Total Erythrocyte Count Research Articles

Red blood cell profile in patients with mild, moderate and severe COVID-19

Background and objectives: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected millions of people world-wide. It is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Increasing evidence has shown abnormalities of different hematological parameters with the severity of the diseases. The present study was undertaken to determine the red blood cell (RBC) profile in different categories of COVID-19 patients.
 Materials and methods: The study was conducted from January 2020 to December 2020. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) positive COVID-19 patients were enrolled. Patients were categorized into mild, moderate and severe COVID-19 cases. Blood samples were analyzed by Automated Hematology Analyzer for hemoglobin concentration, total erythrocyte count and RBC indices. ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test, Chi square test, Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient test were performed as applicable using SPSS version 25.0.
 Results: A total of 100 RT-PCR positive COVID-19 patients were included in the study. There were 25, 38 and 37 mild, moderate and severe cases respectively. The mean age of the study participants was 44.68 + 13.16 years (range: 18 to 65 years). There were 67 (67%) males and 33 (33%) females. No significant difference in hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), total RBC count, red blood cell distribution width (CDW) was observed among the three groups. Significant negative correlation of mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH); rs-0.362 & -0.255 respectively) was observed with disease severity.
 Conclusion: The study showed low MCV and MCH were significantly related with the severity of the COVID-19 illness. Therefore, comprehensive analysis of the RBC profile would be helpful to understand the disease course.
 Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2021; 15(2): 26-31

GIS-Based Projected Land Use: A Case Study of Dhanbad District, Jharkhand, India

In the present investigation, a comparative study on acute toxicity of mercury to air breathing fish, Channa gachua (Ham.) and nonair breathing fish, Cyprinus carpio (Linn.) was undertaken. The 96h median lethal concentration (LC50) for C. gachua (0.188 mg l-1) was higher than that of C. carpio (0.105 mg l-1). From the result, the non-air breathing fish, C. carpio was 1.79 times more susceptible than C. gachua to mercury toxicity. Both the fishes showed changes in their ethological responses with the progress of time of exposure and increasing concentration of the toxicant. An alteration in the haematological parameters also recorded when the fishes exposed to mercury stress. The haemoglobin content (Hb), total erythrocyte count (TEC) and haematocrit (Hct) for both fishes significantly reduced) during their acute exposure. The level of total protein and serum globulin significantly decreased) at 96h in both fishes compared to the initial exposure at 0h, whereas, total glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol and albumin increased significantly in both fishes at 96h. The degree of change for each parameter was similar in both the fishes. This comparative study may help to determine the degree of toxicity of mercury as well as to understand its mode of action in the light of ethological and haematological responses to the fishes belong to different physiological nature.

Effects of Propofol and Ketamine as Induction Agent to Isoflurane and as Continuous Rate Infusion on Haematobiochemical Parameters in Dogs Premedicated with Glycopyrrolate, Dexmedetomidine and Butorphanol

Background: The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of propofol and ketamine as induction agent to isoflurane and as continuous rate infusion on haematobiochemical parameters in dogs premedicated with glycopyrrolate, dexmedetomidine and butorphenol. Methods: Twenty four animals were randomly divided into four Groups (A, B, C and D) comprising six animals in each. All the animals were premedicated with glycopyrrolate, dexmedetomidine and Butorphanol. Induction was done with propofol in group A and B and with ketamine in group C and D. Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in group A and C and with propofol and ketamine continuous rate infusion in group B and D, respectively. Blood samples were collected at 0(before premedication), 20, 40 and 60 min (during maintenance) to evaluate different haematobiochmical parameters. Result: The haemoglobin levels decreased in all the groups but significantly in Group C and Group D. The total erythrocyte count decreased in all the groups with significant change in Group D. The TLC, PCV, platelet, lymphocyte and monocyte count decreased non-significantly. The neutrophil, granulocyte count in all the groups increased non-significantly over the different observation period. The serum glucose and LDH increased significantly in all the groups. The GGT, alkaline phosphatise, BUN and serum creatinine increased non-significantly in all the groups.

​Haematological and Blood Chemistry Values in Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) from Ladakh, India

Background: Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is a pervasive carnivore species across most of Eurasia and parts of North Africa. The current study was aimed to evaluate baseline values for selected haematological and biochemical variables for red fox in Ladakh, India. Methods: Blood samples were collected from a female red fox with a drug combination of Xylazine and Ketamine. Selected haematological and biochemical variables were assessed for red fox in Ladakh, India. Result: The total leucocytic count was found as 6.37 10^3/uL, Differential Neutrophil count was found as 4.86 10^3/uL, absolute lymphocyte count, monocytes, eosinophil and basophils were found as 1.08 10^3/uL, 0.42 10^3/uL, 0 10^3/uL and 0.01 10^3/uL respectively. Differential count for neutrophil lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophil and basophils were found as 76.1%, 17%, 6.6%, 0.1% and 0.2% respectively. Total erythrocytic count was found as 8.710^6/uL, hematocrit as 12 g/dL, mean corpuscular volume was 47.4 fL and platelet as 212 10^3/uL. Serum biochemical analysis revealed serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase/ aspartate aminotransferase as 316 U/Lt, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase/alanine aminotransferase as 260 U/Lt and alkaline phosphatase as 46 U/Lt.

Assessment of biochemical, hematological and behavioral biomarkers of Cyprinus carpio on exposure to a type-II pyrethroid insecticide Alpha-cypermethrin

This study assessed some important physiological biomarkers of freshwater edible fish Cyprinus carpio following exposure to 10 % (T1) and 20 % (T2) sublethal concentrations of Alpha-cypermethrin (A-cyp) over a total period of 45 days. Behavioral responses were noticed and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were prepared during acute toxicity study. Total serum protein concentration, total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and total leukocytes count were decreased significantly (p < 0.05), while the blood glucose, total serum lipid concentration, and clotting time were increased significantly (p < 0.05) over control. The most affected fish group and most significantly altered biomarker under toxic stress of A-cyp were identified using integrated biomarker response (IBR). The biomarker response index (BRI) values measured the overall health status of the treated fish and indicated that moderate adverse effects were exerted on the fish group exposed to T2 for 45 days.

Age and sex-related differences in the haematological parameters of captive African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus)

African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) are very popular pets, commonly seen in avian clinical practice. Haematological profiles are critical to the understanding of several disease processes, being particularly useful as diagnostic tools in clinical practice, since birds tend to hide clinical signs of disease. We have previously proposed new haematological reference intervals (RI) for captive African grey parrots, and in the present work the basic data obtained was studied in detail to investigate the influence of factors, such as age and sex, on the haematological profile of this bird species. During an 8-year period (March 2009 to July 2017), animals (n = 239) examined in first consultations or check-ups at the Zoològic Veterinaris (Barcelona) were submitted to blood collection at different time points, rendering a total of 459 blood samples. The haematological testing was performed according to the guidelines of the American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology to determine the packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), mean haemoglobin concentration (MHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), total erythrocyte count (TRBC), total leukocyte count (TWBC), and differential leukogram with absolute and relative counts. All the haematological testing was performed in an in-house laboratory as previously described. Animals with 0 to 4 years of age showed higher values of PCV (P &amp;lt; 0.001), Hb (P = 0.023) and RBC (P = 0.018), and lower values of MCHC (P = 0.008), WBC (P = 0.012) and heterophils (P &amp;lt; 0.001) than older animals. There were significant differences exhibited in the monocytes (P = 0.035) between different age groups. Females presented higher PCV, Hb and RBC values (P &amp;lt; 0.001) compared to males. Our results suggest that the age and sex influence the haematological parameters in a significant manner in African grey parrots and should be accounted for when assessing the health status of individuals from this species.

Growth performance, hematological parameters and lipid profile of mice treated with black seed oil and vitamin-E

Nigella sativa (Black seed) has been recognized as one of the most popular herbs in many parts of the world for centuries and used as folk medicine to cure different kinds of diseases. Vitamin E is well known for its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, and has been studied in the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The present study was performed to determine the effect of black seed oil and Vit-E on growth performance and blood biochemistry in mice. A total of 40 mice weight between 25-27 gm were used for conducting the research. At first, the mice were randomly divided into 4 groups consisting 10 mice in each group. Group A served as the control group whereas Group B was administered black seed oil @ 0.5 ml/kg/day, Groups C was taken vitamin E @ 200 mg/kg/day and Group D was received both black seed oil @ 0.5 ml/kg/day + vitamin E @ 200 mg/kg/day respectively for 42 days. Result showed that, body weight of B, C and D group revealed a significant decrease than the control group (p&lt;0.05). Hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC) showed a significant change in B, C and D group than the control group (p&lt;0.05). On the other hand, Total Leukocyte Count (TLC) and Packed Cell Volume (PCV) were insignificant. The results of biochemical test explored that serum cholesterol and triglyceride value decreased significantly whereas HDL increased significantly in black seed oil, Vit-E treated groups than the control group (p&lt;0.05). But the LDL showed no change after treatment. It could be concluded that the black seed oil and Vit-E can be used in the therapeutic strategy of obesity, anemia and coronary diseases. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2021, 7 (2), 132-137

First report on efficacy of Citrus limetta seed oil in controlling cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus in red Sahiwal calves

The objective of the study was to evaluate the acaricidal activity of Citrus limetta seed oil (CLO) for controlling the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. C. limetta seeds were collected as a waste product from different juice corners. CLO was obtained after extraction of seeds on soxhlet apparatus using n-hexane as solvent. It was characterized through Gas Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectroscopy (GC-HRMS) to determine the presence of active constituents. In vitro bioassays were performed using adult immersion test (AIT) and larval packet test (LPT). In vivo acaricidal efficacy of CLO was performed on red Sahiwal calves using ear bag method. Clinical safety of CLO was evaluated by observing haematological parameters and skin irritancy assay. Results of GC-HRMS showed that mainly fatty acids such as linoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, and linolenic acid were present in the CLO. CLO in the concentration of 125 mg/mL (CLO8) exhibited 100 % mortality in both AIT and LPT. CLO significantly (p < 0.001) reduced the number of ticks from 35 to 5.05 and 3.24 on 144 h after treatment with CLO7 and CLO8, respectively. CLO was found clinically safe without producing erythema and edema on skin. Haematological parameters such as haemoglobin (11.48 g/100 mL), total leucocytes count (4.32 106/cumm), total erythrocytes count (6.80 106/cumm), and packed cell volume (34.39 %) were normal and controlled. CLO may be used as effective and safe drug therapy for controlling R. microplus ticks.

Biomarkers for assessing chronic toxicity of carbamazepine, an anticonvulsants drug on Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878)

In recent times, carbamazepine (CBZ) as an anticonvulsants drug has raised attention because of its safety concern in the aquatic environment. The present study aimed to evaluate the sub-lethal effects of CBZ (1%, 0.1 % and 0.01 % of 96 h LC50) on P. hypophthalmus for 60 days based on haematological, biochemical, and genotoxicity biomarkers. Chronic exposure of CBZ altered blood profiles (total erythrocyte count, packed cell volume, haemoglobin) and serum biomarkers such as alkaline phosphates, cholesterol, lactate dehydrogenase and transaminase enzymes. Oxidative stress biomarkers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity were also substantially affected in all treatments. Genotoxicity study revealed the formation of micronucleus in erythrocytes of exposed fish. Integrated Biomarker Response (IBR) study showed cholesterol, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) in serum and SOD, CAT in liver tissue are the best organ-based enzyme biomarkers. The present report concludes that an environmentally realistic concentration of CBZ can pose a serious threat to aquatic organisms.

A 5-Year Prospective Study on Incidence and Clinico-pathological Changes Associated with Naturally Occurring Trypanosomosis in Dogs of Mizoram, India.

The present research was taken to study the hospital-based incidence and clinico-pathological changes associated with naturally occurring trypanosomosis in dogs of Mizoram. A 5-year prospective study on hospital-based incidence and clinico-pathological changes associated with naturally occurring trypanosomosis in dogs of Mizoram was carried out during the study period from April, 2015 to March, 2020. Trypanosoma evansi infection was confirmed by microscopic examination and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Non-infected clinically healthy dogs (n = 6) served as control. Blood samples were collected to study the haemogram and serum samples were used for the evaluation of serum biochemical parameters and oxidant-antioxidant parameters. During the study period, an overall incidence of 0.25% was recorded for trypanosomosis in dogs. The most consistent clinical findings noticed were anorexia/inappetence, pyrexia, depression/lethargy, pale mucous membrane, dehydration and lymphadenomegaly. Anaemia, granulocytopenia, lymphocytosis and thrombocytopenia were the major findings noticed in trypanosomosis affected dogs. The profile of vital organ function revealed that the mean values of total protein, albumin and random blood glucose were significantly (P < 0.05) lower, whereas the mean values of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in dogs affected with trypanosomosis. The mean value of lipid hydroperoxide (LPO) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher, whereas the mean values of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant activity (TAOA) were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in trypanosomosis affected dogs. When total erythrocyte count (TEC) was correlated with LPO (r = -0.631, P < 0.05), a negative correlation was found, while in case of GSH (r = 0.757, P < 0.05), SOD (r = 0.767, P < 0.05) and TAOA (r = 0.713, P < 0.05), it was positively correlated. A negative correlation of TEC count with LPO, while a positive correlation with GSH, SOD and TAOA signify the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of anaemia induced by T. evansi infection in dogs. The present study findings might be helpful to clinicians when treating clinical cases of this kind. Incorporation of organ protective drugs and antioxidants in the treatment schedule may result in better prognosis.

The haemato-metabolic profile of high producing dairy cows during the transition period

The objective of the present study was to assess the haematological [haemoglobin, packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocyte count (TEC), erythrocytic indices, total leucocyte count (TLC) and differential leucocyte count (DLC)] changes and metabolic adjustment, viz. blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and cholesterol, in high-yielding Sahiwal and Karan Fries cows during the transition period. For this purpose, blood samples were collected from 8 pregnant Karan Fries crossbred cows and 8 pregnant Sahiwal cows on days -15, -7, 0 (the day of calving), +7 and +15 from calving, and used for estimation of haemoglobin, PCV, TLC, TEC, erythrocytic indices and DLC, and metabolic parameters, such as blood glucose, BUN, NEFA and cholesterol. It was found that haemoglobin concentrations, PCV and TEC increased significantly (P&lt;0.01) up to the day of calving, and gradually decreased thereafter to reach pre-partum levels in the subsequent weeks post-calving. While the TLC, number of neutrophils and monocytes were found to increase (P&lt;0.01), the number of lymphocytes decreased significantly (P&lt;0.01) on the day of calving and then reached pre-partum levels after calving. No significant effect was observed on erythrocytic indices parameters. Blood glucose, BUN and NEFA levels showed an increasing trend (P&lt;0.01) from 2 weeks pre-partum until the day of calving, and then decreased to the pre-partum level after calving. Unlike the other parameters, the plasma cholesterol level increased consistently from 2 weeks pre-partum to 2 weeks post-partum. In conclusion, the results of our study clearly show a definite pattern of the haematological and metabolic adjustment of high-producing dairy cows during the pre-partum to postpartum transition.

Haematological Traits of Induced Hypovolemic Large White Yorkshire Piglets as Affected by Feeding them Milk of Pantja Goats and Black Badri Cows

Background: Pig is recognized as an advantageous non-rodent animal model within a large number of biomedical research areas and of xenotransplantation of animal organs into humans. People prefer taking goat milk during dengue fever like conditions for recovery from low blood constituents, particularly the blood platelets, without any scientific proof. Methods: Haemoglobin, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and blood platelets count were studied in 2.5 months old 18 experimentally induced hypovolemic Large White Yorkshire (LWY) piglets at CVASc., GBPUAT, Pantnagar after feeding them milk of Pantja goats and black Badri cows over a period of 30 days during Oct.–Nov. 2019 and May-June 2020. Hypovolemia in piglets was achieved by withdrawing their 15% of total estimated blood volume (@ 7.5% in each time on day 1st and 3rd of experiment), followed by providing them with milk, which was double the amount of blood withdrawn, for 30 days. Control group (T1) piglets (6 no.) were maintained on basal diet, whereas group T2 and T3 piglets were given milk of Pantja goats and black Badri cows, respectively. Blood samples for testing were collected on 1st, 3rd, 7th, 15th and 30th day.Result: Average normal blood picture of weaned LWY piglets for haemoglobin (g/dl), ESR (mm/hr) and platelets count (105 cells/ mm3) was 11.36 ± 0.20, 10.00± 2.01, 3.1767 ± 0.2577, respectively. For haemoglobin and ESR, the values on testing days and the overall values for group T1, T2 and T3 piglets did not show any significant variation. However, the pooled values for haemoglobin were significantly different (P less than 0.01) on various testing days, being higher on day 1st and 30th than on 3rd, 7th and 15th day, implying that normal haemoglobin level was regained on 30th day of hypovolemia. The pooled values for ESR were significantly different (P less than 0.05) on various testing days, being higher on day 1st and 3rd only, which may be due to simultaneous increase in total erythrocyte counts. Overall mean platelets count (x105 cells/ mm3) for LWY piglets was 3.2570± 0.0890 and their values in group T1, T2 and T3 piglets were 3.0983±0.1675, 3.0820±0.1490 and 3.5907±0.1885, respectively, being significantly higher (P less than 0.05) for black Badri cow milk fed group piglets. This may imply usefulness of black Badri cow milk over Pantja goat milk in improving blood platelets count in human, considering pig a good animal model for human within a large number of biomedical researches.

Hematologic values in domestic pigeons naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium.

Avian mycobacteriosis is an important disease of birds and is most often caused by Mycobacterium avium or Mycobacterium genavense. However, little information on the hematologic changes associated with this infectious disease in pigeons has been published. The aim of this investigation was to compare the hematologic parameters of domestic pigeons (Columba livia var. domestica) naturally infected with Mavium subsp. avium (MAA) with clinically healthy pigeons. Blood samples were collected from 12 pigeons with suspected mycobacteriosis and 12 clinically healthy pigeons. All the birds with suspect infections were necropsied, and affected organs were cultured and examined on histopathology for mycobacteriosis. Total leukocyte and erythrocyte counts were performed on each blood sample with the Natt and Herrick method using a Neubauer hemocytometer. White blood cell (WBC) differential counts were performed on Giemsa-stained blood smears. Packed cell volumes (PCVs) were measured using the microhematocrit technique. Hemoglobin concentrations were measured with a spectrophotometer using the cyanomethemoglubin method. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations (MCHCs), and mean cell volumes (MCVs) were calculated manually. All of the infected birds had typical histopathologic findings of avian mycobacteriosis, which were confirmed using microbiologic and molecular methods to detect MAA. The hematologic data from the two groups were compared. The total WBC, heterophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts were significantly higher, and the PCV, HGB, MCH, and MCHC values were significantly lower in the infected birds compared with the clinically healthy pigeons.

Hemato-biochemical responses and histopathological alterations in the gill and kidney tissues of Osteobrama belangeri (Valenciennes, 1844) exposed to different sub-lethal unionized ammonia

Ammonia is a factor restricting production in aquaculture systems, hindering fish production adversely. A detailed study was planned and conducted using a static water system to scrutinize the toxic effects of unionized ammonia (UIA) on patho-physiological responses of O. belangeri, an important aquaculture candidate for diversification of freshwater aquaculture and endangered species, when exposed to different sub-lethal concentrations of UIA. The 96-h LC50 value of UIA on O. belangeri was found to be 1.36 mg l−1. The sub-lethal toxicity test with three UIA concentrations, i.e., 0.27, 0.68, and 0.80 mg l−1 at different exposure period of 24, 48, 72, and 96-h revealed that exposure to UIA induced a significant reduction in hematological parameters, such as total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leukocyte count (TLC), hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Hct). Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) also substantially declined due to UIA exposure. Among biochemical parameters, blood glucose, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and Na+ and K+ ion increased significantly. In contrast, serum protein, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and serum albumin notably decreased due to ammonia exposure. Fish exposed to different UIA concentrations for 96-h displayed several histopathologic alterations in the gill and kidney tissues. Gill tissues showed several lamellar deformations, while kidney tissues showed significant changes at the level of the glomerulus and tubular epithelium. The NOEL or safe concentration of UIA for this particular fish species was found to be 0.07 mg l−1. The observed patho-physiological alterations in the present study establish the most detail insights of UIA stress in O. belangeri and will enhance the international literature on UIA toxicity.

Anthelmintic effect of Indigofera tinctoria L on Haemonchus contortus obtained from sheep in Indonesia.

Background and Aim:Hemonchosis has resulted in huge economic losses for sheep farmers worldwide. Secondary metabolite compounds from Indigofera tinctoria L. can be used as anthelmintics. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo effects of I. tinctoria L. aqueous extract (IAE) as an anthelmintic against adult Haemonchus contortus isolated from sheep.Materials and Methods:Ten active adult worms were placed in each Petri dish containing 25 mL of IAE, each having a different concentration of IAE (at concentrations 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, and 220 mg/mL). Each experiment was repeated. The positive control used 1% albendazole, and the negative control used 0.62% saline water. The number of immobile worms and the time of mortality were recorded after 2, 4, 6, and 8 h. The dead worms were subsequently tested using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the in vivo study, 15 sheep with an average fecal egg count (FEC) of 1000 eggs per gram were treated with IAE for 9 days: Group A (negative control, saline water 0.62%), Group B (21 mg/mL), Group C (41 mg/mL), Group D (62 mg/mL), and Group E (positive control, albendazole 100 mg/mL). Measurements of the body weight, FEC reduction test, and hematology testing were performed on days 0, 7, and 14. SEM was performed using worms found from the abomasum of slaughtered sheep.Results:The leaves of I. tinctoria L. contained a number of secondary metabolites, including total tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and alkaloids. The most effective concentration that killed the adult H. contortus worms was 220 mg/mL (93.33% mortality) after 8 h of treatment. The electrophoresis results showed that the protein band at a dose of 22% was less than that of the control. The highest FECR value of the treatment group on the 14th day after treatment was at a dose of 62 mg/mL. The highest weight gain as well as the highest increased hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), and total erythrocyte count (TEC) values on the 14th day after treatment were at a dose of 41 mg/mL. The SEM results showed that IAE treatment caused the worms’ anterior parts to become wrinkled with thick creases and cuticle abrasion (in vitro) and the anterior part to shrink along with the presence of aggregates in the worm cuticle (in vivo).Conclusion:The aqueous extract of I. tinctoria contains tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and alkaloids and has an anthelmintic effect with decreased FEC, increased weight gain, Hb, PCV, and TEC, causing damage to the worms’ body and reducing the protein profile of adult H. contortus worms.

Effects of discriminate and indiscriminate use of enrofloxcin on hematological parameters

Hematological indication is an important finding for pathophysiology analysis of biological science. This study was designed with the aim to investigate the effects of residual antibiotics on hematological parameters of broiler following discriminate and indiscriminate use. 18 broiler DOC (Cobb-500) were reared up to 31 days. On day 16, they were randomly divided into 3 groups, namely Group–A (Control group), Group-B (Discriminate group) and Group-C (Indiscriminate group). Each group contains 6 birds. The discriminate and indiscriminate group was treated with antibiotic, enrofloxacin. In Group-B withdrawal period was followed and treatment was stopped before 7 days of sacrifice. On the other hand, withdrawal period was not maintained in indiscriminate group and the antibiotic treatment was continued until the day of sacrifice. The Total erythrocyte count (million/mm3) of control, discriminate, and indiscriminate groups were 3.15±0.047, 2.66±0.091, and 2.90±0.11 respectively. The Hb (gm%) of control, discriminate, and indiscriminate groups were 8.17±0.07, 7.37±0.09, and 7.28±0.07 respectively. The Packed Cell Volume (%) of control, discriminate, and indiscriminate group were 24.17±0.48, 23.17±0.48, and 22.33±0.67 respectively. There was no significant difference on blood parameter found among the groups. Therefore, discriminate and indiscriminate use of enrofloxacin has no bad effect on hematological parameters of broiler.

Nonylphenol exposure in Labeo rohita (Ham.): Evaluation of behavioural response, histological, haematological and enzymatic alterations

The impact of acute and chronic exposure of nonylphenol (NP) on behaviour, histopathology, haematology and biochemical parameters of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) was investigated in the current study. The 96 h LC50 of NP for L. rohita was estimated to be 0.548 mg L−1. Acute toxicity of NP induced several behavioural alternations. Further, sub-lethal NP exposure for a period of sixty days to 1/10th (0.0548 mg L−1), 1/15th (0.0365 mg L−1) and 1/20th (0.0274 mg L−1) of 96 h LC50 resulted a reduction in total erythrocyte count and haemoglobin content whereas the total leukocyte count was observed to increase significantly. Among the biochemical parameters, blood glucose level increased, but there was significant decrease in total serum protein, albumin and globulin level. Significant alterations occurred in the histological architecture of gill tissue in NP exposed groups. The catalase and superoxide dismutase activity in gill tissues were elevated significantly while the concentration dependent inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity was observed on 20th, 40th and 60th day of NP exposure. An increased glutathione-S-transferase activity in gill tissue was also observed in NP exposed groups. The present ecotoxicological study provides a reliable indication for the obligation to control the use and safe disposal of NP.

Clinico-pathological Studies on Canine Mammary Tumors in Dachshund Dog

Background: The study was aimed to find out the epidemiological data of canine mammary tumor in Dachshund breed in relation to age, growth rate, lymph node status, histological type of tumor and to compare hematological alterations of any within the tumor to compare hematological alterations due to different types of tumor.Methods: Mammary neoplasms were clinically evaluated. The measurement of total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leukocyte count (TLC), platelet count and packed cell volume (PCV %) was carried out as per standard methods. Histological observation was performed by staining with Hematoxylin and Eosin stain. Benign and malignant mammary tumors were found highest in the younger age group of 8 to 12 years and lowest thereafter.Result: 79.16% cases of the mammary tumors located in the inguinal region were found. The fast growth rate was observed in 45.83% of tumors. The hematological profile showed no difference. However, the platelet count in the malignant mammary gland tumor dogs showed significant (P less than 0.01) decrease than the normal and benign tumor dogs. Distant metastasis to lung was found only in 8.33% of the total mammary tumor dogs. Mammary tumors with stage I, stage II and stage III were restricted to benign mammary tumors whereas, those with stage IV and stage V were of malignant mammary tumors.

Análise sanguínea preventiva em cães obesos (Canis lupus familiares)

The objective of this study was to evaluate serum hematological and biochemical changes in obese young dogs clinically healthy. Twenty-six animals were selected, which were separated into two groups: thirteen with normal weight and thirteen with obesity. Exclusion criteria were used for the selection of groups, age between one and eight years, physical evaluation, blood count, and a questionnaire to investigate pre-existing pathologies (diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism, hepatic and/or renal insufficiency, congenital or acquired heart disease, locomotor problems, inflammatory and/or infectious diseases or physiological conditions such as pregnancy or lactation). 5-mL blood samples were collected from each patient by puncture of the cephalic vein in the morning after a feeding restriction of 10 hours. Hematocrit, total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, total leukocyte count, leukocyte differential count and serum albumin, total protein, globulins, ALT, ALP, HDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, urea, glucose, and insulin were assessed. No statistically significant differences were found between the groups in the hematological assessments. Among the biochemical tests, there were significant differences in total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and glucose (p ≤ 0.05).

Prevalence Of Leucocytozoonosis And Plasmodiosis In Duck (Anas platyrhynchos) That Are Maintained In The Household Scale

Leucocytozoon and Plasmodium are blood parasitic protozoa that can be found in poultry blood including ducks. These protozoa can cause Leucocytozoonosis and Plasmodiosis in poultry. Spread of the disease through different biological vectors. Similium sp. and Culicoides arakawae as vectors of Leucocytozoonosis and vectors of Plasmodiosis are Culex sp., Culiseta sp., and Aedes sp. This study aims to determine the prevalence of Leucocytozoonosis and Plasmodiosis in ducks that are maintained on a household scale. Ducks are taken from four locations (breeders on a household scale) in Besan Village. In each location, 5 ducks were taken so that the total number of ducks used was 20. This research used purposive sampling method. Samples of duck blood were made as blood smear preparations and stained with 10% Giemsa stain solution then observed under a microscope. The parameters observed were the percentage of blood samples infected with Leucocytozoon and Plasmodium and hematological parameters (total leukocyte count, total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin level, and PCV value). The results showed that Leucocytozoon and Plasmodium were not found in duck blood cells. The prevalence of Leucocytozoonosis and Plasmodiosis in ducks was 0%. The average value of duck blood profile through One Way Anova statistical analysis showed no significant difference between ducks from each sampling location (p&gt; 0.05) and the value of duck blood profile for all samples was within the normal range.