Total Dissolved Solids Concentration Research Articles

Geochemical analysis and quality assessment of geothermal water in Gujarat, India

Geothermal water can have a wide range of direct applications, including drinking, domestic use, irrigation and industrial use. This study analyses geothermal water from Dholera, Diu, Gandhar, Kutch, Porbandar, Tulsishyam, and Unai regions located in Gujarat, India, to determine the hydrochemistry for establishing the water's suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. From each region, three different water samples were collected. For drinking purpose, total eleven water quality parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulphate, carbonate and bicarbonate were evaluated. Piper and Durov plots were used to understand the ionic composition and evolution of water. Whereas for irrigation, the parameters such as total dissolved solids, sodium absorption ration, electrical conductivity, and potential salinity were used for water quality check. Wilcox Plot was plotted to understand the sodium and salinity hazard of water. Water quality index and irrigation water quality index were used to assess the water quality for making the analytical procedure easy. The findings indicate that the water samples from the Dholera and Diu areas had extremely high values for both the water quality index and total dissolved solids content. Water in these places may be appropriate for making salt. All the other samples show adequacy for utilization in irrigation purpose.

Boron removal from synthetic brines and oilfield produced waters using aluminum electrocoagulation

High boron (B) levels in oil and gas produced waters prevent its beneficial reuse as irrigation water without proper treatment. Aluminum (Al) electrocoagulation (EC) is a promising technology for B removal, but further research and development is needed to optimize EC for use in removing B from produced waters. To this end, B removal by adsorption onto insoluble aluminum hydroxide solids, generated by EC in simulated brines (up to 50,000 mg/L NaCl) and real oilfield produced waters, was studied. B removal during EC was greater than when aluminum hydroxide solids formed by EC were subsequently exposed to B containing solutions. Working parameters affecting B removal during the EC process, including current, total dissolved solid (TDS), temperature, pH, scale-forming cations and organic matter, were investigated to explore ways to achieve higher B removal. Boron removal increased with increased current loading and time, and with the concomitant increased Al solids concentration. However, too high a current loading limited B removal because of a change in the structure of the aluminum hydroxide solids. Higher TDS decreased B removal slightly, but lower TDS concentrations limited the use of higher current loadings. Temperature increased during EC treatment, particularly at higher current loadings, and this inhibited B removal due to an accelerated aggregation of amorphous Al solids into larger, denser, and presumably more crystalline particles. The best B removal occurred at pH 8, corresponding to a slightly positive zeta potential for aluminum hydroxide and a small but significant fraction of negatively charged B species. Scale-forming cations such as Ba2+ and Sr2+ had no obvious effect on the EC process. The presence of high concentrations of Mg2+ and Ca2+ resulted in low bulk pH values during the EC process and greater formation of solid products, but B removal did not decrease during a pH-controlled (pH = 8) EC process with these divalent cations present. Two produced water samples collected from oilfields in Kansas, US were treated using EC for 1 h, resulting in up to ~70 % B removal from solution with a current loading of 6.67 A/L, and up to 78 % with 13.33 A/L.

GALDIT Modification for Seasonal Seawater Intrusion Mapping Using Multi Criteria Decision Making Methods

Recently, coastal aquifers have been found to be increasingly exposed to seawater intrusion (SWI) due to climate change and anthropogenic activities. Various method exists for coastal aquifer vulnerability mapping and the one most commonly used is GALDIT because of its simplicity. The present study modified the original GALDIT ratings and weights using Shannon’s entropy theory to study the seasonal vulnerability of coastal aquifer in the coastal region of Benin, West Africa. Thus, the monthly GALDIT index for the study region was computed using 5 years of (2015–2019) average data of GALDIT dynamic input parameters. The original and modified GALDIT approaches were validated using total dissolved solid (TDS) concentration. Pearson’s correlation and Spearman coefficient correlations were calculated, and generally the modification of the GALDIT parameters’ relative weight using entropy has improved the method as this gave a better correlation with TDS concentration (0.739). From the calculated monthly GALDIT index, the most vulnerable period was identified using TOPSIS method. Based on TOPSIS results, the coastal aquifer of Benin is more vulnerable to seawater intrusion in February due to the decrease of groundwater level in that period and less vulnerable in July. The performed sensitivity analysis showed that height of groundwater level above the mean sea level, distance from shore, and thickness of the saturated aquifer have the most influence in vulnerability to SWI assessment in the study area.

Dilution and Pollution: Assessing the Impacts of Water Reuse and Flow Reduction on Water Quality in the Los Angeles River Basin

Los Angeles (LA), California, USA is one of many population-dense, arid cities whose treated wastewater discharge comprises most of the river flow (up to 70% in the LA River). Like other arid cities, LA plans to improve water supply by reusing treated wastewater and diverting nonstorm stormdrain flows. This study quantifies the impact of these management actions on pollutant loads and concentrations in the LA River. Daily pollutant loads and concentrations for total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), copper, zinc, and lead were predicted using EPA SWMM across nine wastewater reuse and nonstorm stormdrain diversion scenarios. Reduced flows generally decreased daily loads for all pollutants, but the impact on daily concentrations varied. Concentrations of TDS, TSS, copper, and lead increased with wastewater reuse, while zinc concentrations increased with the reduction of nonstorm stormdrain flows. Copper, zinc, and TDS water quality objectives were met less frequently with increasing flow reduction. These results elucidate the potential impacts of flow reductions on water quality and will help inform management decisions in effluent-dominated rivers.

Effects of return flows on stream water quality and availability in the Upper Colorado, Delaware, and Illinois River Basins

Understanding effects of human water use and subsequent return flows on the availability and suitability of water for downstream uses is critical to efficient and effective watershed management. We compared spatially detailed estimates of stream chemistry within three watersheds in diverse settings to available standards to isolate effects of wastewater and irrigation return flows on the suitability of downstream waters for maintaining healthy aquatic ecosystems and for selected human uses. Mean-annual flow-weighted total and source-specific concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in individual stream reaches within the Upper Colorado, Delaware, and Illinois River Basins and of total dissolved solids within stream reaches of the Upper Colorado River Basin were estimated from previously calibrated regional watershed models. Estimated concentrations of both nitrogen and phosphorus in most stream reaches in all three watersheds (at least 78%, by length) exceed recommended standards for the protection of aquatic ecosystems, although concentrations in relatively few streams exceed such standards due to contributions from wastewater return flows, alone. Consequently, efforts to reduce wastewater nutrient effluent may provide important local downstream benefits but would likely have minimal impact on regional ecological conditions. Similarly, estimated mean-annual flow-weighted total dissolved solids concentrations in the Upper Colorado River Basin exceed standards for agricultural water use and (or) the secondary maximum contaminant level (SMCL) for drinking water in 52% of streams (by length), but rarely due to effects of irrigation return flows, alone. Dissolved solids in most tributaries of the Upper Colorado River are attributable primarily to natural sources.

Climate change impacts on the flow regime and water quality indicators using an artificial neural network (ANN): a case study in Saskatchewan, Canada

AbstractIn this study, the artificial neural network (ANN) method was applied to investigate the impacts of climate change on the water quantity and quality of the Qu'Appelle River in Saskatchewan, Canada. First, the second-generation Canadian earth system model (CanESM2) was adopted to predict future climate conditions. The Statistical DownScaling Model (SDSM) was then applied to downscale the generated data. To analyze the water quality of the river, concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO) and total dissolved solids (TDSs) from the river were collected. Using the collected climate and hydrometric data, the ANNs were trained to simulate (i) the ratio of snowfall-to-total precipitation based on the temperature, (ii) the river flow rate based on the temperature and precipitation; and (iii) DO and TDS concentrations based on the river flow and temperature. Finally, the generated climate change data were used as inputs to the ANN model to investigate the climate change impacts on the river flow as well as DO and TDS concentrations within the selected region. Hydrologic alteration of the river was evaluated via the Range of Variability Approach (RVA) under historical and climate change scenarios. The results under climate change scenarios were compared with those under historical scenarios and indicated that climate change would lead to a heterogeneous change in precipitation and temperature patterns. These changes would have serious degrading impacts on the river discharge as well as DO and TDS concentration levels, causing deterioration in the sustainability of the river system and ecological health of the region.

Piezoelectric atomizer in aeroponic systems: A study of some fluid properties and optimization of operational parameters

The piezoelectric method to atomize fluids in aeroponic systems is known as a new application. In the current study, the effects of four independent variables on the misting rate were investigated. These variables were Dosage of Chemical Fertilizer (DCF), the Height of Solution above Piezoelectric Ceramic (HSPC), Piezoelectric Location at the Bottom of the Container (PLBC), and the Container Geometry (CG). Physical properties such as fluid density, viscosity, surface tension, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the solutions were measured. Moreover, optimization was performed to determine suitable ranges of independent variables to get the optimum value of the misting rate. Results showed that the HSPC, PLBC, and CG significantly affect the total misting rate (P < 1%). Besides, the DCF, HSPC, and CG have significant effects on surface evaporation at a probability level of 1%. At the temperature of 25 ℃ and for different concentrations of fertilizer, the density, viscosity, surface tension, TDS, and EC varied between 1 002–1 006.5 kg/m3, 1.009–1.395 mPa·s, 0.071 82–0.072 98 N/m, 253–3 397 mg/L, 502–6 795 µS/cm, respectively. Total misting rate ranged between 0.499 and 5.720 g/min. In the outlet of the mist generation container, mass flow rate was in the range of 59.895 to 65.116 g/min. Also, theoretically calculated mist average droplet size was in the range of 2.90 to 2.92 µm for different fertilizer doses. The present study is the first research on the factors affecting the ultrasonic mist production rate in an aeroponic system. For future developments, effect of voltage, frequency, and using horn should be investigated. Besides, similar research should be done in the field of gas-phase bioreactors (mist bioreactors).

Applying Saudi clay deposits for treatment of household water at the point-of-use

This research aims to beneficiate the clay deposits abundant in the Al Baha district to produce ceramic filters for “point-of-use” household water treatment technology to remove dissolved solids from water that is no longer valid for drinking purposes to meet the needs of the community through a safe household and industrial water supply after further treatment purposes. In addition, it helps to reduce the expenses of citizens earmarked to buy drinking water. A sample of laterite, clay, and kaolin from Al Baha district was thermally treated at 800 °C, acid treated with HCl, analyzed by XRD, FTIR, and SEM, and tested for treatment of household water. The temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids (TDS) were measured. In the application step for point-of-use water treatment of household water, the treated materials were introduced in calcined kaolin filters and commercial polypropylene filters. Based on the results of household water treatment with raw and treated clay materials, the raw clay materials, has poor adsorption capacity. The thermal treatment of clay samples dehydrates the clay minerals into sintered aluminosilicates and enhances the conversion of poorly crystallized iron oxide to α-Fe2O3 without improving the adsorption capacity of clay materials. However, the acid treatment of the clay samples removes iron-bearing minerals leaving behind amorphous aluminosilicate matter characterized with improved adsorption capacity. It was concluded that the acid treatment of clay material by concentrated HCl acid completely leaches iron oxide phases and broke down and disintegrated the clay minerals into the amorphous matter with enhanced the adsorption capacity. The combination of selected acid-treated laterite, clay, and charcoal for the household water treatment filter at the point of use in the calcined kaolin filter and the polypropylene filter reduced the TDS content by 40–42%.

Cultivation Innovations of Growth Promoting Bacteria and the Characteristics of Several Vegetables

Reducing the use of chemicals in vegetable cultivation is an environmentally friendly cultivation technology that is expected to reduce negative impacts on the environment. One of the efforts to reduce chemicals in cultivation is to use bacteria that live in plant roots as plant growth promoters or biopesticides. This study aims to determine the number of endophytic bacteria from bamboo and leguminosae roots that have the potential as plant growth promoting agents. The making of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) starter which was carried out in this study used the roots of bamboo, lemongrass and Mimosa Pudica Linn. Furthermore, it is applied to vegetable cultivation (Chinese cabbage, tomato, carrot and green mustard/caisim) to determine the physical characteristics of vegetables from the result of PGPR application compared to results from conventional farmers. This study used a factorial randomized block design with 2 factors. The first factor is the plant roots used, while the second factor is the length of the plant roots soaking in water, namely 72, 96, 120 hours. The data from the PGPR starter analysis results are made into a table, then a descriptive discussion is carried out. For vegetable data from the cultivation results using PGPR compared to vegetable from conventional farmer results. Based on laboratory analysis, obtained the total microbes in samples from bamboo roots with a soaking time of 72 hours were higher than the other samples, namely 8.49 x 106 cfu ml-1; pH in samples of PGPR from the roots of Mimosa Pudica Linn, bamboo, lemongrass, commercial PGPR (from Central Java farmers) ranged from 3.0 to 6.7; while the total dissolved solids content ranged from 0.2 to 2.6%. Based on the graph of plant growth in the PGPR treatment and with no treatment, there is a slight difference, not much increase or decrease. In tomatoes with PGPR treatment, plant growth was higher than without the use of PGPR, while for Chinese cabbage and caisim the growth was almost the same between PGPR treatment and without PGPR. For carrots, it was seen that with PGPR treatment, plant growth was lower than without PGPR. The results of the analysis of texture, brightness level and total dissolved solids in Chinese cabbage, caisim, tomatoes and carrots with PGPR application, the characteristics are almost the same as the results of conventional farmers. By looking at these results, it is hoped that in the future cultivation innovation by utilizing bacteria around the roots, is one of the environmentally friendly cultivation applications and begins to reduce the use of chemicals in cultivation.

Characterization of Solid Waste Leachateand Its Impact on Surface Water Quality: A Case Study at Rajbandh, Khulna, Bangladesh

The present study was carried out to characterize leachate from waste dumping site and its impact on surrounding surface water quality at Rajbandh in Khulna. For this purpose, surface water samples (10) and leachate samples (5) were taken from the site during two season the monsoon season and post monsoon respectively. The samples were taken during the daytime from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m because at midday the temperature rises and the physico-chemical parameters of the water are modified. Some physico-chemical parameters such as pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), Total dissolved Solids (TDS), Dissolve Oxygen (DO), Chloride (Cl-), Magnesium (Mg2+), Calcium (Ca2+), Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Iron (Fe2+), Phosphate (PO43-), Sulfate (SO42-), Nitrate (NO32-) were analyzed in the laboratory in accordance with standard laboratory procedure. As well as some heavy metals such as Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Manganese, Iron and Zinc were also analyzed in the laboratory. It is observed that, the physicochemical characteristics of surface water and leachate samples vary among the parameters in two seasons throughout the study period. The concentration of TDS and EC were found to be high in leachate compare to surface water samples that might be caused due to the existence of high-level various anions and soluble salts with other inorganic components. In monsoon the TDS values ranged from 3227 ± 2357 for leachate and 737 ± 498 for surface water samples whereas in post-monsoon the variation followed by 4640 ± 1790 and 803 ± 232 for surface water and leachate respectively. In case of EC for leachate it varied from 3630 ± 1397 and 4900 ± 1734 for monsoon and post-monsoon seasons correspondingly but varied from 1473 ± 498 in monsoon and 1627 ± 473 in post-monsoon for surface water samples. The high concentration of BOD (3.91 ± 1.54 in monsoon and 6.25 ± 3.27 in post- monsoon) and COD (117.80 ± 58.31 in monsoon and 229.39 ± 166.55 in post-monsoon) value were found in surface water samples compared to leachate samples. In case of Cr for leachate it varied from 0.081 ± 0.029 and 0.070 ± 0.026 for monsoon and post-monsoon seasons correspondingly. As well as the concentration of Cd (0.023± 0.006 in monsoon and 0.087±0.068 in post monsoon) and Pb (0.35±0.109 in monsoon and 0.025±0.013 in post monsoon) varied greatly during both season. The concentration of heavy metals such as Pb, Zn, Cr and Mn in surface water samples was also greater than 0.001mg/l. Further for leachate COD was very strongly correlated with TDS and cadmium. Magnesium was significantly correlated with potassium. For surface water sample TDS was significantly correlated with EC and pH. Chloride was significantly correlated with Cd and pb was correlated with calcium. This study recommended that the authority should take proper steps for the management of waste as well as give emphasis on the leachate collection.

Effects of simulated surface freshwater environment on in situ microorganisms and their methanogenesis after tectonic uplift of a deep coal seam

Secondary biogenic coalbed gas (CBG) is the gas generated by the microbial degradation of coal or wet gas components after freshwater recharge events. However, in situ microorganisms in deep coalbed water with high total dissolved solids (TDS) content may be overlooked. The evolution of the community structure and gene function of in situ microorganisms and their contributions to secondary biogenic CBG are poorly understood. The coalbed water TDS content in the Miquan region of southern Junggar Basin is unusually high (up to 45,000 mg/L), CBG is biogenic, and microorganisms have been detected in coalbed water. This study collected coal and high-TDS coalbed water samples in the Miquan region. Gas production experiments in a simulated freshwater environment (carrying nutrients) were conducted. Microbial community structure and gene function were analyzed using metagenomic sequencing. The gas production capacity of microorganisms in high-TDS coalbed water was significantly enhanced (up to 220.81%) under subculture with deionized water and nutrients. Microbial community analysis indicated that the hydrolytic bacterial group changed from a single genus to a state of synergistic degradation by multiple genera. The abundances of acidogenic bacteria, hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria, and methanogens gradually increased. Overall, the relationships between microorganisms were significantly optimized. Gene function analysis showed that most of the functional types were related to metabolism. Low-TDS culture enhanced the metabolic capacity of the microorganisms, thereby improving the fermentation performance. Finally, through combining the succession of the microbial communities, gene function changes, and gas production results, the geological methane-producing process of the in situ microorganisms in deep high-TDS coalbed water against the background of tectonic uplift was recreated.

Influence of permafrost and hydrogeology on seasonal and spatial variations in water chemistry of an alpine river in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China

Known as the third pole of the world, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has been experiencing rapid permafrost warming and thawing over the last few decades. However, the impact of permafrost distribution and hydrogeology on river hydrochemistry in alpine areas remains unclear. This study conducted four sampling campaigns to reveal the temporal and spatial variations in and factors driving river hydrochemistry in the upper reaches of the Heihe River, the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. We found that the concentrations of major ions and total dissolved solids (TDS) in river water showed substantial seasonal variations; the concentrations were generally lower during the initial thawing and thawed periods than during the initial freezing period. However, solute fluxes during the thawed period were much higher than those during the frozen period. The concentrations of major ions and TDS gradually decreased to a minimum from the permafrost meander (PM) section to the seasonal frost meander (SFM) section and then increased the seasonal frost canyon section. Using the revised forward model, we found that river solutes were contributed by carbonate weathering (mean 38.9%) > sulfide oxidation (22.9%) > evaporite dissolution (20.2%) > atmospheric precipitation (8.7%) > silicate weathering (5.0%) > glacial meltwater (4.3%). The higher TDS, Na+, Cl−, Ca2+, Mg2+, and SO42− concentrations in the PM section reflected the influence of freeze-out fractionation. The concentrations of major ions and TDS were lowest in the SFM section, indicating that the riparian porous aquifer was essential in regulating river hydrochemistry, thus reducing its spatiotemporal variations in the alpine area. In the mountain glacier–hillslope–riparian porous aquifer–river system, the river was mainly recharged by groundwater with insufficient water–rock interactions due to the rapid flow owing to the high elevation difference and high permeability of the riparian quaternary porous aquifers. Our findings provide insights into the construction of hydrogeochemical models in alpine areas and are practically important for the scientific management of water resources in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Mapping Groundwater Potential Zones Using Analytical Hierarchical Process and Multicriteria Evaluation in the Central Eastern Desert, Egypt

Exploring alternative freshwater resources other than those surrounding the Nile is critical to disperse Egypt’s population to other uninhabited desert areas. This study aims to locate groundwater potential zones (GWPZs) in the water-scarce desert between the Qina and Safga-Bir Queh regions to build groundwater wells, thereby attracting and supporting people’s demand for water, food, and urban development. Multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) and analytical hierarchical process (AHP) techniques based on remote sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) were used to map GWPZs. The outcome of the GWPZs map was divided into six different classes. High and very-high aquifer recharge potentials were localized in the middle and western parts, spanning 19.3% and 17% (16.4% and 15.7%) by MCE (AHP). Low and very low aquifer recharge potentials were distributed randomly in the eastern part over an area of 29% and 14.3% (26.9% and 6.1%) by MCE (AHP). Validation has been undertaken between the collected Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) and with the calculated GWPZs, indicating that the highest and lowest TDS concentrations of most aquifers are correlated with low to very low and high to very high aquifer potential, respectively. The study is promising and can be applied anywhere with similar setups for groundwater prospect and management.

Mechanistic insights into the degradation of monovalent selective ion exchange membrane towards long-term application of real salt lake brines

The coexistence and interaction of monovalent selective electrodialysis membranes with real brines prompt us to investigate the mechanistic insights into the deterioration in separation efficiency of membranes for their practically long-term applications. In this work, the polyethyleneimine (PEI)/poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) (PS-DVB) monovalent selective ion exchange membrane (IEM) was exposed to the brines from Llullaillaco Salt Lake (Argentina) with highly concentrated total dissolved solids (TDS) for the practically long-term operation for up to 30 days. A concurrent degradation of surface nanostructure and charge functionalization of the IEM membrane occurred, leading to a decreased mono-/divalent permselectivity from 16.60 to 5.67 (i.e., K+/Mg2+), before/after being treated by real brines (409 g/L TDS concentration). The declined separation property is believed to be attributable to the surface degeneration, because of the reduction in electrostatic interactions between the PEI active layer and the PS-DVB support. This is caused by the amassed ions that disturb and/or even destroy the ionic crosslinking interactions between oppositely charged ammonium- (PEI) and sulfonate-based (PS-DVB) polyelectrolytes. From these findings in this study, we develop a fundamental understanding to unveil the decomposition of the ionic crosslinking network of monovalent selective IEMs, within highly salinity solutions, offering guidance for the electrodialysis practical applications, but beyond the salt lake brines.

Compositional Analysis of Conventional and Unconventional Permian Basin-Produced Waters: A Simple Tool for Predicting Major Ion Composition

Summary Treatment methods for produced water (PW) are significantly affected by a high concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS), a summation of dissolved organic and inorganic compositions. Understanding the constituents of TDS to eliminate or prevent chemical reactions is critical in the design optimization of the treatment processes. In this paper, two PW geochemical data sets generated from conventional and unconventional reservoirs in the Permian Basin were analyzed to correlate constituents with TDS. Compositional data sets from over 115,000 PW samples originally reported by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and 45 oil and gas operations were analyzed. Data preprocessing, culling, systematized- and meta-analysis, and statistical techniques were adapted to associate the data. Subcompositional geochemical data were transformed into isometric log ratios and are presented in bivariate and multivariate plots. Results indicate that Na+ and Ca2+ were the dominant cations and Cl− was the dominant anion. No observable trend differences in the Na+, Cl−, Ca2+, Mg+, and SO42− concentrations between PW from conventional and unconventional wells were registered. Variations in the isometric log ratio of Na/Cl and Ca/SO4 with TDS revealed that Na/Cl was nearly constant over the range of TDS, suggesting mineral buffering or a lack of significant water/rock reactions involving Na and Cl, and that Ca/SO4 increased with TDS, indicating that low-salinity fluids may have dissolved anhydrite producing a value near zero, with Ca gain and/or SO4 loss with increasing salinity. In all 10 counties and 8 formations investigated in this work, the ln (Ca/SO4) denotes Ca gain/SO4 loss relative to their composition in anhydrite or Permian seawater. Likely mechanisms leading to elevated ln (Ca/SO4) include sulfate reduction, dolomitization of calcite, Na/Ca cation exchange, albitization, and anhydrite precipitation from Ca-rich fluids. Results from this work are important as it is revealed that Ca/SO4 and Na/Cl can potentially be predicted from PW TDS concentrations. This information was combined to create a reservoir or location-specific model to estimate Na, Cl, Ca, and SO4 concentrations in Permian Basin PW, a powerful tool to improve treatment and reuse options in areas with few direct data.

Development and application of a contaminant transport model for groundwater remediation and reservoir protection: a case study from India.

The upper Kodaganar basin, located in Dindigul district of Tamil Nadu, India, is composed of hard rock terrain. Groundwater is the major source of domestic and irrigation needs and it is being contaminated by tannery wastewater that is discharged into the nearby Sengulam Lake. The main aim of this work was to develop a contaminant transport model using the total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration of groundwater measured in the basin. The model was developed to predict the fate of contaminant in the aquifer. The TDS concentrations in the wells ranged from 249 to 20,120mg/L, wherein extremely high values were observed in some of the severely contaminated wells. Three scenarios were proposed to predict the fate of the contaminant and to mitigate the effect of contaminant on groundwater receptors for the year 2020: scenario I: developed with the existing discharge conditions; scenario II: developed with discharge as per the standards; scenario III: developed with zero discharge. The results of this study showed that scenario III reduced the contaminated area from 12 km2 to 6 km2. The reduction in area for different concentration contours, namely 2000mg/L, 5000mg/L, 10,000mg/L, and 15,000mg/L, was 2 km2, 0.5 km2, 0.2 km2, and 0.1 km2, respectively, and the groundwater remediation was expected to take 2050years. Hence, there is an urgent need for the application of clean and resource efficienttechnologies in process industries, and the implementation of suitable wastewater treatment technologies to prevent ground water pollution in the region.

Effect of conventional retting of jute on the quality of water and jute fiber

Jute is a natural fiber also known as golden fiber in Bangladesh. Jute fiber is commonly extracted from the plant after immersion in water bodies. The traditional jute retting process harms the quality of jute fiber as well as water where jute plants were immersed as it decomposes bio-mass and hampers different water quality indicating parameters. In this study water samples were collected from different ponds and ditches at Muktagacha Upazilla, Mymensingh, Bangladesh in July 2020. Samples were collected from jute pre- and post-retting water bodies. The study was conducted to monitor the effect of jute retting on various physicochemical and microbiological parameters like- pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), and dissolved oxygen (DO). All parameters were measured at the central laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University using a Multiparameter waterproof meter with a probe. To examine water quality, water samples were collected three times from five particular water bodies of stagnant waters, and the freshwater of the canal and pond. Water quality parameters of pre and post-retting jute water were found as pH 6.42~7.02 and 6.10~5.59, TDS 18~81 mgL-1and 103~183 mgL-1, DO 2.3~2.4 mgL-1and 0.8~0.9 mgL-1, and EC 36~163 µScm-1and 222~396 µScm-1, respectively. A comparison was made with the standard values of water quality parameters and found notable differences with the Department of Environment standards of Bangladesh. Another observation was also made to determine whether the retting water can influence fiber quality or not. Observed results indicated that a low level of pH and DO in jute retted water in a pond may not be suitable for fish cultivation. On the other hand, higher content of TDS and EC in post jute retting water was found responsible for the poor quality of jute fiber.&#x0D; Progressive Agriculture 32 (2): 151-161, 2021

Chemical Characteristics of Ordovician Formation Water and Its Relationship with Hydrocarbons in Halahatang Depression, Tarim Basin, NW China

The chemical characteristics of Ordovician formation water and its relationship with hydrocarbons in the Halahatang depression (Tabei Uplift, Tarim Basin, NW China) were analyzed on the basis of the detailed formation water test data. The formation water in the Halahatang depression can be characterized as CaCl2 type with high total dissolved solids (TDS) generally. The TDS concentration has a weak negative relationship with the depth, and is above 200 g/L in the North Region (north of the pinch-out line), then gradually decreases to the south, but is still greater than 50 g/L. The ion-proportionality coefficients of formation water, including the sodium-chlorine coefficient, desulfurization coefficient and metamorphic coefficient, reflect that the present strata are well sealed and had once experienced strong water-rock interactions. Furthermore, the source and evolution of the formation water presents a closed relationship with the hydrocarbon accumulation. The meteoric source of the formation water indicates the denuding by the Ordovician formation and the damage from the previous oil and gas reservoirs. The reservoir quality was also improved due to the strong karstification during the denudation, which was beneficial for hydrocarbon accumulation. The distribution of the TDS concentration is controlled by the caprock (Sangtamu Formation) and the high salinity fluids from overlying strata and adjacent regions. A geological model was established, the high salinity fluids penetrated the Ordovician strata resulting in the TDS increases in the northern part. Whereas, the South Region (south of the pinch-out line) was less affected due to the shielding layer of the O3s. The favorable preservation conditions reflected by the high TDS and ion-proportionality coefficients correspond to the stable subsidence of strata since the Triassic era, the oil and gas reservoirs formed in the Himalayan can be preserved.

An integrated approach for the identification of potential shallow groundwater zones in west-central Saudi Arabia

This study aimed to identify groundwater resources at Harrat Khaybar to meet the increasing demand for groundwater for drinking and other purposes, including agricultural and industrial activities. Aquifers were assigned based on integrated electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and hydrogeological data. Twenty-three ERT profiles ranging 590–890 m long distributed across Harrat Khaybar were acquired. The ERT data were processed to obtain 2D subsurface geoelectrical sections that indicated a variable depth for groundwater as 6–280 m. To investigate water quality, 69 groundwater samples were collected from intensively pumped wells distributed throughout the Harrat. The depth to groundwater measured in these wells ranged 1.5–80 m. It was concluded that Harrat Khaybar is composed of basaltic lava flows underlain by alluvial deposits, which represent two significant water-bearing formations: sub-basaltic alluvial deposits and basalt flows. The depth to the groundwater abruptly deepened from 1.5 to 80 m in the northeast and southwest directions, which could be due to groundwater-bearing formations dipping in these directions or northwest-orientated tension faults. The groundwater quality was assessed in terms of total dissolved solids (TDS), which ranged from 225 to 8340 mg/l, and a TDS-drilling zone encountered in the western part of the Harrat, the following similar most likely resulted from groundwater mineralization. The concentration of TDS generally decreased toward the east in the groundwater flow direction. The pH (6.5–8.1) of the samples indicated that the groundwater pH meets quality standards for domestic and irrigation purposes. It is concluded that, the application of both methods will be of great benefit to identify the groundwater sources and its quality as well.

Microbial Community Composition in Thermal Waters from the Lindian Geothermal Field (Songliao Basin, North-Eastern China)

Geothermal systems represent discrete and relatively homogenous habitats for extremophiles; investigation into the microbial community is key to revealing the geochemical environment and the geochemical evolution of fluids in geothermal reservoirs. The reservoir of the Lindian geothermal field in Northeast China, is highly reducing and rich in methane, but the pathways of methane generation and the related microbial community structure are still unclear. In this research, five thermal water samples were collected and tested, and the microbial community structure and diversity were analyzed. The results show that in the sandstone reservoir belonging to the low-temperature (reservoir temperature &lt; 90°C) brackish water (total dissolved solids concentration between 1000 and 10,000 mg/L) environment, the richness of the microbial community is relatively high. The microbial community structure is different from other geothermal systems reported but similar to that of oilfields, which may be related to the highly reducing geochemical environment with abundant organic matter. According to the analysis of archaeal function, the biogas production in the Lindian geothermal field is dominated by hydrogen nutrition type methane production, while the H2 reducing methylamine type methane production is secondary, and results of Pearson correlation show that the archaeal communities are more strongly correlated to physicochemical factors than the bacterial communities.