Total Body Fat Research Articles

Associations of Phthalate Exposure with Adiposity and Metabolic Syndrome in US Adolescents and Adults, NHANES 2013-2018

Abstract Background/Objective Phthalates are ubiquitous endocrine-disrupting chemicals and suspected obesogens. However, the associations with fat distribution and associated cardiometabolic complications remain unclear. Therefore, we examined the associations between phthalate exposure, body fat (total and distribution patterns), and metabolic syndrome (MetS) among US adolescents and adults. Methods We analyzed cross-sectional data from 829 adolescents and 3905 adults in the 2013-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Total percent body fat (%BF), visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass, and android to gynoid (A/G) ratio were determined using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Associations between molar sums of low molecular weight (∑LMW), high molecular weight (∑HMW), and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (∑DEHP) metabolites, and adiposity indicators and MetS were analyzed with multivariable linear and logistic regressions. Models included sex interaction terms, were stratified by age group, and adjusted for relevant covariates. Results ∑HMW and ∑DEHP exposures were positively associated with %BF in males, and all phthalate groups were associated with greater VAT mass and A/G ratio in adolescent males. Five-fold increases in ∑HMW and ∑DEHP metabolites were associated with 21.7% (95% CI: 10.5-33.9) and 18.0% (95% CI: 7.72-29.2) greater VAT mass among adolescent males, respectively. Sex modified the relationship between ∑HMW exposure and A/G ratio among adolescents (interaction p-value = 0.0185). Phthalates were not associated with odds of MetS. When assessing individual MetS components, phthalates were associated with hyperglycemia in adult males. Conclusion Greater exposure to phthalates was associated with greater %BF in all males, and with fat distribution in adolescent males; however, phthalates were not linked to MetS.

Mobile-Based Platform With a Low-Calorie Dietary Intervention Involving Prepackaged Food for Weight Loss for People With Overweight and Obesity in China: Half-Year Follow-Up Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Obesity is a rapidly increasing health problem in China, causing massive economic and health losses annually. Many techniques have emerged to help people with obesity better adhere to intervention programs and achieve their weight loss goals, including food replacement and internet-delivered weight loss consultations. Most studies on weight loss interventions mainly focused on the change in body weight or BMI; however, body fat, especially visceral fat mass, is considered the main pathogenic factor in obesity. In China, more reliable evidence is required on this topic. Moreover, it is unclear whether an integrated weight loss program combining food replacement products, mobile app-based platforms, and daily body composition monitoring using a wireless scale is useful and practical in China. In this 2-arm, parallel-designed, randomized study, we explored the effectiveness and safety of the Metawell (Weijian Technologies Inc) weight loss program in China, which combines prepackaged biscuits, a wireless scale, and a mobile app. Participants in the intervention group were guided to use food replacement products and a scale for weight loss and monitoring, whereas participants in the control group received printed material with a sample diet and face-to-face education on weight loss at enrollment. The intervention lasted for 3 months, and follow-up visits were conducted at months 3 and 6 after enrollment. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and quantitative computed tomography were used to assess body fat. A multilevel model for repeated measurements was used to compare differences between the 2 groups. In total, 220 patients were randomly assigned to intervention (n=110) and control (n=110) groups. Participants in the intervention group had significantly greater decreases in BMI, total body fat, visceral adipose area, and subcutaneous adipose area (all P<.001) than those in the control group. However, the rate of change in lean mass was not significantly different between the 2 groups (P=.62). Further, 35 participants in the intervention group reported adverse events. Constipation was the most frequently reported adverse event (11/110), followed by dizziness (6/110), hypoglycemia (4/110), fatigue (3/110), and gastritis (3/35). The Metawell program was effective for weight loss. After the intervention, participants in the intervention group lost more body weight and body fat while retaining muscle mass than those in the control group.

Steatosarcopenia: A New Terminology for Clinical Conditions Related to Body Composition Classification

Body composition analysis focuses on measuring skeletal muscle mass and total body fat. The loss of muscle function and mass is related to clinical conditions such as frailty, increased risk of falls, and prolonged hospitalizations. Despite the relevance of the definition of sarcopenic obesity, there is still a gap in the monitoring of patients who have the combination of sarcopenia and myosteatosis, regardless of the presence of obesity. Therefore, we propose a new nomenclature, steatosarcopenia, a condition characterized by the loss of mass or skeletal muscle strength and performance associated with the excessive deposition of ectopic reserve fat in muscle tissue, in the same individual, not necessarily related to excess fat total body mass. A greater understanding of this condition may assist in developing strategies for preventing and treating metabolic diseases.

Effects of dapagliflozin on body composition and its relation to hemodynamics in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the CAMEO-DAPA randomized clinical trial

Abstract Background Excess fat, particularly visceral fat, plays an important role in the development of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors improve hemodynamics, reduce symptom severity, and decrease risk of hospitalization, but their impact on body composition, as well as potential relationships between changes in body composition and hemodynamic effects, are unknown in HFpEF. Purpose Evaluate the effect of dapagliflozin on body and blood composition and examined the potential correlation of such changes on cardiac hemodynamics. Methods The CAMEO-DAPA trial, a single-center, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study, showed that 24 weeks of dapagliflozin reduced resting and exercise pulmonary capillary wedge pressures (PCWP) in patients with HFpEF. This prespecified secondary analysis reports the effects of dapagliflozin on body composition using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), blood composition (radiolabeled iodinated albumin), and cardiac hemodynamics using high-fidelity micromanometers. Analysis was performed based on the intention-to-treat. Relative change was calculated by dividing the absolute change on the baseline value. Results Overall, 37 patients (67 years, 65% women, 70% with obesity, 27% overweight) completed the trial. As compared with baseline, dapagliflozin decreased total body fat compared with placebo [mean (SD) absolute change: -2.29 (2.94) kg vs -0.32 (1.84) in placebo, p=0.03; relative change: -4.6% (5.4) vs -0.8% (4.3), p=0.02], Figure 1. This was primarily due to greater loss of upper body trunk fat [absolute change: -1.53 (1.70) kg vs +0.31 (0.99) in placebo, p&amp;lt;.001; relative change: -5.2% (5.6) vs +1.1% (4.1), p&amp;lt;.001], Figure 1. Reductions in trunk fat were correlated with decreases in PCWP (r=0.41, p=0.03), Figure 2. Total body fat-free mass (FFM) tended to decrease in the dapagliflozin group [absolute change: -0.63 (1.85) kg vs +0.34 (1.76), p=0.12]; reductions in leg, android, and gynoid FFM were all greater than placebo (p&amp;lt;0.05). Dapagliflozin reduced plasma volume [absolute change: -170 (343) ml vs +112 (346), p=0.02] compared with placebo, and the decrease in plasma volume was correlated with the reduction in FFM (r=0.47, p=0.006), Figure 2. Treatment with dapagliflozin had no effect on resting metabolic rate but was associated with modest reduction in bone mineral content [-16 (47) g vs +26 (61), p=0.03]. Conclusions In patients with HFpEF, dapagliflozin decreases body fat, particularly trunk fat, suggesting greater effect on visceral adipose, which is correlated with favorable hemodynamic effects. Dapagliflozin also tends to reduce FFM, which may relate to reduction in total body water with or without reduction is muscle mass, in tandem with modest decreases in bone mineral content.Figure 1:Relative change in fat massFigure 2

Beneficial Effects of a Freeze-Dried Kale Bar on Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

Background/Objectives: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the most common global diseases, with an ever-growing need for prevention and treatment solutions. Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) offers a good source of fiber, minerals, bioavailable calcium, unsaturated fatty acids, prebiotic carbohydrates, vitamins, health-promoting secondary plant metabolites, as well as higher amounts of proteins and essential amino acids compared to other vegetables. The objective of this study was to investigate whether daily intake of freeze-dried kale powder can provide health benefits for T2D patients vs. placebo. Methods: This study was designed as a 12-week, blinded, randomized, controlled trial. Thirty T2D patients were randomly assigned to either a placebo bar (control) or a kale bar (intervention). Participants in the intervention group were instructed to consume three bars/day, each containing 26.25 g of freeze-dried kale (corresponding to approx. 341 g fresh kale/day). At baseline and 12 weeks, all participants underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), 24 h blood pressure measurements, DEXA scans, and fasted blood samples were taken. Results: A significant reduction in HbA1c, insulin resistance, body weight, and calorie intake was observed in the intervention group compared to control. Positive trends were detected in fasted blood glucose and LDL-cholesterol for those in the kale intervention group. No significant differences were found in total body fat mass and area under the curve glucose 240 min OGTT. Conclusions: Given the positive effects of high daily kale intake observed in this study, further research with a larger sample size is needed to better understand the health benefits of kale bars. This could potentially lead to new dietary recommendations for patients with T2D.

Influence of Early Life Factors on the Breast Milk and Fecal Microbiota of Mother–Newborn Dyads

Maternal gut and breast milk (BM) are key in vertically transmission bacteria to infants, shaping their gut microbiota in early life. Although the establishment of early gut microbiota is known, the role of the combined influence of maternal factors and newborn characteristics is not explored. In this study, we aimed to assess the influence of maternal BMI and total body fat, age, delivery mode, and newborn sex on the diversity and composition of the BM and gut microbiota (GM) in mother–newborn dyads. In this cross-sectional study, of the 986 pregnant women candidates, 53 participated, and, finally, 40 mother–newborn dyads exclusively breastfeeding at 20–28 days postpartum were included. Metataxonomic profiling of DNA extracted from BM and fecal samples was conducted using 16S rRNA sequencing. Globally, the findings offer valuable insights that excessive adiposity, age, and C-section delivery influence a lower abundance of specific taxa in the BM, maternal gut, and gut of newborns. Also, the simultaneous analysis of maternal factors and newborn characteristics shows that maternal age and newborn sex explain an important variation in the microbiota composition. These results add to the understanding of the intricate interplay between maternal factors and the microbial communities that influence early-life gut and BM microbiota.

Bimagrumab: an investigational human monoclonal antibody against activin type II receptors for treating obesity.

Bimagrumab is a human monoclonal antibody that prevents activin type II receptors (ActRII) from functioning. This antibody has a higher affinity for muscle activin-2 receptors than natural ligands such as activin and myostatin, which act as negative muscle growth regulators. Blocking the activin receptor with bimagrumab could be a new pharmaceutical approach for managing patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Bimagrumab has anabolic effects on skeletal muscle mass by preventing myostatin binding and other negative muscle growth regulators. Preclinical animal models have also shown that ActRII blockade promotes actions beyond skeletal muscle, including effects on brown adipose tissue (BAT) differentiation and activity. In a phase 2 randomized clinical trial, ActRII blockade with bimagrumab led to significant loss of total body fat mass (FM), lean mass (LM) gain, and metabolic improvements over 48weeks in overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes. The trial involved [number of participants], and the results showed [specific findings]. Currently, Bimagrumab is being evaluated for its potential to treat muscle wasting, functional loss in hip fractures and sarcopenia, as well as obesity. However, it is essential to note that Bimagrumab also blocks the effects of other ActRII ligands, which play a role in the neurohormonal axes, pituitary, gonads, and adrenal glands. These observations suggest that bimagrumab might represent a new approach for treating patients with obesity and related metabolic disturbances.

The impact of an organized physical activity program on the health indicators of students from differ-ent cultural groups in second chance school setting

The primary objective of this research was to assess the impact of a structured physical activity program on the health indicators of adult students attending a multicultural Second Chance School (SCS). The study encompassed a total of 62 SCS students aged 19 to 57, who were divided into two groups: experimental and control. The intervention program consisted of two sessions per week spanning 20 weeks, with each session lasting 60 minutes. The exercise intensity ranged from 65% to 85% of HRmax and included various activities such as aerobics, weight exercises, dumbbell routines, and hiking. Measurements were taken at both the commencement and conclusion of the organized physical activity program. Specialized equipment, including a wall-mounted stadiometer, precision scales, a unique tape measure, an automated sphygmomanometer, and the DXA machine, was employed for data collection. Data analysis involved ANOVA variance analyses, descriptive statistics, and T-Tests utilizing the SPSS software. The results revealed a statistically significant primary influence attributed to the 'measurement' factor (p&lt;.001) across all health indicators, except for total BMD and total BMC, when comparing the experimental and control groups. In terms of gender disparities, men exhibited higher measurements in body mass, fat-free mass, belly size, and blood pressure, while women displayed greater fat mass and total body fat. To conclude, the intervention program had a positive impact on improving the health indicators of adult SCS students. Future research endeavors should explore the implementation of Physical Activity programs in other SCSs throughout Greece. Keywords: Adult Students; Health Indicators; Organized Physical Activity; Second Chance Schools

Fat Distribution and Urolithiasis Risk Parameters in Uric Acid Stone Formers and Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Uric acid (UA) nephrolithiasis affects approximately 10% of kidney stones, with a greater preponderance among patients with obesity and diabetes mellitus. UA lithogenicity is driven by abnormally acidic urine pH. Distinguishing the contribution of intrinsic (e.g., body adiposity) versus external (e.g., dietary) factors to UA stone propensity is challenging due to uncontrolled diets in outpatients in previously published studies. Methods: This compilation of metabolic studies with body composition examined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan, and blood and urine biochemistry collected under a controlled metabolic diet was conducted across three distinct populations: 74 UA stone formers (UASF group), 13 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without kidney stones (DM group), and 51 healthy volunteers (HV group). Results: Compared to HV, both UASF and DM exhibited higher levels of net acid excretion (NAE), and significantly lower urine pH and lower proportion of NAE excreted as ammonium (NH4 +/NAE), all under controlled diets. UASF exhibited significantly lower NH4 +/NAE compared with DM. UASFs also showed higher total body and truncal fat compared to controls. Among the HV, lower NH4 +/NAE ratio correlated with higher truncal and total fat. However, this association was abolished in the UASF and DM groups who exhibit a fixed low NH4 +/NAE ratio across a range of body and truncal fat. Conclusion: The findings suggest a dual defect of diet-independent increase in acid production and impaired kidney NH4 + excretion as major contributors to the risk for uric acid stone formation. There is an inverse physiologic association between body fat content and NH4 +/NAE in HV while NH4 +/NAE is persistently low in UASF and DM regardless of body fat representing pathophysiology.

Non-linear relationship between relative fat mass and diabetes risk in Japanese adults: a retrospective cohort study

Background: Relative fat mass (RFM) represents a newly developed sex-specific anthropometric formula to estimate total body fat percentage. Nonetheless, research examining the correlation between RFM and the risk of diabetes remains scarce. This research assessed the link between RFM and DM risk within the Japanese demographic. Methods: From 2004 to 2015, 15,462 Japanese individuals without diabetes underwent physical evaluations at Murakami Memorial Hospital. The relationship between RFM and the onset of diabetes was analyzed separately using Cox proportional-hazards regression models. This study employed Cox proportional hazards regression incorporating cubic spline functions and smooth curve fitting to detect non-linear associations between RFM and new cases of diabetes, categorized by sex. Sensitivity analyses were performed to confirm the robustness of the link between RFM and incident diabetes. Results: After controlling for confounding factors, a significant positive correlation between RFM and diabetes risk was found in women (HR: 1.13, 95%CI: 1.04–1.24, P = 0.0061), while the association in men was not statistically significant (HR: 1.05, 95%CI: 0.98–1.13, P = 0.1511). Additionally, a non-linear relationship between RFM and the incidence of diabetes was detected in both genders. The RFM threshold was identified at 39.23 for women and 23.08 for men. For women, HR was 1.11 (95%CI: 1.01–1.21) below the threshold and 1.39 (95%CI: 1.17–1.65) above it. In men, an RFM above 23.08 was positively related to diabetes risk (HR: 1.16, 95%CI: 1.06–1.28, P = 0.0012), whereas an RFM below this point did not show a significant association (HR: 0.98, 95%CI: 0.91–1.06, P = 0.5899). Conclusion: Our findings suggest a non-linear relationship and threshold effect between RFM and the risk of diabetes. These findings imply that maintaining RFM at lower levels may be beneficial in mitigating the onset of DM.

Less Total-Body Fat and Lower-Extremity Fat Are Associated with More High-Intensity Running during Games in Female University Soccer Players

This study examined the relationship between body composition and on-field, in-game physical performance in female collegiate soccer players. Body composition, including total mass, fat mass, and lean tissue mass for the lower extremities and total body, was measured in 10 starting players using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). On-field, in-game physical performance was tracked via a global positioning system (GPS) over 14 regular-season games, measuring total distance and distance covered in six speed zones. Players covered 4544.7 ± 495.2 m in the first half of the game and significantly less distance in the second half (3356.5 ± 1211.7 m, p = 0.004). A repeated measures ANOVA revealed decreased distances in jogging, low-, and moderate-intensity running during the second half compared to the first half of the game (p &lt; 0.001). Lower total-body fat mass, total-body fat percentage, and lower-extremities fat mass were correlated with greater distances at moderate- and high-intensity running during the second half and entire game (r values from −0.644 to −0.745, p &lt; 0.01 to 0.04). These findings suggest that body composition can influence the distance covered at moderate- and high-intensity running speed during competitive games. Training strategies aimed at reducing fat mass and incorporating high-intensity training may benefit female soccer players and enhance team success.

8668 Total And Trunk Body Fat Are Associated With Chronic Kidney Disease Progression In Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Prospective Study

Abstract Disclosure: T. Zelmanovitz: None. D. Weber: None. C. Pavinatto: None. G. Bello: None. M.R. de Souza: None. R.B. Junior: None. M. Azevedo: None. B.L. Dama: None. S. Silveiro: None. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease and obesity is considered an independent risk factor for the development and progression of this complication. However, BMI alone, the most commonly used measure to assess adiposity, may not be enough to identification of high risk patients. The ideal markers of adiposity in these patients still need to be better determined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the progression of DKD in type 2 diabetes patients and the following body adiposity markers: BMI, waist circumference (WC) and estimated total and trunk body fat. Research design and methods: In this prospective cohort study, at baseline, type 2 diabetes outpatients were submitted to percentage body fat (PBF) evaluation estimated by bioelectrical impedance (BIA; InBody 230, Biospace, Korea) as well as Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA; Lunar - iDXA), as a reference standard. Clinical evaluation consisted of glycemic and lipid profile, blood pressure control and the search for diabetic chronic complications. Urinary albumin was measured twice and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was estimated by using the CKD-EPI equation. The progression of DKD was defined by the presence of at least one of the following: worsening of albuminuria, a decline of eGFR ≥ 5 ml/min/1.73m2 per year, a decline in eGFR of ≥ 40% from baseline or kidney failure defined by sustained eGFR &amp;lt; 15 ml/min/1.73m2. Results: A total of 201 patients with type 2 diabetes (aged 63 ± 9 years; 42% male), were followed during 6 years. In a multivariate Cox regression analysis, the PBF was associated with progression of DKD (HR=1.04, 95% CI: 1.008 - 1.08; P= 0.015), adjusted for age, gender, using ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, and systolic blood pressure values. In a different model, percentage of trunk fat was also associated with progression of DKD (HR=1.05, 95% CI: 1.02 - 1.09; P= 0.003), adjusted for the same covariates. No association was observed with BMI and WC. Conclusion: In patients with type 2 diabetes, percentage total and trunk body fat, as markers of body adiposity, seem to be associated with progression of DKD. Confirming these findings with further studies, it could provide one more tool in the evaluation and management of a modifiable risk factor of this complication. Presentation: 6/1/2024

9360 Evaluating The More Accurate Indicator Of Kidney Function In Mild Autonomous Cortisol Secretion: EGFR Creatinine Versus EGFR Cystatin

Abstract Disclosure: L. Rahimi: None. J. Saini: None. E. Atkinson: None. S. Achenbach: None. A. Kattah: None. I. Bancos: None. Introduction: Patients with mild autonomous cortisol secretion (MACS) have higher prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities including chronic kidney disease. However, considering that patients with MACS may have relative skeletal muscle atrophy, it is unclear whether the creatine-based assessment of kidney function is accurate in this population. Objective: To characterize the differences in assessing estimated glomerular filtration rate using cystatin (eGFRcys) versus creatinine (eGFRcre) in patients with MACS versus referent subjects. Methods: Cross-sectional single-center study, 2019-2022. MACS was defined as serum cortisol concentration &amp;gt;1.8 mcg/dL after the 1 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test (DST). For each patient, eGFRcre, eGFRcys and eGFRcre/eGFRcys ratio were measured and compared between the two groups. Body composition was measured by DXA scan. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare measurements between groups. Result: A total of 37 patients with MACS (median age 59 years (interquartile range, IQR 47-67), 25 (68%) women) and 45 referent subjects (median age 57 years (IQR 51-66), 30 (67%) women) were included. The distribution of BMI, total body fat mass and total body lean mass were similar between the two groups. In the MACS cohort, the median cortisol following 1-mg DST was 3.0 ug/dL (IQR, 2.2-4.0). While assessment of kidney function with eGFRcre showed no differences between patients with MACS and referent subjects (median 85.1 vs 87.0 ml/min/1.73m2, P=0.431), kidney function using eGFRcys was lower in MACS (median 78.0 vs 89.3 ml/min/1.73m2 in referents, P&amp;lt;0.014), resulting also in a higher eGFRcre/eGFRcys ratio (median 1.07 vs 0.97 in MACS vs referents, P=0.053). After adjusting for age, sex, and BMI, a higher 1 mg DST cortisol level in the MACS cohort was associated with a higher eGFRcre/eGFRcys ratio (Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.35, P = 0.042). Lower eGFRcys was associated with higher fat mass (Spearman correlation of -0.26, P = 0.023), and a higher eGFRcre/eGFRcys ratio showed a trend towards lower lean mass (Spearman correlation of -0.20, P = 0.081). Conclusion: Creatinine-based eGFR assessment in patients with MACS underestimates the degree of kidney dysfunction, likely due to underlying skeletal muscle atrophy. eGFRcys is a more accurate indicator of kidney function in patients with hypercortisolism. Presentation: 6/1/2024

8740 Visceral Adipose Tissue Assessment in Patients With Mild Autonomous Cortisol Secretion Using Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract Disclosure: J. Saini: None. C.D. Zhang: None. V. Fell: None. E. Atkinson: None. S. Achenbach: None. I. Bancos: None. Background: Several studies employing computed tomography (CT) scans for body composition measurements have reported lower muscle mass and a higher proportion of visceral fat in patients with mild autonomous cortisol secretion (MACS) compared to referent subjects. While a CT scan assesses visceral adipose tissue (VAT) at a single slice level (L3), no studies have evaluated the overall VAT in patients with MACS using Dual-Energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Objective: To determine the impact of MACS on VAT using DXA scan as compared to referent subjects. Methods: We conducted a single-center cross-sectional study of adults with 75 MACS and 75 referent subjects. MACS was defined as serum cortisol&amp;gt;1.8 mcg/dL after 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test in patients with adrenal adenomas and no features of overt hypercortisolism. Referent subjects were included if they had abdominal imaging and had no adrenal disorders. All the participants underwent a full body DXA scan between 04/2019 and 07/2022. We applied the CoreScan software to estimate the (1) total lean and fat mass (2) visceral fat mass and volume (3) lean android, fat android, and android mass, and compared measurements of patients and referent subjects using linear regression models adjusted for sex and BMI. Results: A total of 75 patients with MACS (median age 57.0 years, IQR 47.8-65.6, 67% women) and 75 referent subjects (median age 57.6 years, IQR 49.1-65.8, 67% women) were included. Patients had a higher BMI compared to referent subjects (median 31.7 kg/m2, IQR 27.4-37.9 vs 28.7, IQR, 25.4-33.8, P=0.004). The median post-DST cortisol in patients was 3.1 mcg/dL (IQR, 2.2-5.2). When compared to referent subjects, and after adjustment for sex and BMI, patients had a similar total body fat (estimate=846, p-value=0.28) and lean mass (estimate=-201, p-value=0.83), similar android fat mass (estimate=59, p-value=0.64) but lower gynoid fat mass (estimate=400, 0.007). Notably, sex and BMI-adjusted analysis also showed that patients had a higher VAT fat mass (estimate= -225, p-value=0.084) and a higher VAT fat mass/total mass ratio (estimate= -0.007, p-value=0.026). Conclusions: When adjusted for BMI and sex, patients with MACS do not demonstrate differences in overall fat and lean mass. However, we showed that MACS is associated with increased visceral adiposity, a known cardiovascular risk factor. Body composition assessment by DXA could be a safer and less expensive alternative in the evaluation and follow-up of patients with MACS. Presentation: 6/2/2024

Association of a composite trait for anthropometrics, adiposity and energy expenditure with cardiometabolic diseases: An age-stratified cohort and genetic risk score analysis.

Various anthropometric measures capture distinct as well as overlapping characteristics of an individual's body composition. To characterize independent body composition measures, we aimed to reduce easily-obtainable individual measures reflecting adiposity, anthropometrics and energy expenditure into fewer independent constructs, and to assess their potential sex- and age-specific relation with cardiometabolic diseases. Analyses were performed within European ancestry participants from UK Biobank (N = 418,963, mean age 58.0 years, 56% women). Principal components (PC) analyses were used for the dimension reduction of 11 measures of adiposity, anthropometrics and energy expenditure. PCs were studied in relation to incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and coronary artery disease (CAD). Multivariable-adjusted Cox regression analyses, adjusted for confounding factors, were performed in all and stratified by age. Genome-wide association studies were performed in half of the cohort (N = 156,295) to identify genetic variants as instrumental variables. Genetic risk score analyses were performed in the other half of the cohort stratified by age of disease onset (N = 156,295). We identified two PCs, of which PC1 reflected lower overall adiposity (negatively correlated with all adiposity aspects) and PC2 reflected more central adiposity (mainly correlated with higher waist-hip ratio, but with lower total body fat) and increased height, collectively capturing 87.8% of the total variance. Similar to that observed in the multivariable-adjusted regression analyses, we found associations between the PC1 genetic risk score and lower risks of CAD and T2D [CAD cases <50 years, odds ratio: 0.91 (95% confidence interval 0.87, 0.94) per SD; T2D cases <50 years, odds ratio: 0.76 (0.72, 0.81)], which attenuated with higher age (p-values 8.13E-4 and 2.41E-6, respectively). No associations were found for PC2. The consistently observed weaker associations of the composite traits with cardiometabolic disease suggests the need for age-specific cardiometabolic disease prevention strategies.

The nonlinear connection between relative fat mass and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the Japanese population: an analysis based on data from a cross-sectional study

BackgroundRelative fat mass (RFM) is a newly developed, sex-specific anthropometric formula designed to estimate total body fat percentage. However, research investigating the correlation between RFM and the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains limited. This study evaluates the association between RFM and the risk of NAFLD within the Japanese population.MethodsThis study including 14,250 Japanese adults who underwent physical examinations at Murakami Memorial Hospital between 2004 and 2015. We employed binary logistic regression to elucidate the direct relationship between RFM levels and the incidence of NAFLD. Additionally, a generalized additive model (GAM) coupled with smooth curve fitting techniques was utilized to map the non-linear association.ResultsThe cohort had an average age of 43.53 ± 8.89 years, with a male majority of 52.00%. NAFLD was identified in 17.59% of the participants. After adjusting for confounding factors, a significant positive correlation between RFM and NAFLD risk was observed (OR: 1.15, 95%CI: 1.10–1.21, P < 0.0001 for females; OR: 1.15, 95%CI: 1.10–1.19, P < 0.0001 for males). Additionally, a non-linear relationship between RFM and the incidence of NAFLD was detected in both genders. The RFM threshold was identified as 34.95 for women and 23.40 for men. RFM was positively associated with the risk of NAFLD when RFM was below the respective threshold (OR: 1.29, 95%CI: 1.19–1.40, P < 0.0001 for females; OR: 1.23, 95%CI: 1.17–1.29, P < 0.0001 for males), whereas no significant association was found when RFM was above the threshold (OR: 1.05, 95%CI: 0.98–1.12, P = 0.1829 for females; OR: 1.01, 95%CI: 0.95–1.08, P = 0.7392 for males).ConclusionOur findings suggest a positive, nonlinear relationship between RFM and the risk of NAFLD, with a saturation effect. These results imply that maintaining RFM at a lower level may be advantageous in mitigating the risk of NAFLD.

Relationships between morphological factors and heat extraction from the upper arm using liquid cooling garment

Astronauts wear liquid perfused garments inside their outer spacesuits for regulating body temperature. The present study explored relationships between local heat production from the upper arm and body morphology while wearing liquid perfused sleeve. Heat extraction from the upper arm of 19 subjects (8 males and 11 females) during three different exercise modes (running at 6–8 km∙h−1, cycling at 40–55 W, and arm ergometer at 10–20 W) and rest has been investigated. The total body fat (27.5 ± 7.2%), body mass index (24.4 ± 2.7 kg·m−2), arm surface area (589 ± 90 cm2), and arm volume (1300 ± 300 mL) were considered as covariates. Subjects wore a liquid perfused sleeve over the upper arm (left) with the water inlet temperature of 24.0 ± 0.3 °C and the heat extraction was calculated using the water flow rate and temperature differences. Heat extraction from the upper arm showed no significant differences among the three exercises. During cycling, there was a negative relationship between heat extraction and total body fat (r = − 0.527, P < 0.05). Heat extraction was more related to the arm volume (P < 0.05) than the surface area of the upper arm, which was significant only for the male group in the cycling mode. For the female group, heat extraction was related to upper arm temperature in the cycling and arm exercise modes (for both exercises P < 0.05). These results can be applied to improve liquid cooling garments for astronauts, considering their body morphology and sex.

Comparison of Four Body Composition Methods: Circumference Measurements, Eight-Point Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis up to 500 and 1000 kHz to Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry to Measure Body Fat Percentage

ABSTRACT Introduction A comparison of body composition assessments using military circumferences to bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and the reference standard dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) can gauge effectiveness of assessments. High-frequency (500 KHz) direct segmental multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (DSM-BIA) accurately calculates total water mass and body fat% (BF%), but it is unknown whether higher frequencies (1,000 KHz) increase measurement accuracy. The purpose was to compare DSM-BIA 500, DSM-BIA 1000, the DoD Circumference Method (CM), and the reference-standard DEXA. Materials and Methods Design: Cross sectional, observational study. Participants/Setting: A total of 62 participants from the military healthcare system (n = 25 males, 38.8 ± 11.4 years, n = 37 females 43.7 ± 15.95 years) were measured in an outpatient clinic setting. Statistical Analysis: BF% was estimated via DEXA, DSM-BIA 500, DSM-BIA 1000, and CM to identify the relationship between methods using Pearson correlation, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), and Bland-Altman plots. The study was approved by the IRB from Walter Reed National Military Medical Center at Bethesda and Concordia University Chicago. Results Circumference Method BF% was moderately correlated with DSM-BIA 500 (males r = 0.63, ICC = 0.76; females r = 0.77, ICC = 0.85), DSM-BIA 1000 (males r = 0.59, ICC = 0.74; females r = 0.77, ICC = 0.85), and DEXA (males r = 0.62, ICC = 0.62; females r = 0.73, ICC = 0.82). DSM-BIA 500 BF% was strongly correlated with DSM-BIA 1000 (males r = 0.99, ICC = 0.99; females r = 0.99, ICC = 0.99) and DEXA (males r = 0.93, ICC = 0.94; females r = 0.89, ICC = 0.89). Lastly, DSM-BIA 1000 BF% was also strongly correlated with DEXA (males r = 0.93, ICC = 0.94; females r = 0.84, ICC = 0.90) (P for each reported r &amp;lt; 0.01). Bland-Altman analysis confirmed an overall mean bias of −1.72% CM vs. DEXA in females, indicating the tendency of CM to underestimate BF% compared to DEXA limits of agreement from −14.24 to 10.8. There was an upward slope of the linear relationship between the bias and mean of the measures (Beta = 0.34, P = 0.01). In the full cohort, there was an overall mean bias of 1.14% of CM vs. DSM BIA 1000, with CM tending to overestimate BF% compared to DSM BIA 1000 with limits of agreement −11.13 to 13.41%. There is an upward slope line of the linear relationship between the bias and the mean of the measures (Beta = 0.17, P = .03). Conclusion This study found that CM BF% was moderately correlated with DSM-BIA 500 kHz, DSM-BIA 1,000 kHz BIA, and DEXA. Both DSM-BIA 500 and DSM-BIA 1,000 kHz strongly correlated well with DEXA implying that there was no further increase in correlation with increased frequency. Additionally, there was proportional bias in BF% in the female group between CM and DEXA and in the total group between CM and DSM BIA 1000.

Characterizing Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Phenotypes and Their Correlations with Body Composition in Normal-Weight, Overweight, and Obese Healthy Young Adults.

Background and Objectives: Obesity-associated chronic low-grade inflammation supports various systemic alterations. In this descriptive study, 122 apparently healthy adults aged 20 to 35 years were voluntarily included and classified based on body mass index (BMI) as normal-weight (NW), overweight (OW), and obese (OB). This study aims to characterize peripheral blood (PB) lymphocyte (Ly) phenotypes and investigate their correlations with body composition indices (BCIs) in healthy young adults. Materials and Methods: The following BCIs were measured: waist circumference, hip circumference, height, waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio, total body fat mass, visceral fat level, weight, and BMI. White blood cell count (WBC), Ly absolute count, serum TNF-α, and IFN-γ were quantified. Ly subpopulations were analyzed as follows: total TLy (TTLy-CD45+CD3+), early activated TLy (EATLy-CD45+3+69+), total NKLy (TNKLy-CD45+CD3-CD56+CD16+), NKdim (low expression of CD56+), NKbright (high expression of CD56+), BLy (CD45+CD3-CD19+), T helper Ly (ThLy-CD45+CD3+CD4+), and T cytotoxic Ly (TcLy-CD45+CD3+CD8+). Results: Higher BMI has significantly higher WBC and BLy (p < 0.0001; p = 0.0085). EATLy significantly decreased from NW to OB (3.10-NW, 1.10-OW, 0.85-OB, p < 0.0001). Only EATLy exhibited significant negative correlations with all the BCIs. A significantly higher TNF-α was observed in the OW and OB groups compared to the NW group. IFN-γ increased linearly but nonsignificantly with BMI. TTLy showed a nonsignificant positive correlation with both IFN-γ and TNF-α, while EATLy showed a negative correlation, significant only for IFN-γ. NKLy subpopulations exhibited a consistent negative correlation with TNF-α, significant only for NKdim (p = 0.0423), and a nonsignificant consistent positive correlation with IFN-γ. A nonsignificant negative correlation between age and both TNKLy (r = -0.0927) and NKdim (r = -0.0893) cells was found, while a positive correlation was found with NKbright (r = 0.0583). Conclusions: In conclusion, the baseline immunological profile of PB is influenced by excessive adipose tissue in healthy young adults.

The effects of brown rice as functional food on Lee Index, adipose tissues and PRDM16 levels in obesity model &lt;i&gt;Rattus norvegicus&lt;/i&gt;

Brown rice is a functional food known to improve the Lee Index, influencing PRDM16 levels in obesity conditions. Therefore, this study aims to determine the differences in Lee Index, Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT) weight, White Adipose Tissue (WAT) weight, BeAT weight, total body fat, and PRDM16 levels of obese model rats with the intervention of brown and white rice, as well as ℽ-oryzanol. A true experimental method was used with a post-test-only control group in vivo design. The obesity model was constructed with male Sprague Dawley rats (Rattus norvegicus), divided into five diet groups namely standard and HFHF diet control, as well as HFHF + brown rice, HFHF + white rice, and HFHF + ℽ-oryzanol combination diet. The experiment was carried out for 26 weeks, with details of 14 weeks to form an obese model and 12 weeks for the intervention. Before statistical correlation was tested, Lee index values, adipose tissues, and PRDM16 were analyzed. The anthropometric data collection method was carried out by weighing before and after the intervention, while adipose tissue was collected by weighing after sacrifice. The immunofluorescence method was used to collect the expression of PRDM16 and the mean of PRDM16 levels was analyzed in the ImageJ application. After the data collection process, analysis was performed using SPSS to determine possible differences in each group. Normally distributed data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA, while those without normal distribution were assessed using the Kruskall-Walis method and the Mann Whitney-U advanced test, with a p-value of &lt;0.05 considered significantly different.The result showed that there were differences among several groups regarding total body fat (p=0.012), WAT (p=0.026), and BAT (p=0.025). However, no differences were found between all groups regarding the Lee index (p=0.275), BeAT (p=0.079), and PRDM16 level (p=0.292). In conclusion, brown rice intervention did not significantly affect Lee index values, the expression of PRDM16, and adipose tissue weights at the end of the intervention.