Total Condensed Tannin Contents Research Articles

In vitro ruminal fermentation kinetics and energy utilization of three Mexican tree fodder species during the rainy and dry period

A factorial experimental design (3 × 2 × 3) was used to evaluate the effect of season of harvest and type of ruminal inoculums on in vitro ruminal fermentation kinetics and energy utilization of three browse tree foliages ( Lysiloma acapulcencis, Quercus laeta and Pithecellobium dulce). Browse species were harvested during the dry season (DS) and rainy season (RS) and incubated with three different ruminal inoculums: cow, goats previously adapted (AG) or not adapted (UG) to browse species fed in their daily diet. Chemical composition, total condensed tannin (TCT), free-condensed tannin (free-CT), protein-bound condensed tannin (PCT), fiber-bound condensed tannin (FCT) as well as in vitro assaying of ruminal gas production kinetics was determined, while the short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and metabolizable energy (ME) were estimated. Crude protein (CP) was considerably higher (season × browse; P<0.001) during RS. P. dulce had the lowest neutral detergent fiber (NDFom) and acid detergent fiber (ADFom) in both seasons, while L. acapulcencis had the highest values and Q. laeta values were intermediate, with an overall increase in fiber fractions in DS browse foliages (season × browse; P<0.001). TCT content in tree species revealed differences (P<0.01). FCT and PCT were lower in Q. laeta and P. dulce during the RS than in DS, lower (P<0.01) Free-CT fractions were observed in L. acapulcencis and Q. Laeta than in P. dulce, during both seasons. in vitro gas production parameters was increased (P<0.05) in DS than in RS in browses with low and medium tannins contents ( i.e., P. dulce and Q. laeta); consequently, browses energy utilization ( i.e., SCFA and ME) and organic matter degradability (OMD) as well as fermentation efficiency ( i.e., partition factor; PF) were improved (P<0.05). Generally, P. dulce had the highest (P<0.001) ruminal fermentation parameters and energy utilization values (more in DS than RS), while lowest values were founded in L. acapulcencis. Ruminal fluid of AD and UG had higher (P<0.001) browse ruminal fermentation kinetics, efficiency and energy utilization than cow's rumen fluid. The browse fermentation and energy utilization was improved in DS versus in RS and the browse fermentation and utilization were highest (P<0.05) in AG ruminal fluid than the others. Our results suggested a better nutritive value of P. dulce and Q. laeta with low and medium tannins contents and high CP concentration in cows and goats during the DS. Goats previously fed browse species in diets had a better ability to degrade and ferment the browse species than other animals.

EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS OF CONDENSED TANNINS IN CASTANEA SATIVA MILL.

Proanthocyanidins, also known as condensed tannins are widespread in woody plants, but are also found in certain forages. Castanea sativa Mill. are exploited for various purposes, but a little is known about potential of this species and possible application in diet and therapy. The parts of chestnut such as: seed, peeled seed, brown seed shell, red internal seed shell, leaves, catkin, spiny bur, as well as the new and old chestnut bark were extracted with 50% ethanol as an extragents. Contents of total phenolics and total flavonoids were measured by application of the standard colorimetric assay. The total condensed tannins content estimated was highest in red internal seed shell 15.29%CE (vanillin assay) and 3.12%CT (acid butanol assay). Also high content of total phenolic compounds and condensed tannins had extracts of catkin, brown seed shell of chestnut and new chestnut bark. Extracts of C. sativa Mill. can be a potential resource of natural tannins with possible application in diet and therapy.

Nutrient conservation strategies of a mangrove species Rhizophora stylosa under nutrient limitation

Despite a growing knowledge of nutrient limitation for mangrove species and how mangroves adapt to low nutrients, there is scant information about the relative importance of N:P ratio and leaf phenolics variability in determining nutrient conservation. In this study, we evaluated possible nutrient conservation strategies of a mangrove Rhizophora stylosa under nutrient limitation. 1. The leaf nutrient concentrations of R. stylosa changed with season, with the highest N concentration in winter and the highest P concentration in spring for both mature and senescent leaves. Leaf N and P concentrations decreased significantly during leaf senescence. Based on N:P ratios R. stylosa forest was N-limited. Accordingly, the nitrogen resorption efficiency (NRE) was significantly higher than phosphorus resorption efficiency (PRE) for the R. stylosa leaves during leaf senescence. The NRE and PRE both reached the highest in the autumn. Average N and P concentrations in the senescent leaves were 0.15% and 0.06% for R. stylosa, respectively, indicating a complete resorption of N and an incomplete resorption of P. There was a significant negative correlation between nitrogen resorption proficiency (NRP) and NRE, meanwhile phosphorus resorption proficiency (PRP) and PRE correlation was also highly significantly. 2. R. stylosa leaves contained relatively high tannin level. Total phenolics, extractable condensed tannins and total condensed tannins contents increased during leaf senescence, and changed between seasons. The lowest concentrations of total phenolics, extractable condensed tannins and total condensed tannins occurred in summer, total phenolics concentrations were inversely related to nitrogen or phosphorus concentrations. 3. Our results confirmed that resorption efficiency during leaf senescence depends on the type of nutrient limitation, and NRE was much higher than PRE under N-limited conditions. R. stylosa forest developed several nutrient conservation strategies in the intertidal coastline surroundings, including high nitrogen resorption efficiency, low nutrient losses and high tannins level.

Seasonal changes in tannin and nitrogen contents of Casuarina equisetifolia branchlets

Seasonal dynamics of total phenolics (TP), extractable condensed tannins (ECT), protein-bound condensed tannins (PBCT), fiber-bound condensed tannins (FBCT), total condensed tannins (TCT), and protein precipitation capacity (PPC) in young, mature and senescent branchlets of Casuarina equisetifolia were studied at Chishan Forestry Center of Dongshan County, Fujian Province, China. In addition, nitrogen contents of branchlets at the different developmental stages were also determined. The contents of TP and ECT, and PPC in young branchlets were significantly higher than those in mature and senescent branchlets through the season. However, PBCT contents were significantly higher in senescent branchlets than those in young and mature branchlets; FBCT fluctuated with season. Young branchlets had the highest N content, which decreased during branch maturity and senescence. The highest contents of TP and the lowest contents of TCT and N in young and mature branchlets were observed in summer. There was a significant negative correlation between TP and N contents. In contrast, TCT contents were positively correlated to N contents. Nutrient resorption during senescence and high TCT:N ratios in senescent branchlets are the important nutrient conservation strategies for C. equisetifolia.

Antiradical activity and polyphenol composition of local Brassicaceae edible varieties

The antiradical activity, polyphenols, flavonoids and total condensed tannins contents have been determined in the case of seven local edible Brassicaceae, i.e. Italian kale, broccoli, Savoy and white cabbage, cauliflower, green cauliflower and Brussels sprouts. Rapid spectrophotometric methods were applied. The results achieved were compared with the quali–quantitative information obtained by HPLC/DAD and HPLC/MS. The polyphenolic compounds detected were: kaempferol and quercetin glycosides and hydroxycinnamic esters. The EC 50 values ranged from 81.45 to 917.81 mg sample/mg DPPH and the total phenolic content from 4.30 to 13.80 gallic acid equivalents (mg gallic acid/g sample). The peculiar characteristics of these vegetables can be evaluated and can increase their value as functional food.

Proximate Analysis and Some Antinutritional Factor Constituents in Selected Varieties of Jamaican Yams (Dioscorea and Rajana spp.)

Two wild (Dioscorea polygonoides and Rajana cordata) and seven cultivated varieties of Jamaican yams (Dioscorea spp.) were analyzed for their proximate composition and the levels of antinutritional factors. The protein level range was 47.8 +/- 2.6 to 88.0 +/- 2.5 g/kg dry weight. The lowest level was seen in D. cayenensis. The range for the dietary fiber content in the tubers was 16.3 +/- 0.7 to 63.5 +/- 0.4 g/kg dry weight. The wild yam varieties recorded higher levels. Saponins level was <600 mg/kg dry weight in all the tubers analyzed except for bitter yam (2962.5 +/- 60.5 mg/kg dry weight). Total phenol content ranged from 1.3 +/- 0.1 to 79.3 +/- 6.1 g/kg while total condensed tannin content ranged from 0.1 +/- 0.0 to 26.7 +/- 3.8 g/kg dry weight. Samples that showed high levels of phenols also had high levels of condensed tannins. All the samples analyzed contained low levels of lectins and no alkaloids were detected. The levels of antinutritional factors did not clearly delineate the wild varieties from the edible varieties.

In vitro gas production and its relationship to in situ disappearance and chemical composition of some Mediterranean browse species

In vitro gas production of seven species (i.e., Arbutus unedo, Calycotum villosa, Erica arborea, Phillyrea angustifolia, Pistacia lentiscus, Myrtus communis, Quercus suber) that are widely browsed by goats were measured through 120 h and related to in situ dry matter disappearance (DMD) and chemical composition. Three goats fitted with ruminal cannulae were used for the in vitro and in situ studies. Browses varied in their crude protein (CP: 55–221 g/kg DM) and neutral detergent fibre (360–551 g/kg DM) contents. High levels of total condensed tannins (TCT) were observed in Pistacia lentiscus, and the lowest levels were in Calycotum villosa and Phillyrea angustifolia. The browses varied widely in potential (145.7–224.0 ml/g DM) and fractional rates (0.038–0.075/h) of gas production, and there were differences among species in DMD ( P < 0.05). Gas production at 24 h was positively correlated ( P < 0.05) with in situ DM disappearance and CP content, but negatively correlated ( P < 0.05) to acid detergent lignin (ADL), free condensed tannins (FCT) and TCT contents. The fractional rate of fermentation ( μ) was negatively related ( P < 0.05) to FCT ( r = −0.81) and TCT ( r = −0.83), whereas DMD was only related to acid detergent fibre and ADL content. Results support combined use of gas production and in situ techniques to determine the nutritive value of feeds containing phenolic compounds.

Chemical Composition and Its Relationship to In vitro Gas Production of Several Tannin Containing Trees and Shrub Leaves

The aim of this experiment was to determine the chemical composition of six commonly utilized fodder trees and shrub species in Turkey, namely Glycrrhiza glabra L, Arbutus andrachne, Carpinus betilus, Juniperus communis, Quercus libari L and Pistica lentiscus and its relationship with gas production and estimated parameters when incubated with rumen fluid in vitro. There were significant (p<0.001) differences between leaves in terms of crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), total condensed tannin (TCT), bound condensed tannin (BCT) and soluble condensed tannin (SCT). Crude protein contents ranged from 5.74% (Juniperus communis) to 12.59% (Glycrrhiza glabra L). Acid detergent fiber contents ranged from 25.14% (Glycrrhiza glabra L) to 39.23% (Juniperus communis). Total condensed tannin (TCT) contents of leaves ranged from 4.34% (Quercus libari L) to 20.34% (Juniperus communis). Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and total condensed tannin contents of leaves were negatively correlated with gas productions and some estimated parameters. Potential gas productions (A) of Glycrrhiza glabra L, Arbutus andrachne, Quercus libari L and Pistica lentiscus were significantly (p<0.001) higher than those of Carpinus betilus and Juniperus communis whereas gas production rate (µ24) of Pistica lentiscus was significantly (p<0.001) higher than the others. Time (h) to produce 50% of total gas pool size (T50) of Juniperus communis was significantly (p<0.001) lower than that of Carpinus betilus whereas time (h) to produce 90% of total gas pool size (T90) of Juniperus communis was significantly lower than the others except for Pistica lentiscus. The metabolizable energy (ME) contents of leaves ranged from 8.86 to 10.39 MJ kg -1 DM. The results obtained in this study suggested that browse species had a significant effect on chemical composition, gas production and estimated parameters of leaves. Leaves from Glycrrhiza glabra L with a considerable amount of CP had a high rank value in terms of ME. Therefore leaves from Glycrrhiza glabra L may have a high potential value for small ruminant animals in terms of rumen and whole digestibility. Leaves from other species studied require protein supplementation when they are the only feed consumed by ruminant animals. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2005. Vol 18, No. 2 : 203-208)

Responses ofLotus corniculatus to environmental change. 2. Effect of elevated CO2, temperature and drought on tissue digestion in relation to condensed tannin and carbohydrate accumulation

Clonal plants of three genotypes of Lotus corniculatus (cv Leo) were grown in eight controlled environments under combinations of two temperature regimes, two CO2 concentrations and two watering regimes. Condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins), in-vitro digestibility, initial rates of gas evolution (as an indicator of the initial rates of fermentation of the substrate), volatile fatty acid evolution, and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) levels were determined in leaves, stems and roots at full flowering. Under control conditions (average midsummer conditions in the United Kingdom) the total condensed tannin content of leaves varied six-fold between genotypes but condensed tannin contents in stems and roots were similar. Condensed tannin levels were significantly increased in leaves and stems of all three genotypes by doubling the CO2 concentration while raising the temperature towards the optimum for growth significantly reduced condensed tannin levels. Drought stress significantly reduced condensed tannin levels in leaves and, particularly, in roots. Nutritive value was inversely related to condensed tannin levels in leaves and a negative relationship was observed between condensed tannin concentrations of more than 25–30 g kg−1 dry matter and the initial rates of gas evolution when subjected to in-vitro fermentation with rumen micro-organisms. In leaves, digestibility was significantly increased by drought and by increasing temperature but reduced by high CO2. In stems, digestibility was significantly increased by drought, but not significantly affected by increasing temperature, or by high CO2 alone. In roots, digestibility was significantly increased by drought, and decreased by increasing temperature or CO2. Increasing the growth temperature towards optimum growth reduced the content of NSC in all tissues with the greatest changes occurring in root tissue. Doubling the CO2 concentration increased NSC levels in leaves and stems with starch content more than doubled under high CO2 while, in roots, increased levels were only observed in combination with drought stress. There was a linear correlation between condensed tannin concentration and total NSC that was positive for leaves, neutral for stems and negative for roots. The relationship between carbohydrate levels and rates of gas production was negative for leaves and positive for stem and roots. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry

Comparative studies of herbage intake and performance of lambs grazing Yorkshire fog (Holcus lanatus) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) pastures in winter

A comparative trial was carried out to assess the grazing behaviour, and performance of lambs grazing Yorkshire fog (Holcus lanatus cv. Massey Basyn)/white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Grasslands Tahora) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Grasslands Nui)/white clover pastures and to evaluate the effects of low concentrations of condensed tannins (CT) in the grasses on body and wool growth under continuous stocking management in winter. Thirty‐six spring‐born female lambs of mean initial live weight 29 ± 2.3 kg were allocated to balanced groups in sets of six, with three replicates of the two pasture treatments. Individual paddocks were grazed continuously for 7 weeks from 30 May to 15 July. Half of the lambs were drenched with 10 g polyethylene glycol (PEG: molecular weight 4000) twice daily at 0830 and 1700 hrs and the remaining lambs were drenched with water as a control. Yorkshire fog swards had greater herbage mass and bulk density, lower proportions of live leaf and white clover, and a higher proportion of dead material than perennial ryegrass swards. Ryegrass had a consistently superior organic matter digestibility (80 vs 77 ± 0.3%, P < 0.05) and higher total CT content than Yorkshire fog (2.1 vs 1.8 + 0.07 g/kg DM, P < 0.05). Lambs had higher herbage digestible organic matter intake (888 vs 716 ± 24.8 g/day, P < 0.05) and carcass weight gain (89 vs 70 ±2.7 g/day, P < 0.05) on ryegrass than on Yorkshire fog. PEG administration did not significantly influence liveweight or carcass gain, but improved the rate of wool growth in lambs on ryegrass and decreased it in lambs on Yorkshire fog (Species x PEG interaction, P < 0.01). It is concluded that the better performance of lambs grazing the perennial ryegrass pastures reflected greater herbage intake and diet digestibility. Concentrations of CT in both pastures were too low to materially affect animal performance.

In Vitro Fermentation of the Non-Starch Polysaccahride Fraction of Tropical Forage Legumes

The fibre fraction (= non-starch polysaccharides; NSP) of tropical forage legumes is a potentially important source of dietary energy. Such legumes, however often contain tannins which can reduce the fermentability of the NSP fraction. In this study, the monosaccharide composition and in vitro digestibility of the NSP fraction of eleven tropical forage legumes varying in condensed tannin content, were investigated.Milled, lyophilised leaves of 5 species of forage legume from Ethiopia, Sesbania goetzei (SG), Sesbania sesban (SS) Leucaena leucocephala (LL), Acacia cyanophylla (AC), Chamaecytisus palmensis (CP)) and six from Colombia, Calliandra sp. 29400 (C), Dioclea guianensis (DG), Flemingia macrophylla 77409 (FM) Tadehagi sp. 23227 (T23), 13269 (T69) and 13275 (T75)) were used. One gram samples were fermented at 39°C for 7 d under anaerobic conditions in modified Van Soest medium inoculated with bovine rumen fluid (5 replicates per species). At the end of the fermentation period, residues were filtered, washed with distilled water and lyophilised. The NSP content and composition of the original samples and their residues were determined by the method of Englyst and Cummings (1984). The bound, soluble and total condensed tannin contents of the original samples were determined by the method of Terrill et al. (1992).

Condensed tannin and gossypol concentrations in cottonseed and in processed cottonseed meal

AbstractExperimental varieties of cottonseed and of industrial cottonseed meal (CSM) were analysed for extractable and bound condensed tannin (CT) and free gossypol. CT was present in the hulls of all varieties, with higher concentrations recorded for high tannin and glandless selections (55 and 58 g kg−1 DM) than for the multiple host plant resistant and high gossypol selections (38 g kg−1 DM). CT was present in trace amounts in the kernels (meats) of high tannin selections, but was not detected in the kernels of all other selections. Industrial CSM contained 8‐15 g kg−1 CT, due to contamination of meats with hull components. On average, for the hulls of all varieties, approximately 22, 60 and 18% of total CT was present in the extractable, protein‐bound and fibre‐bound forms, respectively. Total CT content in the hulls was positively correlated with the lignin content of kernels (r = 0·67, P &lt; 0·01). Free gossypol was mainly found in the kernels, with negligible amounts being found in the hulls of the experimental varieties. Kernels of high gossypol selections contained higher concentrations of free gossypol (18 g kg−1 DM) than kernels of multiple host plant resistant, high tannin and commercial selections (10‐12 g kg−1 DM), with free gossypol concentration being very low (0·8 g kg−1 DM) in the kernels of glandless cottonseed and in Australian industrial CSM. A negative correlation (R = −0·50, P &lt; 0·05) between free gossypol in the kernels and total CT in the hulls was found. The kernels of multiple host plant resistant selections were lower in neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and lignin, whilst those of the glandless selection were higher in oil, than the mean for all other selections. The results are discussed in relation to plant defence mechanisms against insect attack and in relation to the nutritive value of CSM for ruminant and monogastric livestock.

Quality assessment of tropical browse legumes: Tannin content and protein degradation

The in sacco digestibilities of dry matter and nitrogen content of the leaf material from 12 species of tropical browse legumes were measured in rumen-fistulated goats fed on a diet of rice straw supplemented with lucerne chaff. Freeze-dried samples of Albizia lebbek, Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Samanea saman and Sesbania sesban did not contain condensed tannins. These browse species also exhibited high digestibilities of both dry matter and nitrogen. Highest condensed tannin contents (vanillin-HCl method) were recorded in Calliandra calothrysus (11.07%) and Codariocalyx gyroides (7.12%). In species which contained tannins, however, there was poor correlation between nitrogen digestibility and total condensed tannin content (measured either by vanillin-HCl or butanol-HCl assay). Drying the browse at 60°C in a forced-draught oven resulted in variable losses in both total phenolics and condensed tannin content in all species. In particular, Gliricidia sepium and Tipuana tipu lost all apparent tannin content during oven drying. Lowest digestibilities of nitrogen (< 43%) were observed in Acacia aneura, Acacia angustissima, Albizia chinensis and Caliandra calothrysus. Oven drying of these species, however, resulted in highly significant increases in nitrogen digestibility.