Total Digestible Nutrients Values Research Articles

The effect of bacterial inoculant on chemical composition and fermentation of alfalfa silage

Alfalfa silage is a useful source of protein for feeding ruminants. Therefore, managing alfalfa silage in livestock production systems is an important issue in order to maintain the silage quality and achieve maximum profitable production of milk and meat. The aim of this investigation was to estimate the effects of bacterial inoculant Silko, containing Lactobacillus plantarum (strains: LP1, LP2, LP3 and LP4) on chemical composition, energetic characteristics and fermentation alfalfa silage under field conditions in the commercial dairy farm, during the 2016. The first-cut alfalfa in the second year has been conserved in silage form. The silage mass was subdivided into two equal parts (control (silage without inoculant) and silages treated with bacterial inoculant Silko) and ensiled in trench silo. After 60 days of ensiling, the silages were analysed. Dry matter, ash, crude protein, lactic acid, acetic acid, total digestible nutrients value and relative feed value were significantly higher in silage treated with bacterial inoculant Silko compared to control. Contrary, alfalfa silage treated with a bacterial inoculant Silko had lower values of cellulose, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, nonnitro extractive matter, pH, butyric acid, soluble nitrogen/total nitrogen and NH3- N/total nitrogen than untreated silage. Results showed that bacterial inoculant Silko increases silage quality compared to control so that research should be directed toward the use of such prepared silage in ruminant diets and its impact on milk and meat production on farms.

Kudzu Forage Quality Evaluation as an Animal Feed Source

The nutritional value of kudzu (Pueraria lobata) was evaluated as a potential animal feed. Randomly selected samples from natural habitats with Jacksonville area (Alabama, USA) were utilized in the study. Kudzu leaves showed significantly higher dry matter and crude protein content than the stems; whereas, ADF fiber was significantly lower in the leaves. However, NDF and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were similar in the leaves and the stems. The leaf part of kudzu was especially rich in CP (24.46%) and met the requirements and recommendations for most ruminants. The TDN value for kudzu stem is 55.99%, which falls below but within the recommended range. Macronutrients concentration between the stem and leaf of kudzu, nitrogen, calcium, and magnesium showed a significantly higher in the leaf than the stem. However, phosphorous was similar in concentration in the stem and the leaf, and potassium was higher in the stem. In regard to the micronutrients, the only significant difference between the leaf and the stem was iron. However, iron, manganese, zinc, and copper were all above the recommended concentrations by the National Research Council. In general, kudzu can be considered a good source for animal feed, especially the leaf, which shows a higher value in most of the determined criteria in comparison to what was recommended by the National Research Council. This should provide a new outlook to kudzu, which has been considered a noxious weed and help in the utilization of kudzu in a positive way in the southern region of the US.

Comparison of Forage Production and Nutritional Value of Italian ryegrass,Rye and Whole Crop Barley as Winter Forage Crops in Southern Region of Korea

This study was conducted from October 2014 to May 2015 to explore forage production and feed values of Italian ryegrass, Rye and whole crop barley as winter forage crops in the Southern region of Korea. The experimental location was over 10 points for each species and each sampling point area was 1 m² (Width: 1 m × Length: 1 m). Air mean temperature and rainfall in the Southern region of Korea during the experimental period was 6.95 ± 5.75℃ and 70.45 ± 54.68 mm, respectively. Fresh forage yield of Italian ryegrass, the most cultivated forage in the Southern region of Korea, was 44.4 ± 7.0 ton/ha. The percentage of dry matter for whole crop barley was 28.9 ± 7.0%. Crude protein (CP) was higher in Italian ryegrass (10.7 ± 5.3%) while total digestible nutrient (TDN) had the highest value in whole crop barley. Crude protein was not significantly different by location. However, the neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and total digestible nutrient value of forage from Jeonbuk province were higher than in forage from Gyeongnam province.

Qualidade da silagem de aveia preta sob efeito de estádios fenológicos, tamanhos de partícula e pré-murchamento

ResumoObjetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar os efeitos do estádio fenológico, o tamanho de partícula e o pré-murchamento sobre as características de fermentação e valor nutritivo da silagem de aveia preta (Avena strigosa). O experimento foi conduzido durante o período hibernal de 2011, em “latossolo vermelho” de textura argilosa localizado em Renascença, sudoeste do Paraná, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema trifatorial (3x2x2) com quatro repetições, sendo os fatores tamanhos médios de partícula: 5; 13 e 22mm; estádios de ensilagem: início do florescimento e florescimento pleno; e manejos: com e sem pré-murchamento. O tamanho de partícula alterou apenas o pH do material ensilado, com melhores resultados com 22mm, sem efeitos na composição bromatológica da silagem produzida. A operação de pré-murchamento é eficiente em restringir a emissão de efluentes no início do florescimento e, também, confere à silagem melhores condições de fermentação, com redução da capacidade tampão de 87,68 para 53,20 meq NaOH 100g MS-1 e do pH de 3,64 para 3,15, os quais garantem melhor preservação do valor nutritivo da forragem, possuindo menores teores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente acido (FDA), com maior proteína bruta (PB), digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). Com o avanço da maturidade, verifica-se elevação nos teores de FDN e FDA e redução nos teores de PB, DIVMS e NDT. A ensilagem em início de florescimento, seguida de pré-murchamento, possui condições adequadas para fermentação e apresenta melhor valor nutritivo

Influence of Condensed Tannins from Ficus bengalensis Leaves on Feed Utilization, Milk Production and Antioxidant Status of Crossbred Cows.

This study was conducted to examine the effects of condensed tannins (CT) from Ficus bengalensis leaves on the feed utilization, milk production and health status of crossbred cows. Eighteen crossbred dairy cows at their second and mid lactation (avg. BW 351.6±10.6 kg) were randomly divided into two groups of nine each in a completely randomized block design and fed two iso-nitrogenous supplements formulated to contain 0% and 1.5% CT through dried and ground leaves of Ficus bengalensis. The diets were designated as CON and FBLM, respectively and fed to cows with a basal diet of rice straw to meet requirements for maintenance and milk production. The daily milk yield was significantly (p<0.05) increased due to supplementation of FBLM diet. The 4% fat corrected milk yield was also significantly (p<0.01) higher due to increased (p<0.05) milk fat in cows under diet FBLM as compared to CON. The inclusion of CT at 1.5% in the supplement did not interfere with the feed intake or digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF, and ADF by lactating cows. Digestible crude protein (DCP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) values of the composite diets were comparable between the groups. The blood biochemical parameters remained unaltered except significantly (p<0.05) lowered serum urea concentration in cows fed FBLM diet. There was a significant (p<0.05) increase intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity in cows supplemented with condensed tannins. The total thiol group (T-SH) was found to be higher with reduction in lipid peroxidation (LPO) in cows of FBLM group. The cost of feeding per kg milk production was also reduced due to supplementation of Ficus bengalensis leaves. Therefore, a perceptible positive impact was evident on milk production and antioxidant status in crossbred cows during mid-lactation given supplement containing 1.5% CT through Ficus bengalensis leaves.

Intake, nutrient apparent digestibility and ruminal constituents of sheep fed diets with canola, sunflower or castor oils

The objective in this experiment was to determine the effects of feeding diets with canola, sunflower or castor oils on intake, nutrient apparent digestibility and ruminal constituents of crossbred Dorper × Santa Inês sheep. Four rumen-cannulated animals of 90.2±11.4 kg average body weight were assigned to a 4 × 4 latin square. Animals remained individually in cages for the metabolism assay and were fed diets containing roughage at 500 g/kg and concentrate based on ground corn and soybean meal also at 500 g/kg. No oil was added to the control diet, whereas the others had canola, sunflower or castor oils at 30 g/kg (DM basis). There was no difference for the intake of DM and nutrients, except for ether extract, which was greater when animals received oil. The digestibility coefficients of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, non-fiber carbohydrates and neutral detergent fiber were not changed; however, the addition of oil increased the ether extract digestibility. The values of total digestible nutrients (TDN, g/kg of DM), digestible energy (DE, Mcal/kg of DM), TDN intake and DE intake also did not change with the addition of lipids. Concerning the ruminal constituents, the addition of vegetable oils reduced the concentrations of acetate, butyrate and total short-chain fatty acids. Adding canola, sunflower or castor oils at 30 g/kg in diets with 500 g roughage/kg and 500 g concentrate/kg does not impair the intake or digestibility of nutrients in sheep, although it reduces the concentration of short-chain fatty acids in the rumen.

Nutritional diversity of agricultural and agro-industrial by-products for ruminant feeding

Fifty-seven by-products were collected from regions throughout Brazil. Chemical composition, in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD), and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were determined with the objective of grouping by-products with similar nutritional characteristics. The by-products belonging to group one (G1) presented the highest content of neutral detergent fiber exclusive of ash and nitrogenous compounds [aNDFom(n)] and lowest energy content, with 42.5% and 38.8% of IVNDFD and TDN, respectively. A new cluster analysis was carried in order to better characterize G2 by-products, six subgroups (SGs) were established (SG1 to SG6). SG1 by-products had the highest and the lowest values for lignin and TDN, respectively. SG2 by-products had the highest aNDFom(n) value, with TDN and IVNDFD values greater than 600 and 700g/kg, respectively, and crude protein (CP) value below 200g/kg in dry matter (DM). Among all the subgroups, SG3 had the highest TDN (772g/kg) and IVNDFD (934g/kg) values and the lowest lignin (23g/kg in DM) value. The ether extract was what most influenced the hierarchical establishment of residual grouping in SG4. SG5 by-products had the highest concentration of non-fibrous carbohydrate. Different from the other subgroups, SG6 by-products had the highest value of available CP.

Nutritional evaluation of some ruminant feedstuffs by in vitro gas production technique

The study was conducted to assess nutritional characteristics of some ruminant feedstuffs by using in vitro gas production technique. The commonly available feed samples of concentrates (n,18), dry (n,9) and green (n,28) roughages were collected from different parts of Gujarat. All the ground feed and fodder samples were analyzed for crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, total ash and acid insoluble ash. Metabolizable energy (ME) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were estimated by incubating 200 mg of each of the samples with rumen mixed microbe inoculums for 24 h period, taken from fistulated buffaloes. Amongst concentrate feeds, safflower meal had lowest ME (7.21 MJ/kg DM) and TDN (48.80%) values, whereas, maize grain had highest ME (14.11 MJ/kg DM) and TDN (85.82%) values. Similarly, in dry roughages, rice husk had lowest and groundnut straw has highest ME (4.48 vs 8.93 MJ/kg DM) and TDN (22.23 vs 58.62%) values. The values of ME and TDN ranged from 5.05 to 9.15 MJ/ kg DM and 37.23 to 59.24% in green roughages, with lowest in bamboo leaves and highest in mustard Chinese cabbage. Chemical composition and energy values reported for various feed and fodders in this communication could be used for formulating ration of field animals and under farm conditions for better utilization of these commonly available feed resources.

Feeding Value of Spent Mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) Substrate

ABSTRACT: Spent mushroom substrates is composted organic material remaining after a crop of mushroom is harvested. The raw materials of mushroom substrates are same feed ingredient as corncobs, rice brown, wheat brown, cotton seeds and beet pulp. During the mushroom cultivation process, the mushroom substrates was used 15-25% by mushroom and 75-85% of mushroom substrates was remained in the SMS. Among of the spent mushroom substrates, spent mushroom substrates of Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus ostreatus and Flammuliua velutipes is can be use the energy feedstock of animal feed. The cellulose content of spent mushroom( Pleurotus eryngii) substrates containing the sawdust was high and total digestible nutrients (TDN) values was low. The spent mushroom( Pleurotus eryngii) substrates fermented with cellulase and xylanase producing bacteria is may be used as an ingredient of feed in TMR for Hanwoo steer. KEYWORDS : Feed, Hanwoo steers, Probiotics, Spent mushroom substrates Journal of Mushroom Science and ProductionCopyright ⓒ 2012 by The Korea Society of Mushroom ScienceVol. 10, No 4, p236-243 December 2012Printed in S. Korea

Determination of Forage Yield and Quality of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Mixtures with Oat and Barley

The aim of the study was to determine the forage yield and quality of pure stands or binary mixtures of pea (Pisum sativum L.) with oat (Avena sativa L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) mixtures. Two seeding ratios (55:45 and 65:35) were used to investigate forage yield and quality of pea-oat and pea-barley mixtures. Experiment was established in early spring of 2010 and 2011 in a randomized complete block design, with 3 replicates, in Isparta, Turkey. Dry matter (DM) yield, crude protein (CP) content, crude protein yield (CPY), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), total digestible nutrient (TDN) and relative feed value (RFV) were determined for each monoculture or mixture. The oat and barley grown in monoculture had the highest DM yield (13520 and 12810 kg ha), followed by pea-oat and pea-barley (55:45) seeding ratio, with 11270 and 10540 kg ha. CP content was highest in monoculture pea followed by pea-cereal (65:35). The highest forage quality parameters were achieved when pea was grown as a monoculture or when at a high proportion in mixture. The results showed that mixture of pea with barley and oat at the 65:35 seeding ratio was obtained

Determination of nutritive value of forages in south Texas using an in vitro gas production technique

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to use the in vitro gas production (IVGP) technique to evaluate the pattern and parameters of anaerobic fermentation of forages from south Texas pastures throughout the year to (i) obtain empirical relationships between the IVGP technique fermentation parameters and chemical composition of the forages and (ii) develop equations to compute total digestible nutrients (TDN). During four consecutive years (2006–2009), forage samples were collected monthly (n = 39) at the King Ranch, TX, and chemical analyses and IVGP were obtained. For 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009, the average lag times, h, were 6·47 ± 0·54, 7·75 ± 0·65, 7·49 ± 2·01 and 5·44 ± 1·46, and the average ratio of millilitre of gas per milligram of dry matter was 0·41 ± 0·11, 0·34 ± 0·09, 0·34 ± 0·07 and 0·26 ± 0·10 respectively. There was a moderate negative correlation (r = −0·53) between lignin and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and a moderate positive correlation (r = 0·58) between crude protein and NDF digestibility. The predicted fractional passage rate (kp) by the large ruminant nutrition system model using the level 2 solution was on average 0·0366 h−1. The average computed TDN assuming a kp of 0·04 h−1 was 55·9%. We concluded the IVGP technique may be used to predict TDN values of warm‐season forages.

Sugar cane dry yeast in feeding for growing and finishing goat kids

It was used 27 goat kids (18 ¾ Boer + ¼ Saanen and nine Saanen; 18.0 ± 1.60 kg) distributed in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement to evaluate productive performance and the total digestibility of dry matter and nutrients in the rations. Diets were composed of soybean meal, soybean meal + dry yeast or dry yeast as protein source, oat hay, ground corn and vitamin-mineral mixture with mean composition of 2.50 Mcal of ME/kg DM and 17.0% of crude protein on average. Digestibility was determined using indigestible neutral detergent fiber as marker. Intakes of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and total carbohydrates were not altered by rations. However, inclusion of dry yeast in the rations reduced ingestions of ether extract, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber. Within breed groups, the ¾ Boer + ¼ Saanen goat kids showed the highest intakes of dry matter and nutrients, as well as the best means of daily gain, feed conversion and days in feedlot. Digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and total carbohydrates were higer - and the digesbility of ether extract was lower - for animals fed rations with dry yeast. There were no differences in digestibility of neutral detergent fiber. Rations with dry yeast showed the highest values of total digestible nutrients. Dry yeast can be used as alternative protein source in rations for goat kids because it does not change animal performance and it does have higher nutritional value than soybean meal. ¾ Boer + ¼ Saanen kids show, in feedlots, better performance in growth and finishing phases when compared to Saanen kids.

Genetic parameters for fatty acid composition and feed efficiency traits in Japanese Black cattle

We estimated the genetic parameters related to feed intake (FI), feed efficiency traits (including feed conversion ratio (FCR) and residual feed intake (RFI) of digestible crude protein (DCP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN)), beef marbling score (BMS), melting point of fat (MP) and fatty acid composition. Fat and meat (Musculus trapezius) samples were taken from the carcasses of 863 Japanese Black steers derived from 65 sires, for determination of the MP and fatty acid composition of the total lipid in intramuscular adipose tissue. Genetic parameters were estimated using uni- and bivariate animal models. In addition, pedigree information for 4841 animals was used. Heritability estimates for BMS, MP, individual fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), the ratio of saturated fatty acids to MUFA (MUS) and the ratio of elongation (ELONG) were generally high. The FI values of TDN and DCP were also high, but FCRs and RFIs of those were low (0.09 to 0.22). Genetic correlation of BMS with MP was −0.34 (favorable) and with C18:1, MUFA, MUS and ELONG values were 0.40, 0.28, 0.29 and 0.37, respectively (favorable). Genetic correlations of MP with C18:1, MUFA, MUS and ELONG were negative (also favorable) and high (−0.85, −0.98, −1.00 (−0.996) and −0.66, respectively). The correlation estimates for feed efficiency traits of DCP were quite similar to those of TDN. Genetic correlations of BMS with FCRs and RFIs of TDN and DCP were all positive (unfavorable; 0.21 to 0.51), and in particular, the correlations with RFIs of those were high. The correlations of C18:1, MUFA, MUS and ELONG with RFIs of TDN and DCP were positive (unfavorable) but low (0.06 to 0.17), whereas the corresponding correlations with FCRs of those were all negative (favorable; −0.38 to −0.10). These results suggest that the quantity and quality of beef fat can be simultaneously improved and that the quality of beef fat (fatty acid composition) can be improved directly or indirectly with MP. Furthermore, selecting MP or fatty acid traits does not significantly affect feed efficiency.

Consumo, digestibilidade e estimativa do valor energético de alguns volumosos por meio da composição química

Avaliou-se o consumo, a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e o teor de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) da cana-deaçúcar e das silagens de capim-elefante, de milho e de sorgo em ovinos. Além disso, estimou-se o teor de NDT de acordo com o sistema de equações proposto pelo NRC (2001). Foram utilizados 20 ovinos, sem raça definida, machos, castrados, alojados em gaiolas de metabolismo, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sendo quatro tratamentos (volumosos) e cinco repetições (animais). A determinação da digestibilidade dos nutrientes foi realizada pela coleta total de fezes, com uso de sacolas coletoras. A comparação dos valores de NDT observados e estimados foi feita por meio do ajuste do modelo de regressão linear simples dos valores preditos sobre os valores observados. Os ovinos alimentados com as silagens consumiram maiores quantidades (P &lt; 0,05) de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) em relação aos alimentados com cana-de-açúcar. Não houve diferença (P &gt; 0,05) para o consumo de NDT entre as silagens. As digestibilidades aparentes da MS, MO, PB e EE não diferiram (P &gt; 0,05) entre os tratamentos. Constataram-se diferenças (P &lt; 0,05) entre os valores estimados e observados de NDT e das frações digestíveis da PB, da FDN e dos carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF). As equações propostas pelo NRC (2001) mostraram-se inadequadas para estimar o valor energético dos volumosos para ovinos.

Consumo, digestibilidade de nutrientes e balanço de nitrogênio da silagem de capim-elefante com adição de pedúnculo de caju desidratado

A presente pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de avaliar o valor nutritivo de silagens de capim-elefante contendo níveis crescentes de pedúnculo de caju desidratado (PCD). Foram utilizados 20 ovinos machos e não castrados, seguindo o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos (níveis de adição de 0; 4; 8; 12 e 16%) e quatro repetições. Foram avaliados os consumos e a digestibilidades da matéria seca (MS), da matéria orgânica (MO), da proteína bruta (PB), da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), da fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), do extrato etéreo (EE), dos carboidratos totais (CHT), dos carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), além do valor de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e do balanço de nitrogênio (BN) das silagens. A adição de PCD não influenciou os consumos de MS, MO, FDN, FDA, CHT e NDT expresso em % PV e g kg-1 PV0,75 e as digestibilidades da MO, PB, FDN, FDA e CHT das silagens. No entanto, a adição do PCD promoveu aumento nos consumos de PB, EE e CNF (% PV e g kg-1 PV0,75), nas digestibilidades do EE e dos CNF e no valor de NDT e balanço de nitrogênio. Por outro lado, a inclusão de PCD na ensilagem do capim-elefante promoveu efeito linear decrescente na digestibilidade da FDA das silagens. Conclui-se que as silagens com adição de PCD podem ser utilizadas como volumoso para ruminantes em razão das melhorias nos consumos de PB, EE e CNF e nas digestibilidades do EE e dos CNF, além do valor de NDT e BN das silagens, recomendando-se a adição de até 16% na matéria natural.

경운방법 및 비료종류가 이탈리안 라이그라스의 사초수량 및 품질에 미치는 영향

경운방법과 비료종류를 달리하였을때 이탈리안 라이그라스의 사료수량과 품질을 비교하기 위하여 수행하였다. 본 시험은 <TEX>$2{\times}2=4$</TEX> 요인시험으로 경운방법은 관행(경운과 로터리)과 무경을 두었으며, 비료종류는 화학비료와 퇴비를 두었다. 이탈리안 라이그라스의 초장, 건물률, 건물수량, TDN 수량 및 CP 수량은 경운방법에서 처리간에 유의적인 차이가 있었다. 특히 무경운이 관행경운(경운+로터리)보다 건물수량, TDN 수량 및 CP 수량이 많았다. 그러나 비료의 종류에서는 처리간의 사초 생산성의 차이가 없었다. 이탈리안 라이그라스의 조단백질 함량은 처리간에 차이가 없었다. 한편 ADF 및 NDF 함량에서는 무경운이 경운보다 많았으나 TDN 및 RFV 함량은 경운이 무경운보다 높았다. 비료의 종류에서 ADF 함량은 퇴비구가 높았으나 TDN 함량은 화학비료가 높았다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 이탈리안 라이그라스에서 경운방법은 무경운이 관행경운보다 수량은 많으나 품질은 낮았다. 한편 비료의 종류에서는 사초수량의 차이는 없고 품질 차이도 적었다. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of tillage system and fertilizer type on the forage yield and quality of Italian ryegrass. This experiment was a <TEX>$2{\times}2$</TEX> factorial arrangement for two tillage systems (tillage and no-tillage) and two fertilizer type (chemical and manure compost). The plant height, dry matter (DM) content, DM yield, TDN (total digestible nutrients) yield, and CP (crude protein) yield have significant differences in tillage system of Italian ryegrass. Italian ryegrass cultivated with tillage (plow and rotary till) had lower plant height, DM yield, TDN yield and CP yield than no-tillage, while its DM content showed the opposite results. However, there were no significant differences in the results on fertilizer types. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents were significantly higher in no-tillage compared to tillage. However, there was no significant difference in CP content on tillage system. TDN and relative feed value (RFV) were higher in tillage than no-tillage system (p<0.01). The TDN content was lower when using manure as fertilizer. No significant effects were observed for NDF and RFV in fertilizer type of Italian ryegrass. Based on the results of this study, tillage system and fertilizer type affected forage quality as well as forage yield. Forage yield of no-tillage was higher compared to tillage.

Valor nutritivo do capim-elefante ensilado com farelo de cacau e cana-de-açúcar

Foram estudados os efeitos da adição de farelo de cacau e cana-de-açúcar sobre o valor nutritivo de silagem de capim-elefante, adotando-se um esquema fatorial 2 x 4, utilizando-se 0 e 15% de farelo de cacau e 0, 15, 30 e 45% de cana-de-açúcar, com quatro repetições. O capim-elefante apresentava 29,2% de matéria seca (MS), e as silagens foram produzidas em silos experimentais de PVC, que foram abertos aos 60 dias após a ensilagem. A adição de farelo de cacau reduziu a fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e aumentou os teores de MS, proteína bruta e a degradabilidade potencial da MS (DP MS48h). A cana-de-açúcar também reduziu os teores FDA, aumentou a DP MS48h e aumentou os valores dos nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) até a inclusão de 20,5% de cana, embora tenha reduzido os teores de MS. Nas silagens contendo farelo de cacau e com a inclusão da cana-de-açúcar foi observada redução linear do conteúdo de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e aumento linear dos carboidratos não estruturais e NDT. A associação farelo de cacau e cana-de-açúcar aumentou o teor de CNF e os valores de NDT, e reduziu a FDN, melhorando o valor nutritivo das silagens de capim-elefante.

Influência de fontes de nitrogênio no consumo e digestibilidade aparente total e parcial de novilhos alimentados com cana-de-açúcar

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen sources, using sugarcane supplemented with urea, corn gluten meal-60 or soybean meal. It was evaluated Intake, total and partial apparent digestibility were evaluated using four rumen and duodenal cannulated crossbred steers. The treatments were evaluated in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. The total feces were collected to determine the apparent digestibility on the total intestinal tract. The indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF) was used as marker of duodenal flux to determine ruminal and intestinal digestibility and dry matter daily flux. The DM, OM, CP, EE, DE, NDF, ADF and TC intakes and digestibility rates were influenced by nitrogen sources, and lower intake was observed in animals fed exclusively with cane sugar compared to animals fed the other experimental diets. Meanwhile the sources of nitrogen did not affect the total digestible nutrients (TDN) values. The RDP sources did not affect the total, ruminal, and intestinal nutrients apparent digestibility. However, the total, ruminal, and intestinal dry matter, and protein apparent digestibility were affected by the RDP sources.

Perdas fermentativas, composição química, estabilidade aeróbia e digestibilidade aparente de silagem de cana-de-açúcar com aditivos químico e microbiano

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da adição de cal virgem e Lactobacillus buchneri em perdas fermentativas, valor nutritivo, estabilidade aeróbia e digestibilidade aparente da silagem de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum). O primeiro experimento avaliou perdas fermentativas, pH e temperatura, composição química e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca de silagens de cana-de-açúcar, com adição ou sem adição de cal ou de inoculante bacteriano (L. buchneri); o segundo avaliou o consumo de matéria seca e a digestibilidade aparente da cana-de-açúcar ensilada com os mesmos aditivos para cordeiros. Os aditivos não reduziram as perdas na ensilagem, e silagens com cal apresentaram maiores perdas por efluentes. O consumo de matéria seca da silagem com inoculante foi inferior ao da silagem com cal ou ao da cana-de-açúcar in natura. A digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca da silagem com cal foi inferior à da cana-de-açúcar in natura e à da silagem com inoculante. A digestibilidade aparente do extrato etéreo das silagens com cal foi superior à da cana-de-açúcar in natura. Os valores de nutrientes digestíveis totais da cana-de-açúcar in natura ou ensilada com inoculante ou cal foram de 61,2, 54,1 e 51,7%, respectivamente. Independentemente do aditivo, a ensilagem da cana-de-açúcar resulta em perda de nutrientes e redução de digestibilidade.

Effects of chemical composition variation on the dynamics of ruminal fermentation and biological value of corn milling (co)products

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the dynamics of gas production of several corn (co)products, to develop equations to predict the rate of ruminal fiber digestion, to estimate total digestible nutrients (TDN) and net energy for lactation (NEL), and to assess the stochasticity of chemical composition and nutritive value variability. Four corn milling (co)products were evaluated in this study: high protein dried distillers grains (HP-DDG), corn bran (BRAN) and dehydrated germ (GERM), and a dried distillers grains plus soluble produced with a low-heat drying process (BPX). Alfalfa hay was used as an internal standard feed in the in vitro fermentation dynamics analysis. Standard chemical analyses, in vitro digestibility, and in vitro gas production techniques were used to obtain the necessary physicochemical characterization of feeds. The in vitro dry matter digestibility at 24 and 48h of incubation decreased exponentially as acid detergent insoluble nitrogen increased. However, the degree of in vitro dry matter digestibility reduction was more accentuated at 24 than at 48h of incubation. The difference among these feeds regarding the dynamics of the anaerobic fermentation within different substrates (intact feed, and fiber and defatted residues) was evaluated. Results suggested that the proportion of fiber digested in the rumen was affected by the degree of sample processing and fat removal. Fractional fermentation rate (kf) of neutral detergent residue (without sodium sulfite) and defatted fiber residue for BRAN, GERM, HP-DDG, and BPX was estimated to be 0.0635 and 0.0852h−1, 0.0803 and 0.0914h−1, 0.118 and 0.117h−1, and 0.0695 and 0.0844h−1, respectively. The most influential variables affecting kfNDR of HP-DDG and BPX also affected the predicted TDN, suggesting that fiber quality is essential to ensure higher TDN values for these feeds. Our study indicated that it is possible to routinely quantify the rate of fiber digestion and this approach may be based on common analytical procedures namely estimates of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, acid detergent insoluble nitrogen, ether extract, and acid detergent lignin. Our simulations of TDN values demonstrated that differences in fermentability and chemical composition of these corn (co)products might considerably affect the supply of energy to lactating dairy cow. The analytical methods developed in this study may serve as a valuable tool to assess nutrient quality and uniformity when samples differ in chemical composition.