Total Daily Food Research Articles

Differential effects of chronic naltrexone treatment on food intake patterns and body weight in rats depend on their food deprivation status

The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of chronic naltrexone treatment on daily patterns of food intake in food-deprived and free-feeding rats. In experiment 1, Wistar male rats had continuous access to food and water, while in experiment 2 they were deprived of food for 12 h/day. Animals in both experiments were studied as follows: a baseline period (7 days), followed by a treatment period (14 days) with either saline or naltrexone at 10 mg/kg/day. Finally, a post-treatment period (7 days) was assessed. Food and water consumption were measured every 2 h after the naltrexone or saline injection for 12 h and once more 12 h later. Experiment 1: Food intake was higher in the naltrexone group 10 h after injection. Total food intake and body weight gain were higher in the naltrexone group than in the saline group in the second week of treatment and in the post-treatment period. Experiment 2: The overeating observed in the saline group in the hours following the 12 h of the food deprivation period was suppressed by naltrexone, though total daily food intake was not affected. Body weight gain was initially reduced by naltrexone, but a rebound effect was observed during the post-treatment period in the naltrexone group. Naltrexone produced a differential effect on food intake and body weight that depended on the rats' food deprivation status. These results could be explained in terms of opioid receptor up-regulation that enhances the rewarding effects of food or by naltrexone-produced changes in palatability.

Assessment of the dietary habits and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in primary school children

Thirty Italian children, 7–9 year aged, living in Naples were investigated on their dietary habits and on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure by a food diary-questionnaire and one week duplicate diet sample analyses. Daily total food consumption mean value was 632 ± 215 g day−1, median value 613 g day−1. The daily energy intake and the diet composition meanly agreed with the official guidelines for the Italian children. Sixteen PAHs were simultaneously detected and, according to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) approach, benzo[a]pyrene; benzo[a]pyrene + chrysene (PAH2); PAH2 + benz[a]anthracene + benzo[b]fluoranthene (PAH4); PAH4 + benzo[k]fluoranthene + benzo[ghi]perylene + dibenz[a, h]anthracene + indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (PAH8) were considered in evaluating the children's dietary exposure to PAHs. The benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) median concentrations in foods varied from 0.06 to 0.33 µg kg−1. Only three samples of cooked foods (one fish and two meat samples) exceeded legal limits fixed by the European Union for BaP. Daily median intakes of benzo[a]pyrene, PAH2, PAH4, and PAH8 were 153; 318; 990; 1776 ng day−1; their median exposure values were 5; 10; 28; 54 ng kg−1 bw day−1. The Margins of Exposure (MOEs) in median consumers agreed with the EFSA safety values except for PAH8.

FAAH deficiency promotes energy storage and enhances the motivation for food

Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is the main degrading enzyme of the fatty acid ethanolamides anandamide (AEA) and oleoylethanolamide (OEA), which have opposite effects on food intake and energy balance. AEA, an endogenous ligand of CB(1) cannabinoid receptors, enhances food intake and energy storage, whereas OEA binds to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-alpha to reduce food intake and promoting lipolysis. To elucidate the role of FAAH in food intake and energy balance, we have evaluated different metabolic and behavioral responses related to feeding in FAAH-deficient (FAAH(-/-)) mice and their wild-type littermates. Total daily food intake was similar in both genotypes, but high-fat food consumption was enhanced during the dark hours and decreased during the light hours in FAAH(-/-) mice. The reinforcing and motivational effects of food were also enhanced in FAAH(-/-) mice as revealed by operant behavioral paradigms. These behavioral responses were reversed by the administration of the selective CB(1) cannabinoid antagonist rimonabant. Furthermore, body weight, total amount of adipose tissue, plasma-free fatty acids and triglyceride content in plasma, liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, were increased in FAAH(-/-) mice. Accordingly, leptin levels were increased and adiponectin levels decreased in these mutants, FAAH(-/-) mice also showed enhanced plasma insulin and blood glucose levels revealing an insulin resistance. As expected, both AEA and OEA levels were increased in hypothalamus, small intestine and liver of FAAH(-/-) mice. These results indicate that the lack of FAAH predominantly promotes energy storage by food intake-independent mechanisms, through the enhancement of AEA levels rather than promoting the anorexic effects of OEA.

When, how much and what foods are eaten are related to total daily food intake

Intake in the morning is associated with a reduction in the total intake for the day, while intake at night is associated with greater overall daily intake. These associations are macronutrient specific, with morning carbohydrate intake associated with reduced daily carbohydrate intake, morning fat intake associated with reduced daily fat intake and morning protein intake associated with reduced daily protein intake. Since different types of foods contain differing proportions of macronutrients, the present study investigated the associations of different types of foods ingested at various times of day with total daily and macronutrient intakes. The intakes of 388 male and 621 female free-living individuals reported in 7 d diet diaries were reanalysed. The intakes of twenty-four different types of foods and seven different drinks occurring during the morning (04.00-10.29 hours), afternoon (10.30-16.59 hours) and evening (17.00-02.00 hours) were identified and related to overall daily intakes. Dairy foods, ice cream, beef, other meats, potatoes, pastry, nuts, chips and snacks, condiments, alcohol and soda were significantly associated with higher total intake over the day, while fruit, soup, breakfast cereal, pasta, pizza, water, coffee/tea and diet soda were either not associated or were associated with lower overall intake. Dietary energy density appeared to mediate the associations between particular foods and beverages and overall energy intake. This suggests that eating low-density foods in the morning and avoiding high-density foods at night might aid in reducing overall intake and may be useful in dietary interventions for overweight and obesity.

Development of an Analytical Scheme for the Determination of Pyrethroid Pesticides in Composite Diet Samples

Analysis of an individual's total daily food intake may be used to determine aggregate dietary ingestion of given compounds. However, the resulting composite sample represents a complex mixture, and measurement of such can often prove to be difficult. In this work, an analytical scheme was developed for the determination of 12 select pyrethroid pesticides in dietary samples. In the first phase of the study, several cleanup steps were investigated for their effectiveness in removing interferences in samples with a range of fat content (1-10%). Food samples were homogenized in the laboratory, and preparatory techniques were evaluated through recoveries from fortified samples. The selected final procedure consisted of a lyophilization step prior to sample extraction. A sequential 2-fold cleanup procedure of the extract included diatomaceous earth for removal of lipid components followed with a combination of deactivated alumina and C(18) for the simultaneous removal of polar and nonpolar interferences. Recoveries from fortified composite diet samples (10 microg kg(-1)) ranged from 50.2 to 147%. In the second phase of this work, three instrumental techniques [gas chromatography-microelectron capture detection (GC-microECD), GC-quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-quadrupole-MS), and GC-ion trap-MS/MS] were compared for greatest sensitivity. GC-quadrupole-MS operated in selective ion monitoring (SIM) mode proved to be most sensitive, yielding method detection limits of approximately 1 microg kg(-1). The developed extraction/instrumental scheme was applied to samples collected in an exposure measurement field study. The samples were fortified and analyte recoveries were acceptable (75.9-125%); however, compounds coextracted from the food matrix prevented quantitation of four of the pyrethroid analytes in two of the samples considered.

Effect of pre-feeding and sodium fluoroacetate (1080) concentration on bait acceptance by house mice

Context. In New Zealand, the aerial application of toxic baits containing sodium fluoroacetate (1080) can consistently achieve significant reductions in populations of multiple vertebrate pest species including brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), ship rats (Rattus rattus) and stoats (Mustela erminea). Reductions in house mouse (Mus musculus) populations by 1080 baiting appear less consistent, possibly due to low acceptance of 1080 bait by mice in field conditions. Aims. We tested the effect of pre-feeding and 1080 concentration on the acceptance of pellet food by mice. Methods. Wild-caught mice were individually housed and presented with a series of two-choice laboratory feeding tests, using estimates of the daily amount eaten to indicate relative acceptance of different types of pellet food. Key results. Pre-feeding mice on non-toxic food did not increase their subsequent acceptance of the same food containing 0.15% 1080. Mice showed low acceptance of food containing 0.08 and 0.15% 1080 (by weight), with similar mortality (25%). Acceptance of food containing 1.5% 1080 was also very low in comparison with non-toxic food, although mortality in mice was higher (~66%). In comparison with other concentrations, mice ate comparatively more of food containing 0.001% 1080 with no mortality, although the non-toxic food was still significantly favoured. Presentation of a choice between non-toxic food and food containing 0.08, 0.15 or 1.5% 1080 to mice was followed by a significant decrease in average total daily food intake over the following 2 days. In surviving mice this ‘drop feed’ effect was followed by an increase in average daily intake of non-toxic food over the next 3 days until normal daily intake levels were again reached. Conclusions. We suggest that wild mice can rapidly identify food containing 1080 and subsequently will avoid it. Implications. This feeding response partly explains the variable success of 1080 baiting operations against wild mouse populations (M. musculus) in New Zealand.

Aluminum bioavailability from tea infusion

The objective was to estimate oral Al bioavailability from tea infusion in the rat, using the tracer 26Al. 26Al citrate was injected into tea leaves. An infusion was prepared from the dried leaves and given intra-gastrically to rats which received concurrent intravenous 27Al infusion. Oral Al bioavailability ( F) was calculated from the area under the 26Al, compared to 27Al, serum concentration × time curves. Bioavailability from tea averaged 0.37%; not significantly different from water ( F = 0.3%), or basic sodium aluminum phosphate (SALP) in cheese ( F = 0.1–0.3%), but greater than acidic SALP in a biscuit ( F = 0.1%). Time to maximum serum 26Al concentration was 1.25, 1.5, 8 and 4.8 h, respectively. These results of oral Al bioavailability × daily consumption by the human suggest tea can provide a significant amount of the Al that reaches systemic circulation. This can allow distribution to its target organs of toxicity, the central nervous, skeletal and hematopoietic systems. Further testing of the hypothesis that Al contributes to Alzheimer’s disease may be more warranted with studies focusing on total average daily food intake, including tea and other foods containing appreciable Al, than drinking water.

Arsenic Speciation in Food and Estimation of the Dietary Intake of Inorganic Arsenic in a Rural Village of West Bengal, India

Arsenic (As) species were quantified by HPLC-HG-AFS in water and vegetables from a rural area of West Bengal (India). Inorganic species predominated in vegetables (including rice) and drinking water; in fact, inorganic arsenic (i-As) represented more than 80% of the total arsenic (t-As) content. To evaluate i-As intake in an arsenic affected rural village, a food survey was carried out on 129 people (69 men and 60 women). The data from the survey showed that the basic diet, of this rural population, was mainly rice and vegetables, representing more than 50% of their total daily food intake. During the periods when nonvegetarian foods (fish and meat) were scarce, the importance of rice increased, and rice alone represented more than 70% of the total daily food intake. The food analysis and the food questionnaires administrated led us to establish a daily intake of i-As of about 170 microg i-As day (-1), which was above the tolerable daily intake of 150 microg i-As day (-1), generally admitted. Our results clearly demonstrated that food is a very important source of i-As and that this source should never be forgotten in populations depending heavily on vegetables (mainly rice) for their diet.

Analysis of Growth Rate Variables and Postfeeding Regurgitation in Hand-reared Spix's Macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii) Chicks

The Spix's macaw, or little blue macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii), is one of the most critically endangered bird species in the world. In 1990, the Brazilian Nature Conservation Authority established a permanent committee to oversee the captive breeding of about 20 individual Spix's macaws held in various locations throughout the world. Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation (AWWP) successfully bred 10 Spix's macaws in the 2005 and 2006 breeding seasons but intermittent episodes of postfeeding regurgitation in hand-raised chicks prompted the need to better understand and monitor the nutritional and physiologic requirements of growing nestlings. To ascertain and rank the possible causes of regurgitation in chicks, we undertook a critical analysis of the feeding, growth, and health data recorded for each individual hand-raised chick. Factors such as the total daily food intake (TDFI), growth curves, nursery room climate (temperature and humidity), and nutritional requirements were investigated as well as any health issues. Chicks attained a maximum body weight of 375 +/- 25 g at 45 days and then gradually lost weight until they reached a weaning weight of 300 +/- 30 g. The maximum daily volume of food that each chick received was 101 +/- 29 g at 42 days of age, which was also the age at which a peak in postfeeding regurgitation episodes occurred. The TDFI as a percentage of body weight peaked (83.1 +/- 12.3%) at day 3 of age and dropped to 30.1 +/- 2.3% by day 45 and then to 19.6 +/- 1.1% at day 92. Detailed analyses of the 2005 and 2006 records indicate that the regurgitation episodes may be primarily the result of overfeeding during the second trimester of hand-rearing. Our results indicate that smaller meals during the period when chicks are attaining their maximum body weights may contribute to a decrease in the occurrence of regurgitation episodes in hand-reared Spix's macaws.

Targeted Ablation of Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide-producing Cells in Transgenic Mice Reduces Obesity and Insulin Resistance Induced by a High Fat Diet

The K cell is a specific sub-type of enteroendocrine cell located in the proximal small intestine that produces glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), xenin, and potentially other unknown hormones. Because GIP promotes weight gain and insulin resistance, reducing hormone release from K cells could lead to weight loss and increased insulin sensitivity. However, the consequences of coordinately reducing circulating levels of all K cell-derived hormones are unknown. To reduce the number of functioning K cells, regulatory elements from the rat GIP promoter/gene were used to express an attenuated diphtheria toxin A chain in transgenic mice. K cell number, GIP transcripts, and plasma GIP levels were profoundly reduced in the GIP/DT transgenic mice. Other enteroendocrine cell types were not ablated. Food intake, body weight, and blood glucose levels in response to insulin or intraperitoneal glucose were similar in control and GIP/DT mice fed standard chow. In contrast to single or double incretin receptor knock-out mice, the incretin response was absent in GIP/DT animals suggesting K cells produce GIP plus an additional incretin hormone. Following high fat feeding for 21-35 weeks, the incretin response was partially restored in GIP/DT mice. Transgenic versus wild-type mice demonstrated significantly reduced body weight (25%), plasma leptin levels (77%), and daily food intake (16%) plus enhanced energy expenditure (10%) and insulin sensitivity. Regardless of diet, long term glucose homeostasis was not grossly perturbed in the transgenic animals. In conclusion, studies using GIP/DT mice demonstrate an important role for K cells in the regulation of body weight and insulin sensitivity.

Modulation of Maltose Preference by Selection from Dextrin, Maltose and Glucose Diets in Zinc-Deficient Rats

This study examined whether the chain length of glucose in the diet could affect the selection of foods by Zn-adequate and Zn-deficient rats. Dextrin, maltose and glucose were used as sources of carbohydrate in the diet and the selection patterns of the rats were analyzed for 28 d by a 3-choice selection. Diets provided as a set of three either Zn-adequate or Zn-deficient diets were rotated daily. The Zn-adequate control rats selected widely from the three diets throughout the 28 d. In contrast, rats fed a Zn-deficient diet selected exclusively and continuously the dextrin diet or dextrin and glucose diets from the three diets over the experimental periods. The average daily total food intakes of rats fed a Zn-deficient diet were very significantly decreased. The selections of dextrin, maltose and glucose diets in the 3-choice methods of the control rats were 5.7+/-1.6(b), 5.8+/-2.0(b) and 2.7+/-0.9(a) g/d, respectively (p<0.05), and those of the Zn-deficient rats were 6.4+/-2.5(c), 0.8+/-1.3(a) and 2.6+/-1.4(b) g/d, respectively (p<0.05). The ratios of the selected maltose-diet in the Zn-adequate control and the Zn-deficient rats were 40.8+/-13.8 and 9.0+/-15.6%, respectively (p<0.01) and those of the dextrin-diet were 40.3+/-11.4 and 63.0+/-22.3%, respectively (p<0.05). The decreased preference for the maltose-diet in the Zn-deficient rats may reflect the increased selection of the dextrin-diet.

Factors Contributing to Obesity in Bombesin Receptor Subtype-3-Deficient Mice

Mice with a targeted disruption of bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS-3 KO) develop hyperphagia, obesity, hypertension, and impaired glucose metabolism. However, the factors contributing to their phenotype have not been clearly established. To determine whether their obesity is a result of increased food intake or a defect in energy regulation, we matched the caloric intake of BRS-3 KO mice to wild-type (WT) ad libitum (ad lib)-fed controls over 21 wk. Although BRS-3 KO ad lib-fed mice were 29% heavier, the body weights of BRS-3 KO pair-fed mice did not differ from WT ad lib-fed mice. Pair-feeding BRS-3 KO mice normalized plasma insulin but failed to completely reverse increased adiposity and leptin levels. Hyperphagia in ad lib-fed KO mice was due to an increase in meal size without a compensatory decrease in meal frequency resulting in an increase in total daily food intake. An examination of neuropeptide Y, proopiomelanocortin, and agouti-related peptide gene expression in the arcuate nucleus revealed that BRS-3 KO mice have some deficits in their response to energy regulatory signals. An evaluation of the satiety effects of cholecystokinin, bombesin, and gastrin-releasing peptide found no differences in feeding suppression by these peptides. We conclude that hyperphagia is a major factor leading to increased body weight and hyperinsulinemia in BRS-3 KO mice. However, our finding that pair-feeding did not completely normalize fat distribution and plasma leptin levels suggests there is also a metabolic dysregulation that may contribute to, or sustain, their obese phenotype.

The time of day and the proportions of macronutrients eaten are related to total daily food intake

Intake in the morning is particularly satiating and associated with lower total amounts ingested for the day while intake at night is associated with greater overall daily intake. But, the influence of carbohydrates, fats or proteins ingested at various times of the day is unknown. The intakes of 375 male and 492 female free-living individuals that were acquired with 7 d diet-diary reports were reanalysed. The intakes of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, and the density of intake occurring during three 6 h periods (06.00 to 11.59 hours (morning), 12.00 to 17.59 hours (afternoon) and 18.00 to 23.59 hours (evening)) were identified and related to overall daily and meal intakes. Energy density of intake during all periods was found to be positively related to overall intake. When the proportion of daily carbohydrate ingested in the morning was high, less total food energy and carbohydrate were ingested over the entire day. When the proportion of daily fat ingested in the morning was high, less total food energy and carbohydrate and fat were ingested over the entire day. When the proportion of daily protein ingested in the morning was high, less protein was ingested over the entire day. Conversely, when intake was relatively high in the evening of either total food energy, carbohydrate or fat, then overall daily energy intakes tended to be higher. The results suggest that the morning intake association with reduced total intake is macronutrient specific, with morning carbohydrate, fat and protein intake associated with reduced daily carbohydrate, fat and protein intake, respectively.

Ingesta de alimentos, energía y nutrientes en la población de 5 a 12 años de la Comunidad de Madrid: resultados de la encuesta de nutrición infantil 2001-2002

[corrected] In order to ascertain the food intake and nutritional situation of the children of the Community of Madrid, on which no updated information was available, the Institute of Public Health conducted the 2001/2001 Children's Nutrition Survey of the Community of Madrid (CNSCM). This study offers an analysis of the CNSCM that describes and evaluates the food, energy and nutrient intake of this segment of the population. Cross-sectional survey on a representative sample of children aged 5-12 years from the Community of Madrid. Diet-related information was collected in 2001 and 2002 by means of two 24-hour recalls. Total daily food, energy and nutrient intake were studied. The analysis included only the 1852 children who had completed both 24-h recalls (90.8% of all interviews). The average daily food intake is 1460.7 grams/person/day. Except for dairy products, eggs and oils, intake from the basic food groups is inadequate, and is particularly low for fresh fruits, green leafy vegetables and garden vegetables in general. The resulting average energy and nutrition intake is 1905.9 kcal/person/day; 43.6% carbohydrates, 17.4% proteins, 39.0% fats (13.3% saturated fats, 16.8% monosaturated fats, 5.0% polyunsaturated fats); 363.8 mg cholegterol, 13.6 g of fiber and lower than recommended intakes of zinc, folic acid, vitamins D and E (both sexes) and iron and vitamin B6 (girls). The diet of the children of the Community of Madrid shows a number of imbalances that should be improved: inadequate intake from basic food groups; excess of proteins, saturated fats and cholesterol; and a deficit of carbohydrates, fiber and certain micronutrients.

Biology of the Tribal Groups of Rajasthan, India: 6. A Comparative Study of the Nutritional Status

ABSTARCT Cross-sectional investigation on 2928 samples consisting of 1503 males and 1425 females was carried out on the Scheduled Tribes, namely Minas, Bhils, Sahariyas, Garasias, Damors and Kathodis of Rajasthan. Samples were collected belonging to age group 8 to 18 and were classified into yearly intervals. Information regarding the nutritional status was based on 24 hours recall method. Weights and volumes of foods were taken for each individual. The total daily nutrient intake for the individual was calculated using the food composition tables for the Indian foods. Consumption of most of the healthy and protective foods is lacking in the present study populations. Cereals is the staple food which is also lacking along with pulses, animal proteins, fats and green leafy vegetables which results in lower intake of nutrients. It is seen that the present study tribal groups are below the recommended values for all the major nutrients indicating a high prevalence of malnourishment, with males showing somewhat better position than the females of the present study.

Effect of Feeding Frequency on Feed Consumption, Growth, and Feed Efficiency in Aquarium-reared Norris and NWAC103 Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

.— A 6-wk feeding study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding frequency on growth rate of juvenile Norris and NWAC103 channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, reared under laboratory conditions. Four replicate groups of Norris and NWAC103 catfish (average weight of 4.0 ± 0.2 g/fish, SEM) were fed to visual satiety at different feeding frequencies (one, two, or three times daily). The percent of total daily food consumed for Norris catfish fed three times daily (0800, 1200, and 1600 h) was 44.4, 27.7, and 27.9%, respectively, while NWAC103 catfish consumed 42.9, 26.7, and 30.4%, respectively. Specific growth rate and feed intake were higher in fish fed three times daily compared to fish fed once and twice daily for both strains. Feed efficiency was reduced in NWAC103 fed three times daily compared to fish fed once or twice, while feed efficiency was similar among the Norris treatments. Gastrointestinal (GI) tract index ([weight of GI tract/weight of fish] × 100) decreased in NWAC103 catfish as feeding frequency increased, while a similar nonsignificant trend was also observed in Norris catfish. The results of this study demonstrate that aquarium-reared Norris and NWAC103 catfish fed three times a day consume more feed and gain more weight than catfish fed once or twice a day. The observed decrease in the GI index as a result of feeding more frequently demonstrates that the size of the GI tract increases, relative to body weight, when catfish are fed only once a day. Under laboratory conditions, the number of times a day the fish are fed should be considered when trying to maximize growth of NWAC103 and Norris strains of catfish.

Cardio-protective role of terazosin is possibly mediated through alteration in thyroid function

An investigation was made to reveal the possible involvement of thyroid hormones, if any, in terazosin (an alfa-1 adrenergic receptor blocker) induced alterations in tissue lipid peroxidation (LPO) and in the concentration of different serum lipids. We determined the impact of terazosin on the changes in hypercholesterolemic (CCT) diet induced thyroid dysfunction; cardiac, renal and hepatic LPO and on serum glucose concentration in female Wister rats. Simultaneously levels of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), creatinine, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, hepatic glycogen synthesis and total daily food consumption were studied as supporting parameters. While a decrease in the level of serum thyroid hormones, HDL-C and in hepatic glycogen content, was observed in CCT diet fed animals; it increased the concentration of other serum lipids, glucose and creatinine; ALP activity; tissue and serum LPO. However, following terazosin administration for 15 days to CCT diet fed animals, status of thyroid hormones and all other thyroid dependent parameters were reversed suggesting that the drug might be acting through an alteration in the thyroid functions.

Too Little Sleep: A Risk Factor for Obesity?

Obesity ManagementVol. 2, No. 4 Too Little Sleep: A Risk Factor for Obesity?Kenneth P. WrightJr.Kenneth P. WrightJr.Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:13 Sep 2006https://doi.org/10.1089/obe.2006.2.140AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byThe Impact of Time of Day on Energy Expenditure: Implications for Long-Term Energy Balance6 October 2019 | Nutrients, Vol. 11, No. 10Relationships of Sleep Duration With Weight-Related Behaviors of U.S. College Students2 December 2015 | Behavioral Sleep Medicine, Vol. 14, No. 5Impact of insufficient sleep on total daily energy expenditure, food intake, and weight gain11 March 2013 | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 110, No. 14From sleep duration to childhood obesity—what are the pathways?12 January 2012 | European Journal of Pediatrics, Vol. 171, No. 7Blood Pressure Increases During a Simulated Night Shift in Persons at Risk for Hypertension29 September 2010 | International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, Vol. 17, No. 4 Volume 2Issue 4Aug 2006 InformationCopyright 2006, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.To cite this article:Kenneth P. WrightJr..Too Little Sleep: A Risk Factor for Obesity?.Obesity Management.Aug 2006.140-145.http://doi.org/10.1089/obe.2006.2.140Published in Volume: 2 Issue 4: September 13, 2006PDF download

Gender-specific orexigenic and anorexigenic mechanisms in rats

Feeding dysregulation may manifest as either under-nourishment (e.g., anorexia) or excessive eating leading to obesity. Recent studies have suggested a gender-related variance in weight maintenance in response to chronic disease or obesity-related dietary regimens. However it is unclear whether these gender differences in weight management are secondary to appetite-mediated food intake or alternative mechanisms (e.g., exercise, metabolism). In this study, we explored gender-dependent feeding and hormonal responses to dietary restriction (12-h fast) or to an inflammatory stimulus (LPS, 100 μg/kg b.w.; i.p.) in rats. In response to a 12 h fast, female rats increased ( p < 0.05) total daily food intake above that of male rats by primarily increasing nighttime feeding by 40%, as compared to 10% in males. Consistent with the increased food intake, fasting induced a greater percent increase in female as compared to male plasma ghrelin (141 vs. 65%, p < 0.001). In response to LPS, both male and female rats showed similar reductions in total daily food consumption. However LPS (6 h) induced a greater percent increase in plasma leptin in female than male rats (230 vs. 33%, p < 0.01), whereas ghrelin was similarly decreased in both females and males (66 vs. 44%). These findings demonstrate sexual dimorphic responses in feeding and appetite-associated hormonal responses to fasting or LPS treatment. Our findings suggest that therapeutic interventions with ghrelin or leptin must be modified according to gender in order to optimally achieve either weight loss for obesity or weight gain/maintenance for chronic illness-associated anorexia.

High-fat hyperphagia in neurotrophin-4 deficient mice reveals potential role of vagal intestinal sensory innervation in long-term controls of food intake

Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) deficient mice exhibit substantial loss of intestinal vagal afferent innervation and short-term deficits in feeding behavior, suggesting reduced satiation. However, they do not show long-term changes in feeding or body weight because of compensatory behaviors. The present study examined whether high-fat hyperphagia induction would overcome compensation and reveal long-term effects associated with the reduced vagal sensory innervation of NT-4 mutants. First, modifications of a feeding schedule previously developed in rats were examined in wild-type mice to identify the regimen most effective at producing hyperphagia. The most successful schedule, which was run for 26 days, included access to a 43%-fat diet and pelleted chow every other day and access to only powdered chow on the alternate days. On high-fat access days mice consumed 25% more calories than mice with continuous daily access to the same high-fat diet and pelleted chow. This feeding regimen also induced hyperphagia in NT-4 deficient mice and their wild-type controls: on high-fat exposure days mutants consumed 35% more calories relative to continuous-access mutants, and wild types ate 25% more than continuous-access wild types. Moreover, on high-fat access days the alternating NT-4 mutants significantly increased caloric intake by 9% compared to alternating wild types. Thus, high-fat hyperphagia appeared to override compensation, permitting short-term changes in meal consumption by mutants that accrued into long-term changes in total daily food intake. This raises the possibility that intestinal vagal sensory innervation contributes to long-term, as well as to short-term regulation of food intake.