH●, ABTS+● and FRAP methods and qualitative and quantitative determination of phytochemical constituents in active sub-extract by LC-MS/MS. Results: The highest total phenolic (173.710 ± 1.088 mg gallic acid equivalent/gextract) and total flavonoid content (86.978 ± 0.650 mg catechin equivalent/gextract) was found in ethyl acetate sub-extract of E. kotschyi (EKE) and this sub-extract showed the highest antioxidant capacity on DPPH● (IC50 = 0.264 ± 0.040 mg/mL), ABTS+● (at a concentration of 0.125 mg/mL equivalent to 0.497 µM Trolox) and FRAP (at a concentration of 1 mg/mL equivalent to 1476 ± 5.292 mmol Fe2+) tests. Preliminary examination of the mass spectrums revealed the presence of 24 phytochemical compounds in this sub-extract and 7 of them was quantified. According to quantitative analyses the main compounds of EKE sub-extract were rosmarinic acid (490.820 ± 0.703 µg/mgextract), chlorogenic acid (80.405 ± 0.170 µg/mgextract), isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside (72.280 ± 0.33 µg/mgextract), rutin (63.020 ± 0.052 µg/mgextract) and caffeic acid (55.153 ± 0.523 µg/mgextract). Conclusions: The data suggest that EKE possess utilizable antioxidant properties in vitro. The antioxidant capacity of this sub-extract could be due to high content of phenolic and flavonoid contents.

Phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant evaluation of hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.) fruits and leaves extracts

Considering the facts that phenolic compounds have many pharmacological effects, as well that antioxidant effect of phenolic compounds has been proven in various experimental systems, aim of this research was to determine the content of total phenols and flavonoids and evaluation of antioxidant activity in ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts of fruits and leaves of the plant species Crataegus monogya Jacq., which is known as common hawthorn. The content of total phenolic compounds was determined by the spectrophotometric method using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and the content of flavonoids was determined using aluminum chloride. In vitro evaluation of the antioxidant activity of tested extracts was performed using the DPPH method. The amount of total phenolics was varied in fruits and leaves extracts and ranged from 38.05 ± 0.18 to 365.11 ± 0.32 mg GAE/g dw. Ethyl acetate extract of hawthorn leaves showed the highest content of phenolic compounds (365.11 ± 0.32 mg GAE/g dw). The flavonoid content was different in the fruits and leaves of hawthorn and ranged from 21.11 ± 0.11 to 122.98 ± 0.21 mg RU/g dw, whereby the highest content of flavonoids was found in ethyl acetate extract of leaves (122.98 ± 0.21 mg RU/g dw). Antioxidant activity of the tested extracts was expressed as IC50 values and ranged from 5.53 ± 0.08 to 293.51 ± 0.28 mg/ml. Ethyl acetate extract of hawthorn leaves showed considerable antioxidant potential (IC50 = 5.53 ± 0.08 mg/ml). Based on the obtained results, a significant correlation was found between the antioxidant activity and the content of total phenolics and flavonoids compounds in hawthorn fruits and leaves extracts.

In Vitro Screening for Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition and Antioxidant Activity of Quercus suber Cork and Corkback Extracts.

Purpose Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors are used to treat Alzheimer's patients because they enhance cholinergic neurotransmission. It is urgent to find new and efficient inhibitors from natural sources, highly bioavailable with low or no toxicity. The plant kingdom is extremely rich in a variety of compounds that are potent AChE inhibitors: flavonoids and other phenolic compounds have been recognized as promising Alzheimer's treatment agents. In this study, in vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibition, antioxidant activities, and total flavonoid and phenolic contents of ethanol-water extracts from Quercus suber cork and corkback were evaluated. Methods The acetylcholinesterase activity was determined by a colorimetric assay based on Ellman's methodology. The Folin–Ciocalteu colorimetric method was used for total phenolic content determination and the aluminium chloride method for the determination of total flavonoid content. Antioxidant activity assays were performed using the DPPH and FRAP assays. Results The acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity from Q. suber cork and corkback ethanol-water extracts was as follows: 62% inhibition with corkback extracts over 0.5 mg/mL and around 49% inhibition in cork extracts over 1.0 mg/mL extracts' concentration. Regarding the DPPH radical scavenging activity, the concentrations of cork and corkback ethanol-water extracts required for 50% DPPH inhibition (IC50) were 3.2 μg/mL and 4.0–5.2 μg/mL. Corkback extracts are less effective than Trolox standard (3.2 μg/mL) but cork extracts showed the same free radical scavenging activity compared to Trolox. Cork and corkback extracts have antioxidant power of 750.9–775.4 mg TEAC/g extract and 1051.2–2052.4 mg TEAC/g extract, respectively, which are significantly higher than the ones obtained with Trolox: 19.6–21.0 mg TEAC/g extract (cork assays) and 57.4–66.3 mg TEAC/g extract (corkback assays). The amounts of total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) compounds were 8.7–32.3 mg GAE/g and 4.8–10.7 mg CE/g dry mass for cork and 5.4–5.7 mg GAE/g and 42.5 mg CE/g dry mass for corkback extracts, respectively, using catechin (CE) and GAE (gallic acid) as standards. Conclusion These findings demonstrate the remarkable potential of these extracts as valuable source of antioxidants with interesting acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity.

The influence of extraction method on the composition and analgesic activity of Calligonum comosum phenolic extracts

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic activity and the effect of extraction methods (ultra-sound: UM and maceration: MM) and solvents (ethanol: EtOH and methanol: MeOH) on the composition of phenolic extracts from Calligonum comosum. The results obtained by HPLC analysis demonstrated that the ethanol extracts have shown the highest content of total phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Also, the presence of most known phenolic compounds has been identified in all extracts, especially in the MeOH UM extract. The HPLC analysis showed the presence of ascorbic acid in methanol extracts and caffeic acid in ethanol extracts, and the maceration method shows a high concentration of phenolic compounds, the vanillin was detected in MeOH UM and the appearance of chlorogenic acid in UM extracts, finally the emergence of gallic acid, quercetin and rutin in some extracts. According to the results of the analgesic power, the methanolic extract of the maceration method induces a significant decrease in abdominal cramps compared to the control group and the values obtained are very close from those obtained with the standard anti-inflammatory drug (indomethacin). This result confirmed the beneficial effect of this Saharan plant.

The effect of organic farming on total phenols, total flavonoids, brown compounds and antioxidant activity of spent coffee grounds from Mexico

ABSTRACTMexico is one of the world leaders in the production of coffee, but research on bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in Mexican coffee has been extremely limited and, importantly, the effect of organic farming on these properties has not been widely studied. Spent coffee grounds (SCG), the main by-product of coffee brewing, represent a serious environmental problem, but could become an important source of bioactive compounds for the pharmaceutical and food-processing industry. The aim of this work was, therefore, to study the effect of organic farming on bioactive and antioxidant properties of SCG; comparing samples of organic and conventionally grown coffee from the Mexican states of Veracruz and Chiapas, both of which produce coffee with the ‘Protected Designation of Origin’ distinction. Concentrations of total phenolic compound and total flavonoid compounds, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline 6- sulphonic-acid) antioxidant activity, and brown compound concentration were determined in SCG. Repeated measures ANOVAs were carried out on the data. Organic SCG samples showed significantly higher bioactive compound concentration (p < 0.01) and antioxidant activity (p < 0.001) than conventional SCG samples. This difference held across various extractions and the two geographical locations. Thus, this Mexican organic coffee by-product may represent an interesting source of such compounds for diverse industrial applications. Given that Mexico is one of the top producers of organic coffee in the world, there is a need for further research to consider other important variables, such as the type of coffee processing by-product and the type of coffee extraction process.